Karlag. Story

Karaganda forced labor camp of the OGPU (1931 - 1959)

In May of this year, a resolution was adopted by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR “On the organization of the Kazakh forced labor camp (KazITLAG). However, a year later, on December 19 of the year, another decision was made: “The first department of KazITLAG - the state farm “Giant” - will be reorganized on this date into the Karaganda separate forced labor camp of the OGPU, abbreviated as “Karlag OGPU”, with direct subordination to the “GULAG” and the location Administration of the camp in the village of Dolinskoye."

One of the first policy documents states: “The Karaganda state farm giant OGPU receives an honorable and responsible task - to develop the grandiose region of Central Kazakhstan.” On the territory of the future camp at that time there were 4 thousand Kazakh yurts and 1200 households of Russians, Germans and Ukrainians. The forced eviction of people from inhabited areas began, in which NKVD troops took part. Germans, Russians and Ukrainians were resettled mainly to the Telmansky, Osakarovsky and Nura districts of the Karaganda region. The eviction coincided with dispossession and confiscation of livestock. The confiscated cattle were transferred to the Gigant state farm. And along the sides of the roads there were dead people who had perished from hunger, and no one was in a hurry to bury them.

After the eviction, at the end of 1931, the empty lands were occupied by numerous columns of prisoners arriving from all over the Soviet Union. The first inhabitants of Karlag, according to the recollections of old-timers, were monks and priests. The number of prisoners grew from year to year, and along with it the “giant state farm” grew and developed.

The administrative center of Karlag was in the village of Dolinka, located 33 km from Karaganda. In the center of Dolinka the first department was located - a prison within a prison, where prisoners were given additional sentences, tortured, and executed. A visiting panel of the Karaganda Regional Court consisting of three persons, called the “troika,” worked in Karlag. The sentences were carried out locally. Those executed were registered as “Dead,” and their personal files were destroyed.

“Karlag” is allocated 120,000 hectares of arable land, 41,000 hectares of hayfields. The length of the territory of Karlag from north to south is 300 km and from east to west - 200 km. In addition, outside this territory there were two branches: Akmola, located 350 km from the center of the camp, and Balkhash branch, located 650 km from the center of the camp. One of the main goals of the Karlag organization was the creation of a large food base for the rapidly developing coal and metallurgical industry of Central Kazakhstan: the Karaganda coal basin, Zhezkazgan and Balkhash copper smelters. In addition, labor was needed to create and develop these industries.

The Karlag administration was subordinate only to the OGPU (NKVD) Gulag in Moscow. Republican and regional party and Soviet bodies had virtually no influence on the activities of the camp. It was a colonial-type formation with its own metropolis in Moscow. Essentially, it was a state within a state. It had real power, weapons, vehicles, and maintained a post office and telegraph. Its numerous branches - “points” - were linked into a single economic mechanism, with their own state plan.

The structure of Karlag was quite cumbersome and had numerous departments: administrative and economic (AHO), accounting and distribution (URO), control and planning (KGTO), cultural and educational (KVO), personnel department for civilians, supply, trade, III-operchekist , financial, transport, political department. The last department of Karlag sent 17 types of reports monthly to the Gulag administration, and the entire camp administration did the same. High profitability (cheap labor, minimal cost of assets, low depreciation costs) contributed to the expansion of production.

The main part of the Karlag economy was located on the territory of the Karaganda and Akmola regions. If in 1931 the territory of Karlag was 53,000 hectares, then in 1941 it was 1,780,650 hectares. If in 1931 Karlag had 14 branches, 64 sites, then in 1941 - 22 branches, 159 sites, and in 1953 - 26 branches, 192 camp points. Each department, in turn, is divided into a number of economic units called sections, points, farms. The camp had 106 livestock farms, 7 vegetable plots and 10 arable plots.

On July 27, Karlag was closed (reorganized into the UMP of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Karaganda region). Nowadays, the Museum of Memory of Victims of Political Repression has been organized in the village of Dolinka.

Prisoners of Karlag

The number of prisoners sometimes reached, according to various sources, 65-75 thousand people. Over the entire period of Karlag’s existence, more than 1 million prisoners visited it.

In the list below we are trying to collect the names of Karlag prisoners who served their sentences for church matters. This list does not pretend to be complete; it will be updated gradually as material becomes available. Dates in brackets are arrival at camp (unless otherwise indicated) and departure (or death). The list is ordered by latest date.

sschmch. Alexy Ilyinsky, priest. (18 June 1931 - 4 August 1931), died in Karlag
sschmch. Mikhail Markov, priest. (April 22, 1933 - April 29, 1934), sentence replaced by exile to Kazakhstan
Spanish Nikolai Rozov, prot. (1931 - June 23, 1933), released early
sschmch. Leonid Biryukovich, prot. (1935 - spring 1937), released early due to extreme deterioration of health
sschmch. Pavel Gaidai, priest. (January 22, 1936 - September 5, 1937), executed
sschmch. Victor Ellansky, prot. (April 15, 1936 - September 8, 1937), executed
martyr Dimitry Morozov (May 16, 1937 - September 8, 1937), executed
martyr Petr Bordan (1936 - September 8, 1937), executed
prmts. Ksenia (Cherlina-Brailovskaya), mon. (November 20, 1933 - September 15, 1937), shot in the Koktun-Kul branch of Karlag
sschmch. Damascene (Cedric), bishop. b. Glukhovskoy (October 27, 1936 - September 15, 1937), executed
sschmch. Vasily Zelensky, priest. (January 2, 1936 - September 15, 1937), shot in the Koktun-Kul branch of Karlag
sschmch. Victor Basov, priest. (November 12, 1935 - September 15, 1937), executed
sschmch. Vladimir Morinsky, priest. (June 8, 1935 - September 15, 1937), shot in the Burma branch of Karlag
sschmch. Theodotus Shatokhin, priest. (February 14, 1936 - September 15, 1937), shot in the Koktun-Kul branch of Karlag
sschmch. Evfimy Goryachev, prot. (September 6, 1936 - September 15, 1937), shot in the Burma branch of Karlag
sschmch. John Melnichenko, priest. (December 14, 1935 - September 15, 1937), shot in the Burma branch of Karlag
sschmch. Stefan Yaroshevich, priest. (February 27, 1936 - September 15, 1937), shot in the Koktun-Kul branch of Karlag
sschmch. John Smolichev, priest. (December 7, 1936 - September 15, 1937), shot in the Burma branch of Karlag
sschmch. Pyotr Novoselsky (December 16, 1935 - September 15, 1937), executed in the Koktun-Kul branch of Karlag
sschmch. Evgeniy (Zernov), Metropolitan. Gorkovsky (1935 - September 20, 1937), executed
prmch. Evgeny (Vyzhva), abbot. (1936 - September 20, 1937), executed
prmch. Pachomius (Ionov), priest. (September 25, 1935 - September 20, 1937), executed
sschmch. Zechariah (Lobov), archbishop. Voronezhsky (February 8, 1936 - September 21, 1937), executed
sschmch. Joseph Arkharov, priest. (March 8, 1936 - September 21, 1937), executed
sschmch. Stefan Kostogryz, priest. (February 10, 1936 - September 26, 1937), executed
sschmch. Alexander Aksenov, priest. (March 5, 1937 - September 26, 1937), executed
prmch. Nikolai (Ashchepiev), abbot. (September 16, 1935 – September 1937), executed by firing squad
sschmch. Stefan Kreidich, priest. (1936 - September 1937), shot
sschmch. Theoktist Smelnitsky, prot. (September 10, 1936 - October 3, 1937), executed
prmch. Mauritius (Poletaev), archim. (February 9, 1936 - October 4, 1937), executed
martyr Vasily Kondratyev (January 8, 1936 – October 4, 1937), executed
martyr Vladimir Pravdolyubov (December 2, 1935 – October 4, 1937), executed
sschmch. Alexander Orlov, priest. (February 8, 1936 - November 2, 1937), executed
sschmch. Zosima Pepenin, priest. (October 11, 1935 - November 2, 1937), executed
sschmch. Leonid Nikolsky (October 17, 1935 – November 2, 1937), executed
sschmch. Ioann Ganchev, prot. (1936 - November 2, 1937), executed
sschmch. John Rechkin, priest. (February 25, 1936 - November 2, 1937), executed
sschmch. Ioann Rodionov, prot. (1933 - November 2, 1937), executed
sschmch. Nikolai Figurov, priest. (1935 - November 2, 1937), executed
sschmch. Mikhail Isaev, deacon (February 7 – November 2, 1937), executed by firing squad
martyr Pavel Bocharov (January 23, 1936 – November 2, 1937), executed
sschmch. Peter Kravets, protod. (September 13 - November 2, 1937), shot
martyr Georgy Yurenev (August 27, 1936 – November 20, 1937), executed
sschmch. Sergius (Zverev), archbishop. Yeletsky (1936 - November 20, 1937), executed
sschmch. Nikolai Romanovsky, prot. (1931 - November 20, 1937), executed
sschmch. Vasily Krasnov, priest. (December 16, 1935 – November 20, 1937), executed by firing squad
sschmch. Seraphim (Ostroumov), archbishop. Smolensky (April - November 1937), arrested in the camp, sent to Smolensk, where he was shot
sschmch. John Glazkov, priest. (June 3, 1934 - December 10, 1937), executed
martyr Leonid Salkov (September 1935 - March 7, 1938), executed
martyr Pyotr Antonov (1935 - March 7, 1938), executed
sschmch. John of Preobrazhensky, protodeacon (September 19, 1937 – June 11, 1938), died in the camp
Spanish Sevastian (Fomin) (1933 - April 29, 1939), released
sschmch. Pavel Dobromyslov, Rev. (July 16, 1938 - February 9, 1940), died in the 8th Chur-Nura department
sschmch. John Anserov, priest. (May 27, 1938 - May 6, 1940), died in Karlag, on a camp assignment Burma
prmts. Marfa (Testova), nun (May 3, 1938 - April 26, 1941), died in the camp hospital at the Spassky department of Karlag
sschmch. John Spassky (1937 - May 10, 1941), died in the camp hospital at the Spassky department of Karlag
sschmch. Nikolai Benevolensky, prot. (July 12, 1940 - May 16, 1941), died in the Spassky branch of Karlag
sschmch. Ismail Bazilevsky, priest. (March 1941 - November 17, 1941), re-arrested in the camp and executed
Peter Tveritin, priest. (July 25, 1936 - December 3, 1941), died in Karlag
sschmch. Nikolai Krylov, prot. (December 2, 1936 - December 12, 1941), died in Karlag
martyr Dimitry Vlasenkov (May 11, 1941 - May 5, 1942), died in the camp hospital of the Espinsky branch of Karlag
mts. Natalia Sundukova (March 9, 1941 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Agrippina Kiseleva
mts. Anna Borovskaya (January 11, 1941 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Anna Popova (1941 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Varvara Derevyagina (1941 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Evdokia Guseva (1941 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Evdokia Nazina (1941 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Evfrosiniya Denisova (1941 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Matrona Navolokina (1941 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Natalia Vasilyeva (October 30, 1940 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Natalia Siluyanova (March 13, 1941 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Feoktista Chentsova (November 19, 1937 - February 16, 1942), died in one of the Karlag departments
mts.

History of the camp

The camp was opened at the beginning of 1938 on the basis of the 26th labor settlement as the “R-17” forced labor camp. Beginning on January 10, 1938, convoys began to arrive at the camp. Within six months, the department was overcrowded and the leadership of Karlag was forced to first temporarily distribute the next stages of ChSIR convicts to other camp departments, and by the fall create another special department for the ChSIR - Spasskoye.

On December 29, 1939, it was officially included in the structure of Karlag as the “Akmola department of the Karaganda forced labor camp” (until that time it was formally subordinated directly to the GULAG of the NKVD of the USSR). In 1953, the 17th Akmola camp department of Karlag was closed.

Unlike most of the camp sections of Karlag, the 17th section was surrounded by several rows of barbed wire and guard towers were installed. On the territory of the camp there was a lake overgrown with reeds. The reeds served for heating barracks in winter and for construction in summer.

Conditions of detention did not differ from those in Karlag. The “special camp department” regime that existed for the first year and a half imposed additional restrictions on prisoners. In particular, correspondence was prohibited, receiving parcels was prohibited, and there was a ban on working in one’s specialty. However, most women with professions “needed” by the camp worked in their specialty. Humanitarian specialists (musicians, poets, teachers, etc.) who received the “TF” category at the medical commission were employed in agricultural fields and as auxiliary workers at construction sites. The sick, the infirm, the elderly and children worked in embroidery and clothing factories.

KARLAG

Karlag (Karaganda forced labor camp) was one of the largest forced labor camps in 1930-1959, subordinate to the Gulag of the NKVD of the USSR.

Over the years of its existence, Karlag received about a million people. By the early 1950s, Karlag consisted of more than two hundred camp departments and points. The area of the ITL by this time was equal to the territory of France.

The camp was located on the territory of the Karaganda region of Kazakhstan. The length of Karlag's territory from north to south was about 300 km, from east to west about 200 km. By 1940, the developed area of the camp was 1,780,650 hectares.

The administrative and economic center of the camp was located in the village of Dolinskoye, 45 km southwest of Karaganda.

The entire local population was deported from the "state farm" lands in 1931, so...

History of the camp

The main goal of the Karlag organization was to create a large food base for the developing coal and metallurgical industry of Central Kazakhstan: the Karaganda coal basin, the Dzhezkazgan and Balkhash copper smelters.

To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve two main problems:

1) find a source of labor (as cheap as possible);

2) provide conditions for work and living.

In February-March 1931, mass arrests of peasants began throughout the Volga region, Penza, Tambov, Kursk, Voronezh, Oryol regions, from the Kharkov and Orenburg regions. The massive settlement of Central Kazakhstan and the creation of industrial centers was impossible without railway connections with the central regions of Russia. The first stage, numbering 2,567 people, was sent to build a railway from Akmolinsk to the future Karaganda. The road was completed in record time and was put into operation by May 1931.

By the beginning of autumn 1931, the plan of Andreev’s commission on special settlers was completed and 52 thousand families were brought to central Kazakhstan. On September 17, 1931, by order of the OGPU of the USSR No. 527/285, the Karaganda forced labor camp was officially created. On December 17, 1931, the states of Karlag were declared.

The development of Central Kazakhstan began.

By its closure, the camp no longer held practically any political prisoners, and the common noun “Karlagovets” began to mean a hardened criminal.

On July 27, 1959, the Karaganda forced labor camp was closed (reorganized into the UMP of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Karaganda region).

In 1927 F.I. Goloshchekin released two works - “Kazakhstan at the October Review” and “10 Years of Soviet Power”. In them, he stubbornly argued that the village “did not feel the breath of October,” “there is no Soviet power in the Kazakh village,” “the village did not have October,” “did not have committees of the poor and dispossession,” “what happened here until the fall of 1925, could be called the prehistory of Kazakhstan and its party organization”2). This is the Goloshchekin model of transformation in Kazakhstan.

F. Goloshchekin divided the Kazakh communists into three groups. The first is national deviationists who are not susceptible to any educational measures, are incorrigible, and therefore unsuitable for use in building a new society. The second is chameleons, which change their political color depending on the circumstances. The third group are those who strive to hold Goloshchekin alone accountable for all possible mistakes.

Therefore, influential Kazakh communists. He accused those who protested against the destruction of a centuries-old established economy of “national deviationism” and crushed them. With the support of Stalin.

N.I. Ezhov, who was sent in 1923 from the Mari Regional Committee to the post of Secretary of the Semipalatinsk Provincial Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), and then appointed head of the organizational and instructional department, also made a significant “contribution” to the escalation of the story about nationalists and national draft dodgers and the persecution of local personnel. regional party committee. Under various pretexts, in 1927-1929, prominent state and public figures of Kazakhstan were removed from the republic: N. Nurmakov, T. Ryskulov, S. Khodzhanov, M. Murzagaliev.

The chairman of the KazTsik Zh. Munbaev, the People's Commissar of Education S. Sadvakasov, the People's Commissar of Agriculture Zh. Sultanbekov and others were removed from their posts. In the letters of I.V. Stalin, V.M. Malotov and L.M. N.I. Ezhov reported to Kaganovich that all national cadres, all Kazakh communists were infected with national deviationism and faction struggle, that there were no healthy party forces among them.1) This is how the future People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs “honed” his career before transferring to Moscow The USSR, through whose efforts the mass repressions of 1937 were carried out.

The last third of the 30s was marked by a new wave of political repressions that became widespread. The strengthening of Stalin’s personality cult and impatience of any dissent, attempts to declare all the difficulties of the country’s development as the result of the activities of “enemies of the people” led to the physical elimination of almost all any influential leaders, i.e. all leading party and Soviet workers. In 1937-1938 T. Ryskulov, N. Nurmakov, S. Khodzhanov, U. Kulumbetov, O. Isaev, U Dzhandosov, Zh. Sadvakasov, S. Safarbekov, T. Zhurgenov and many others were accused of “national fascism” and espionage. etc. The most prominent figures of culture and science were also repressed - A. Bukeikhanov, A. Baitursynov, M. Dulatov, J. and Kh. Dosmukhamedov, M. Tynyshpaev, M. Zhumabaev, S. Seifulin, I. Dzhansugurov, B. Mailin, S. Asfendiyarov, Zh. Shanin, K. Kemengerov, and many others. etc. They were declared guilty of the agricultural crisis, the uprisings of the 20-30s, connections with Japanese intelligence, the policy of secession of Kazakhstan, etc. In Karaganda and a number of regions, open show trials of “enemies” were held, but most of them were convicted by extrajudicial bodies. The number of people arrested in 1937 in Kazakhstan reached 105 thousand people, of which 22 thousand were shot.

Not only the repressed themselves, but also their families and children were subjected to severe punishments. Thus, the tragedy of the intelligentsia was added to the tragedy of the peasantry, thereby becoming the tragedy and misfortune of the entire Kazakh people.

Currently, about 40 thousand victims of Stalin's terror have been rehabilitated in the republic. The good names of A. Baitursynov, M. Zhumabaev, Zh. Aimauytov, A. Bukeikhanov, M. Dulatov, M. Tynyshpayev, S. Asfendiyarov and many other figures of Kazakhstan were returned to the people.

In the 1930s, the totalitarian regime established itself in all spheres of social and political life. Its essence in Kazakhstan manifested itself in a particularly ugly form.

The territory of Kazakhstan turned into a huge camp; camps were created in the republic: Dalny, Stepnoy, Peschany, Kamyshlag, Aktobe, Zhezkazganlag, Petropavlovsky, special camp Kingir, Ust-Kamenogorsk. The largest of them was Karlag - Karaganda special regime camp. It was created on May 13, 1930 by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1937-1938, 43 thousand prisoners were kept here. In the Karlag system there were 292 productive camp points, 26 independent departments. From 1931 to 1960, about 1 million people visited Karlag. The Akmola camp “ALZHIR” was formed especially for the wives of “traitors to the motherland.” In 1929, the Main Directorate of Labor Camps and Labor Settlements - GULAG - was formed. In 1940, the Gulag system had 53 camps, and in 1954 - 64. In 1930, there were 179 thousand prisoners in the camps, in 1940 there were already 1,344,408, and in 1953 there were 1,727,970 people.

At the end of the 30s, the process of resettlement of entire peoples to the republic began. It began with repressions against Koreans inhabiting areas of the Far East. In August 1937, “in order to suppress the penetration of Japanese espionage,” 180 thousand 526 families (102 thousand) Koreans2) were deported from their homes and resettled in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. During this action, the people were deprived of their homeland and doomed to difficulties and hardships. Experience. Tested by the NKVD in 1937, it was used later. So, on the eve of the war, 102 thousand Poles from the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus were deported to Kazakhstan. The process of forced resettlement took on a particularly large scale later, during the war years.

The people of Kazakhstan, as well as the country as a whole, have seriously suffered from political repression. According to far from complete data, in the years 1930-1953, judicial and various types of non-judicial bodies passed sentences, rulings and decisions against 35 thousand people on charges of counter-revolutionary and state crimes, of which 5,430 were shot. Among them are state and party leaders of the republic, prominent scientists, literary and artistic figures, economic leaders, and military personnel. All layers of society suffered - workers, peasants, intelligentsia.

Thus, in Kazakhstan on the eve of the Great Patriotic War, the demographic situation was extremely unfavorable. Over the decade (1928-1938) there was a decline in population caused by collectivization, famine and political repression.

Karaganda forced labor camp of the OGPU (1931 - 1959)

Prisoners of Karlag

The number of prisoners sometimes reached, according to various sources, 65-75 thousand people. Over the entire period of Karlag’s existence, more than 1 million prisoners visited it.

sschmch. Alexy Ilyinsky, priest. (18 June 1931 - 4 August 1931), died in Karlag
sschmch. Mikhail Markov, priest. (April 22, 1933 - April 29, 1934), sentence replaced by exile to Kazakhstan
Spanish Nikolai Rozov, prot. (1931 - June 23, 1933), released early
sschmch. Leonid Biryukovich, prot. (1935 - spring 1937), released early due to extreme deterioration of health
sschmch. Pavel Gaidai, priest. (January 22, 1936 - September 5, 1937), executed
sschmch. Victor Ellansky, prot. (April 15, 1936 - September 8, 1937), executed
martyr Dimitry Morozov (May 16, 1937 - September 8, 1937), executed
martyr Petr Bordan (1936 - September 8, 1937), executed
prmts. Ksenia (Cherlina-Brailovskaya), mon. (November 20, 1933 - September 15, 1937), shot in the Koktun-Kul branch of Karlag
sschmch. Damascene (Cedric), bishop. b. Glukhovskoy (October 27, 1936 - September 15, 1937), executed
sschmch. Vasily Zelensky, priest. (January 2, 1936 - September 15, 1937), shot in the Koktun-Kul branch of Karlag
sschmch. Victor Basov, priest. (November 12, 1935 - September 15, 1937), executed
sschmch. Vladimir Morinsky, priest. (June 8, 1935 - September 15, 1937), shot in the Burma branch of Karlag
sschmch. Theodotus Shatokhin, priest. (February 14, 1936 - September 15, 1937), shot in the Koktun-Kul branch of Karlag
sschmch. Evfimy Goryachev, prot. (September 6, 1936 - September 15, 1937), shot in the Burma branch of Karlag
sschmch. John Melnichenko, priest. (December 14, 1935 - September 15, 1937), shot in the Burma branch of Karlag
sschmch. Stefan Yaroshevich, priest. (February 27, 1936 - September 15, 1937), shot in the Koktun-Kul branch of Karlag
sschmch. John Smolichev, priest. (December 7, 1936 - September 15, 1937), shot in the Burma branch of Karlag
sschmch. Pyotr Novoselsky (December 16, 1935 - September 15, 1937), executed in the Koktun-Kul branch of Karlag
sschmch. Evgeniy (Zernov), Metropolitan. Gorkovsky (1935 - September 20, 1937), executed
prmch. Evgeny (Vyzhva), abbot. (1936 - September 20, 1937), executed
prmch. Pachomius (Ionov), priest. (September 25, 1935 - September 20, 1937), executed
sschmch. Zechariah (Lobov), archbishop. Voronezhsky (February 8, 1936 - September 21, 1937), executed
sschmch. Joseph Arkharov, priest. (March 8, 1936 - September 21, 1937), executed
sschmch. Stefan Kostogryz, priest. (February 10, 1936 - September 26, 1937), executed
sschmch. Alexander Aksenov, priest. (March 5, 1937 - September 26, 1937), executed
prmch. Nikolai (Ashchepiev), abbot. (September 16, 1935 – September 1937), executed by firing squad
sschmch. Stefan Kreidich, priest. (1936 - September 1937), shot
sschmch. Theoktist Smelnitsky, prot. (September 10, 1936 - October 3, 1937), executed
prmch. Mauritius (Poletaev), archim. (February 9, 1936 - October 4, 1937), executed
martyr Vasily Kondratyev (January 8, 1936 – October 4, 1937), executed
martyr Vladimir Pravdolyubov (December 2, 1935 – October 4, 1937), executed
sschmch. Alexander Orlov, priest. (February 8, 1936 - November 2, 1937), executed
sschmch. Zosima Pepenin, priest. (October 11, 1935 - November 2, 1937), executed
sschmch. Leonid Nikolsky (October 17, 1935 – November 2, 1937), executed
sschmch. Ioann Ganchev, prot. (1936 - November 2, 1937), executed
sschmch. John Rechkin, priest. (February 25, 1936 - November 2, 1937), executed
sschmch. Ioann Rodionov, prot. (1933 - November 2, 1937), executed
sschmch. Nikolai Figurov, priest. (1935 - November 2, 1937), executed
sschmch. Mikhail Isaev, deacon (February 7 – November 2, 1937), executed by firing squad
martyr Pavel Bocharov (January 23, 1936 – November 2, 1937), executed
sschmch. Peter Kravets, protod. (September 13 - November 2, 1937), shot
martyr Georgy Yurenev (August 27, 1936 – November 20, 1937), executed
sschmch. Sergius (Zverev), archbishop. Yeletsky (1936 - November 20, 1937), executed
sschmch. Nikolai Romanovsky, prot. (1931 - November 20, 1937), executed
sschmch. Vasily Krasnov, priest. (December 16, 1935 – November 20, 1937), executed by firing squad
sschmch. Seraphim (Ostroumov), archbishop. Smolensky (April - November 1937), arrested in the camp, sent to Smolensk, where he was shot
sschmch. John Glazkov, priest. (June 3, 1934 - December 10, 1937), executed
martyr Leonid Salkov (September 1935 - March 7, 1938), executed
martyr Pyotr Antonov (1935 - March 7, 1938), executed
sschmch. John of Preobrazhensky, protodeacon (September 19, 1937 – June 11, 1938), died in the camp
Spanish Sevastian (Fomin) (1933 - April 29, 1939), released
sschmch. Pavel Dobromyslov, Rev. (July 16, 1938 - February 9, 1940), died in the 8th Chur-Nura department
sschmch. John Anserov, priest. (May 27, 1938 - May 6, 1940), died in Karlag, on a camp assignment Burma
prmts. Marfa (Testova), nun (May 3, 1938 - April 26, 1941), died in the camp hospital at the Spassky department of Karlag
sschmch. John Spassky (1937 - May 10, 1941), died in the camp hospital at the Spassky department of Karlag
sschmch. Nikolai Benevolensky, prot. (July 12, 1940 - May 16, 1941), died in the Spassky branch of Karlag
sschmch. Ismail Bazilevsky, priest. (March 1941 - November 17, 1941), re-arrested in the camp and executed
Peter Tveritin, priest. (July 25, 1936 - December 3, 1941), died in Karlag
sschmch. Nikolai Krylov, prot. (December 2, 1936 - December 12, 1941), died in Karlag
martyr Dimitry Vlasenkov (May 11, 1941 - May 5, 1942), died in the camp hospital of the Espinsky branch of Karlag
mts. Natalia Sundukova (March 9, 1941 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Agrippina Kiseleva
mts. Anna Borovskaya (January 11, 1941 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Anna Popova (1941 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Varvara Derevyagina (1941 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Evdokia Guseva (1941 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Evdokia Nazina (1941 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Evfrosiniya Denisova (1941 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Matrona Navolokina (1941 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Natalia Vasilyeva (October 30, 1940 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Natalia Siluyanova (March 13, 1941 - January 11, 1942), executed
mts. Feoktista Chentsova (November 19, 1937 - February 16, 1942), died in one of the Karlag departments
mts.

- (Karaganda forced labor camp) one of the largest forced labor camps in 1930-1959, subordinate to the Gulag of the NKVD of the USSR. Over the years of its existence, Karlag received about a million people. By the beginning of the 1950s Karlag... ... Wikipedia

Karlag- Karaganda camp, Karaganda... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations

Karlag (Karaganda forced labor camp) one of the largest forced labor camps in 1930-1959, subordinate to the Gulag of the NKVD of the USSR. Over the years of its existence, Karlag received about a million people. By the beginning of the 1950s Karlag... ... Wikipedia

A; GULAG, a; m. State Administration of Corrective Labor Camps, Settlements and Places of Detention. Prisoners of the Gulag. ● Existed in 1934 1956. under the NKVD. / About the socialist countries of Eastern Europe. Socialist city Eastern European... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (ITL), in the USSR in 1929 56 one of the places for serving a sentence of imprisonment. The ITL system, under a slightly different name, existed in 1918-19 and included special forced labor camps, where persons who posed a danger to... ... were sent. encyclopedic Dictionary

This term has other meanings, see Karaganda (meanings). City of Karaganda Karaganda Coat of Arms ... Wikipedia

The request for "ALZHIR" is redirected here; see also other meanings. "ALGER" The climate of the Kazakh steppe is very harsh. Sizzling 40 degree heat and clouds of insects... Wikipedia

- (North-Eastern forced labor camp) a unit operating within the structure of the OGPU NKVD of the USSR. Contents 1 History 2 Production 3 Management ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Gulag (rock band). The Main Directorate of Camps and Places of Detention (GULag) is a division of the NKVD of the USSR, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, the Ministry of Justice of the USSR, which carried out the management of places of mass... ... Wikipedia

City of Karaganda Karaganda Coat of Arms ... Wikipedia

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, Alevtina Okuneva, Archimandrite Isaac, in the world Ivan Vasilyevich Vinogradov, lived a long, eventful life. Since childhood, he dreamed of becoming a clergyman, but during the First World War, while still a young man... Category: Religion Publisher: Pilgrim,
The spring of my monasticism. Biography and spiritual heritage of Archimandrite Isaac (Vinogradov), Okunev A.V. , Archimandrite Isaac, in the world Ivan Vasilyevich Vinogradov (1895-l981), lived a long, eventful life. Since childhood, he dreamed of becoming a clergyman, but during the First World War, while still... Category: Orthodox literature Series: Publisher: Pilgrim,

Aisulu Toyshibekova, Vlast

During its 28-year existence, one of the largest camps in the Gulag system, the Karaganda forced labor camp, became the home and grave for hundreds of thousands of people who fell into the millstones of the repressive machine of the Soviet Union. 80 years after the start of the great terror, Vlast recalls how it all began.

Collectivization and the subsequent industrialization of the country required enormous human resources, with minimal costs. Then it was decided that prisoners would rebuild industrial and food centers. On July 11, 1929, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution “On the use of labor of criminal prisoners”; according to the resolution, all those convicted for a term of three years or more were transferred to the United State Political Administration, which was engaged in the fight against counter-revolution and espionage. In the spring of 1930, the Council of People's Commissars approved the “Regulations on forced labor camps.” This document regulated the work of all forced labor camps. For everyone, this activity was presented as the protection of communist society from socially dangerous elements, the use of human resources of unreliable citizens for the benefit of the Soviet Union. It was through exhausting daily labor that they had to atone for dissent.

“Corrective labor camps have the task of protecting society from especially socially dangerous offenders by isolating them, combined with socially useful labor, and adapting these offenders to the conditions of a labor dormitory.”

"Regulations on forced labor camps"

Photo by Galina Zhuvakina

Camp prisoners were classified into three categories. The first category, according to the regulations, included prisoners from among workers, peasants and employees who had voting rights before the sentencing and were sentenced for the first time to terms of no more than 5 years not for counter-revolutionary crimes. The second category included the same representatives of the working class, but sentenced to terms longer than 5 years. The third group includes all unemployed citizens convicted of counter-revolutionary crimes.

Counter-revolutionary activities were taken very seriously in the Soviet Union. The most famous article of the Criminal Code of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic is the 58th, it had 14 points and 4 subpoints, establishing punishment for counter-revolutionary activities in its most varied manifestations - from a coup d'etat to failure to report a family member and sabotage. Similar articles existed in the Criminal Codes of other union republics.

Karlag administration building in the village of Dolinka. Photo from the site shahtinsklib.kz and from the archives of the Museum of Memory of Victims of Political Repression

Very soon, dozens of camps began to be created throughout the country. The GULAG had 64 large branches, 500 correctional labor colonies, 770 industrial colonies, and 414 state farms under its control. In December 1931, on the basis of the state farm, the NKVD forces created the Karaganda forced labor camp or, as it was also called, Karlag. It occupied the area of three districts of the Karaganda region: Telmansky, Zhan-Arkinsky and Nurinsky, the main territory of the camp extended from north to south for 300 km, from east to west - 200 km. On this territory there were numerous auls and settlements created and inhabited by the Germans during the Stolypin reforms. One of these was the village of Dolinskoye or Dolinka, 45 kilometers from Karaganda.

“Dolinka itself was formed at the beginning of the 20th century. In this territory. Even during the Stolypin reforms, the Germans came here to develop the lands. Altgradenreit - this is what the village of Dolinka was called in German - Sacred Valley of Grace. In 1909, Dolinka received the status of a settlement unit, and at the same time the Dolinskaya volost was formed. In 1931, when Karlag was formed, Dolinka became its “capital”. The entire population living on the territory of Karlag was forcibly evicted outside the camp. The period when the camp was created coincided with collectivization, and, as a rule, people were evicted with complete confiscation of property,” said Ivan Kondrashev, a researcher at the Museum of Memory of Victims of Political Repression in the village of Dolinka. He conducts tours for museum visitors.

Photo by Galina Zhuvakina

One of the goals of creating Karlag was to create a large food base for industrial centers: Karaganda, Balkhash and Karsakpay. In addition, camp prisoners became free labor for the coal and metallurgical industries.

Soviet citizens, recognized as unreliable, were sent in cattle cars from all over the Soviet Union in stages to Kazakhstan. Here grueling hard labor awaited them. According to data for 1951, 58.5% of all activities were related to agriculture (livestock farming accounted for 48.2%, crop production - 51.8%); for industry – 41.5%.

Karlag was not just a camp, it was a kind of state within a state with its own military formations, telegraphs, railway stations, and printing houses. Karlag reported directly to the Main Directorate of Forced Labor Camps in Moscow. As of 1931, the Karaganda camp had 14 departments and 64 sections; 10 years later, in 1941 - 220 branches, 159 sites; in 1953 - 26 departments, 192 camp points, on its territory there were 106 livestock farms, 7 vegetable gardens and 10 arable plots. In 1940, the Karlag farm had 17,710 heads of cattle, 193,158 heads of sheep, 5,814 heads of horses, 567 pigs, 3,729 working oxen. The work for the camp prisoners never ended: in the warm season they were engaged in agriculture, in the cold season they worked in factories and factories.

Goodbye kids. I was tried by the troika, I am an enemy of the people

A short note from carpenter Philip Seleznev to children. He was arrested and convicted in 1937 by an extrajudicial criminal prosecution body, the so-called “troika”, consisting of the head of the regional department of the NKVD, the secretary of the regional committee and the regional prosecutor. The history of his family, originally from the Kursk region, is described in the book by Ekaterina Kuznetsova “Karlag: on both sides of the “thorn””.

Photo courtesy of the Museum of Memory of Victims of Political Repression

First of all, religious ministers, intellectuals, nobility, officers, and peasants were subjected to repression. In 1937, the Great Terror began; this period included mass purges both in the highest echelons of Soviet power and among scientists, intellectuals, ordinary workers and peasants. And before the war, entire peoples began to be exiled in the steppes of Kazakhstan, known for their harsh climate - overcrowded freight cars with “special settlers” went from all over the Soviet Union to Sary-Arka for weeks.

Karabas railway station, 2004. Photo of the Central State Archive of Film, Photo Documents and Sound Recordings

At different times, many famous scientists were prisoners of Karlag, among them the orientalist Lev Gumilyov. In March 1951, he was exiled to the Karlagov transfer to the Karabas station for six months.

According to Ivan Kondrashev, over the 28 years of its existence, more than a million people passed through Karlag. With the help of these people, the industry of Central Kazakhstan was built, primarily the Karaganda coal basin, Dzhezkazgan and Balkhash copper smelters. The largest number of repressed people occurred during the war and post-war years, when deported peoples, prisoners of war and Soviet soldiers and officers who were in Nazi captivity were sent to the camp: from 1942 to 1949, the number of prisoners increased from 42 thousand to 65-75 thousand people. From 1931 to 1959, 1,507 children were born in Karlag, but living conditions in the camp contributed to high mortality among both adults and children: in September and October 1945, 98 out of 514 children died in Karlag.

Photo courtesy of the Central State Archive of Film, Photo Documents and Sound Recordings

There is no exact number of dead prisoners in Karlag and other labor camps on the territory of Kazakhstan, the number is tens of thousands of people: this is more than one and a half thousand certificates of those executed; even more died from disease and the hands of camp guards.

Yulia Pankratova took part in the preparation of the material