Climatic conditions of the Far East. Russian Far East Climate of the Sakhalin Region

General characteristics of the climate of the Far East

Geographically, the Far East is the farthest point in the country from the capital. The Far East includes:

• Chukotka,
• Yakutia (Sakha),
• Kamchatka Krai,
• Khabarovsk region,
• Primorsky Krai,
• Magadan Region,
• Amur region,
• Sakhalin region,
• Jewish Autonomous Region.

The territory is located on the outskirts of the Asian continent and Russia.

The elongation of the territory determined the contrast of the climate from sharply continental in the north to monsoon in the southeast. The climatic differences between the north and south are the result of the interaction of the Pacific Ocean and its seas with the land of the northern part of Asia, as well as the complex mountainous relief.

In winter, cold air streams rush to the southeast from the powerful Asian High.

In the northeast, the continental air of Eastern Siberia interacts with the warm sea air. The result of this interaction is cyclones that carry abundant precipitation.

Remark 1

Snow, which falls on Kamchatka and Sakhalin, can reach a height of 6 m.

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The Far East in summer is characterized by monsoon rains, which are a consequence of the interaction of sea air masses with continental ones. The monsoon climate covers the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region, so the Amur River floods not in spring, but in summer.

The moderate monsoon climate is characterized by dry, frosty, sunny winters, and only on the coast can there be sharp gusty winds and fogs. January temperature averages -22 ... -24 degrees.

In South Primorye and Sakhalin -10 ... -16 degrees. Little snow falls.

A warm humid monsoon starts blowing from the ocean in the month of June and a warm but rainy and windy weather sets in.

The first half of summer is cloudy with rain and high humidity. The second half of summer is very favorable and average temperatures of +17, +22 degrees are kept almost until October.

In the interior regions, precipitation is 500-550 mm, on Sakhalin and the Pacific coast - 700-750 mm. In mountainous areas, their number increases to 800-900 mm.

Tsunamis, avalanches, mudflows, storms and typhoons are possible on Sakhalin and Primorye.

The coast of the Arctic Ocean is located in the arctic climate zone. The territory receives a small amount of solar radiation, so winter temperatures are -32 degrees, and summer temperatures are 0, +4 degrees. Precipitation falls here 100-300 mm.

To the south, the arctic climate is replaced by a subarctic climate, within which part of the Verkhoyansk and Chersky ridges, as well as the Koryak and Kolyma highlands are located.

The temperatures here are abnormally low -48 degrees in winter and +12 degrees in summer. Annual precipitation is 200-400 mm. Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, the cold poles of the Northern Hemisphere, are located within the subarctic.

The sharply continental climate of the temperate zone covers the southwestern part of the Far East - this is the Central Siberian Plateau and the Aldan Plateau. Winter temperatures in this area drop to -32 ... -48 degrees, and summer temperatures are quite high +12, +20 degrees. Annual precipitation is 300-500 mm.

Chukotka climate

Chukotka is located within the subarctic climatic zone. Its coastline is in the maritime climate, and the inland regions lie in the continental climate.

Chukotka is characterized by complex atmospheric circulation, which is different in the warm and cold seasons.

Chukotka is located in the zone of influence of 2 oceans. Much of it is located outside the Arctic Circle, where the climate is much more severe than in neighboring Alaska.

Winters in the east are long and windy, and very cold in the west. The summer period is short and cool. The weather here is very changeable, so, for example, per day the atmospheric pressure drops are 50 Mbar, and the winter temperature drops are -30 degrees. Permafrost is everywhere.

Average temperatures throughout the year are negative and decrease from south to north from -4 to -12 degrees. The severe winter period lasts 9 months.

The severity is facilitated by the proximity of the cold pole - Oymyakon and the Arctic Ocean.

The daily temperature of the coldest winter month, January, varies from -15 to -39 degrees. The absolute minimum is -61 degrees. The Northern Lights are often seen in winter.

Daylight hours begin to increase from the end of January, and in February the Sun is high above the horizon.

The beginning of the calendar spring is March, but in Chukotka not only March, but also April and May are truly winter. The snow begins to melt at the end of May, and the air temperature rises to -6, -8 degrees.

The real Chukchi spring comes in early June, along with powerful fronts of breezes, precipitation and fog.

The summer period is cold, rainy and short, starting from mid-June.

Summer is characterized by frequent weather changes associated with the interaction of circulation factors - a low pressure is established over the peninsula, anticyclones over the Pacific Ocean and cyclones over the coast of the Arctic Ocean.

July, as expected, is the warmest summer month, with a daily temperature of +13 degrees, and on the coast only +7 degrees.

In the western part of the Chukchi Sea coast, the daytime temperature does not rise above +5 degrees. There are exceptions - hot weather with a temperature of +30 degrees can come in the interior.

In August, nature begins to prepare for winter, the daytime temperature ranges from +8 to +16 degrees, the sun warms less, the tundra turns yellow.

Autumn lasts about a month and winter comes in the second half of September. Precipitation falls here about 500-700 mm and most of them are on the coast.

Climate of Primorsky Krai

Primorye is located within the temperate monsoon climate. On the one hand, it is greatly influenced by the Pacific Ocean, and on the other hand, by the continental regions of Eurasia.

In the north of Primorye, winter begins in early November, and in mid-November it comes to the south of Primorye and lasts from 130 to 160 days. Only in the northern part of the region and in the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin, its duration increases to 180 days.

Winter weather is dry, clear and frosty with frequent thaws. On these days, the daytime temperature can rise to + 7 ... + 12 degrees.

With the exception of the southern coast in November, the temperature throughout Primorye ranges from -4 to -13 degrees, winds begin to blow, the speed of which reaches 15 m / s, and a snow cover forms.

Sikhote-Alin is a natural border between the eastern and western regions, so the southern and eastern coasts are warmer in winter.

The daily average January temperature on the coast is -14 degrees, and on the mainland -12 ... -23 degrees. The absolute minimum was recorded here in the Krasnoarmeysky district and amounted to -54 degrees. Precipitation occurs in the second half of winter, but there are few of them.

The air temperature in March is -4 ... -9 degrees, on the coast -1 ... -3 degrees. Snow melts in the first half of April, when the daytime temperature on the continent is +7, and on the coast +12 degrees.

During June, summer comes to the entire territory of Primorye. In the continental part of Primorye, the first half of summer is hot and dry, while on the coast it is wet and cool.

The second half of summer is hot with heavy rainfall. July temperature +25 degrees and an absolute maximum of +41 were registered in the Pogranichny district.

On the coast and eastern slopes of Sikhote-Alin, the June daytime temperature is +15 degrees. With distance from the coast, the temperature rises to +20 degrees.

July and August are monsoons and it can rain without interruption for 2-3 days.

Autumn in the north of the region begins in early September and comes to the south by the middle of the month. Autumn weather is warm and dry. Daytime temperature in the continental part is +16 degrees, on the coast +11 degrees.

At the end of November, when the air temperature drops to 0 degrees, winter comes.

Climate

general characteristics

Russia is a country with a relatively cold climate. Its territory is located in four climatic zones: arctic, subarctic, temperate and subtropical. The arctic and subarctic belts include the seas Arctic ocean , the arctic islands and the northern mainland of the country. Most of the territory is in the temperate zone, a small area Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and the south coast of Crimea - in the subtropical. The climate is formed under the influence of arctic, temperate (polar) and tropical air. The enormous length of Russia from north to south causes large differences in the values \u200b\u200bof the arrival and consumption of solar radiation. Depending on the geographic latitude, the amount of solar radiation coming to the earth's surface per year varies from 2400 MJ / m2 in the north (in some places less, for example, on the islands of the Arctic Ocean) to 4800 MJ / m2 in Caspian lowland and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. In the cold season in most of the country, the scattered radiation is slightly higher than the direct or approximately equal to it. In the warm season, direct radiation prevails everywhere (with the exception of the Arctic, where, due to large, but thin cloudiness, diffuse radiation predominates in summer). The radiation balance for the year is positive throughout the entire territory, varying from 2100 MJ / m2 in the south of the country to values \u200b\u200bclose to zero in the center of the Arctic (400 MJ / m2 on the northern continental margin)). Significant changes in the latitudinal distribution of solar radiation are associated with cloudiness. The greatest deviations of the total radiation are noted in the west and north-west of the European territory, where the role of cloudiness is great throughout the year, and in the Far East in the summer, when cloudiness increases due to the influence of sea air masses. Its maximum values \u200b\u200bare observed in May - June at the highest solar heights, a long day, and little cloud cover. The lowest values \u200b\u200bare in the winter months, when the Sun is at its lowest, day length is small, and cloud cover is significant.

Almost everywhere the climate is continental. The degree of continentality increases markedly in the direction from west to east (in Western Siberia from north to south) as the influence weakening Atlantic Ocean ... In most of the country, continental air of temperate latitudes is formed, which is the predominant air mass throughout the year. In the Arctic zone, the arctic air masses constantly dominate, in the subarctic zone, temperate air prevails in winter, and Arctic air in summer. Cyclonic activity (see. Cyclone) develops on the Arctic front (delimits the arctic air and the air of temperate latitudes) and the polar front (separates the air masses of temperate latitudes and tropical ones). Most of the territory is characterized by the predominance of latitudinal air mass transfer - from west to east, but in winter with a noticeable southern component, and in summer - with a northern one. Cyclones bring major precipitation. In winter, the continental air is significantly cooled, this is facilitated by small amounts of solar radiation and snow cover, which occupies most of the territory. It is especially strongly cooled in Eastern Siberia , where a vast area of \u200b\u200bhigh atmospheric pressure is established in winter - the Siberian anticyclone ( Asian anticyclone) with clear and dry weather. In summer, the air here warms up strongly due to the long duration of sunshine and insignificant cloud cover. The climate of Eastern Siberia is sharply continental. In the summer period in the European territory, the air warms up especially strongly in the steppe zone (the Volga region and the Caspian lowland). Favorable conditions are created here for its transformation into a dry subtropical; this is associated with frequent dry winds, sometimes dust storms. The European part of Russia is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean throughout the year, therefore the climate here is moderately continental - the annual amplitude of air temperature does not exceed 30–35 ° C. In summer, the sea air comes already partially transformed into continental. In winter, it penetrates further to the east, as large clouds and the absence of a stable snow cover on the shores of the Baltic Sea slow down its cooling and transformation. As we move eastward, the annual amplitudes of air temperature increase: in Western Siberia - up to 40–45 ° C, in Eastern Siberia - up to 65 ° C (the highest in the Northern Hemisphere), the amount of precipitation decreases. On the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, the annual amplitude decreases again - to 30–35 ° C, in the Vladivostok region - to 28–30 ° C, the amount of precipitation increases. The climate of the Far East is formed under the influence monsoon circulation ... The winter monsoon comes from the north and northwest and forms dry cold weather. The summer monsoon brings humid Pacific ocean air from the south and southeast. Intrusions of cold Arctic air masses are frequent on the territory of Russia, especially in the eastern regions of the European part of Russia and in Western Siberia, where they can penetrate far to the south. In winter, they are associated with strong drops in temperature. In late spring and early autumn, such invasions cause frosts. In summer, the Arctic air warms up rather quickly, dries up and transforms into dry continental air of temperate latitudes, which can cause droughts in the Volga region. In winter, almost the entire territory is under the influence of high atmospheric pressure. Reduced pressure is created only in the north-west of the European territory and in Kamchatka where the repeatability of the passage of cyclones is high. At this time of the year, westerly and south-westerly winds prevail in almost the entire European territory, in Western Siberia - southwestern and southern, in Eastern Siberia - weak northeastern (in the northern part), southern and southwestern (in the southern part ). In summer, the air pressure is mainly low, in the European territory and in Western Siberia north-western winds prevail, in Eastern Siberia - northern and northeastern winds. On the coasts of the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan and Okhotsk, in Amur region , on the Sakhalin and Kamchatka, the winds of a monsoon character are sharply expressed (in cold weather the prevailing direction is from land to sea, in warm weather - from sea to land). The strongest winds (up to 10–15 m / s) are observed in the interior regions during the transitional seasons, and on the coasts in winter. In summer they are weaker (2–5 m / s). The wind speed decreases with distance from the coasts.

Air temperature. The coldest month of the year in the continental part of Russia is January, on the shores of the seas - February. The lowest air temperatures are observed in Eastern Siberia, in the area of \u200b\u200bOymyakon and Verkhoyansk; the average monthly temperature in January is –50 ° C, the minimum is –68 ° C. From this cold pole of Eurasia, the temperature rises most sharply to the shores of the seas. The average January temperature on the shores of the Bering and Okhotsk Seas increases to –22 ° C, in the south of Kamchatka - to –10 ° C, in the Vladivostok region - to –14 ° C. In the southern part of Siberia, the average January temperature is from –14 to –16 ° C. In the European territory, the coldest region is the northeast (Pechora basin), here the average January temperature is from –18 to –20 ° C, in the center and northwest from –10 to –12 ° C, in the south of the Volga region from –4 down to –6 ° C. From February (on the shores of the seas from March) the air temperature rises and grows until July - August. July throughout the territory is the warmest month. The coolest this month is on the coasts of the Arctic seas. In the center of the European part, in Western and Eastern Siberia, the average July temperature is 15–20 ° C, in the lower reaches of the Volga up to 25 ° C, in the Far East 12–16 ° C. The duration of the frost-free period varies from 45-60 days in the tundra to 270 days in the Sochi region. Spring and autumn frosts cause great damage to agriculture, due to which almost the entire territory of Russia belongs to the zone of risky agriculture. The earliest end of frost is observed in spring on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus - at the end of February - beginning of March, and at Yamal and Taimyr they end only in late June - early July. The latest frosts in autumn - on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus - in late November - early December.

Relative humidityis distributed in accordance with the air temperature, its values \u200b\u200bincrease with decreasing temperature. The highest values \u200b\u200bof humidity are observed in the tundra (70%) and forest zone (50-60%), the lowest - in the steppe zone (40-50%; in the southeast of the European territory, in dry steppes - up to 30-40%).

Cloudy.The highest cloud cover, except for Eastern Siberia and the Amur region, falls on November - February, the smallest is observed in July - August, but on the coasts of the Arctic seas, in Eastern Siberia, and especially in the Far East, it is also high in summer.

Precipitation. The greatest amount of precipitation falls on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus (over 1600 mm per year). In the European territory, the annual precipitation varies from 650–800 mm in the forest zone to 200–250 mm in the lower Volga. There is little precipitation in the tundra (300–400 mm per year) and the steppe zone (350–400 mm). In Western Siberia, it falls up to 500 mm per year, in the Baikal region - 350–400 mm, in the Far East - 700–800 mm. Precipitation that falls on the Earth's surface is not fully utilized by the soil and plants, some of it flows down or evaporates, therefore a more objective characteristic is the wetting of the territory. The tundra, the forest zone and a small subtropical area in the Sochi region are overly humid. Forest-steppe is a zone of unstable moisture, steppe and semi-desert (mainly the lower Volga and the region North Caucasus) - insufficient moisture. In the warm season, precipitation sometimes falls in the form of hail, which is observed almost everywhere, but is especially intense in the North Caucasus. In cold weather, snow falls on most of the territory. In the north, the amount of precipitation in the form of snow is 40-50% of the annual amount, in the south - 15-20%. In most regions, snow forms a stable snow cover. The highest snow cover is observed on the western slopes Northern Urals and in its western foothills (up to 90-100 cm), in the northern regions of Western Siberia (80-90 cm), on the western slope Altai and at the junction Eastern Sayan and Western Sayan (up to 200 cm), in Kamchatka and Sakhalin (80-110 cm and more). In the North Caucasus region, the height of the snow cover is 10–20 cm. There is little snow also in the steppe part Transbaikalia ... On average, in the central regions, St. 4 months a year, in the north and north-east of the European territory - St. 7 months, in Siberia, in the Far North, - approx. 9 months. Unstable snow cover (20–30 days a year) is observed in the lower Volga and in the North Caucasus. Snowstorms are most frequent in European territory in January and February. The main climatic characteristics are shown on the maps.

Climatic regions

Arctic

This region is characterized by long periods of polar day and polar night. Arctic air masses prevail throughout the year, except for the coast of the Barents Sea and the southwestern part of the Kara Sea, where Arctic air is supplied only in summer. It is characterized by low temperatures and low moisture content. Large annual fluctuations in air temperature and its small daily changes are characteristic. Annual precipitation is low. Climatic conditions vary from west to east, with differences in air temperature occurring mainly in winter. In summer, the melting of large masses of ice and predominantly cloudy weather (the frequency of cloudiness over 80%) smooth out the temperature differences, since the high humidity of the air and clouds increase the proportion of thermal radiation coming to the Earth.

Region of the Barents and Kara seasin winter it is the warmest in the Russian Arctic due to the frequent passage of cyclones, which carry warm Atlantic air to the east and northeast, and the influence of the warm waters of the North Cape Current. The average January and February temperature in the southwest of the Barents Sea is –6 ° C (almost the same in Belgorod), on the western coasts of Novaya Zemlya it is not colder than on the Middle Volga (–12 to –14 ° C). In the western part of the Kara Sea, the average January and February temperature is –20 ° C, in the eastern part - up to –30 ° C. Characterized by strong winds, blizzards, high relative humidity (70–80%), frequent storms (sometimes lasting up to 10 days). Near New Earth there are up to 50-60 days with winds exceeding 15-20 m / s. The wind reaches its greatest force (up to 40 m / s, individual gusts - more than 60 m / s) during bora, which is typical for the coasts of Novaya Zemlya. The weather in this area is very changeable. Franz Josef Land sometimes there are thaws, during which it can rain. March is often the coldest: cyclonic activity weakens, the greater concentration of ice contributes to the stability of anticyclonic weather (sunny, but cold). The Barents Sea region and Novaya Zemlya receive the highest precipitation in the Russian Arctic (about 30 mm per month); the snow cover is small, it is uneven due to strong winds. The average air temperature in spring months is negative; its stable transition to positive values \u200b\u200boccurs only in June. Cool in summer: average July temperatures range from 8 ° C in the southwestern Barents Sea to 0 ° C in Franz Josef Land and Northern Land ... Average monthly rainfall approx. 30 mm. The wind speed drops sharply. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values \u200b\u200bin the 2nd half. September, but there may be thaws in October and November.

The region of the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea. In winter, cyclonic activity weakens. The weather is becoming more stable and less cloudy. Average temperatures in January and February are close to –30 ° C (minimum - below –50 ° C). Temperature inversions are characteristic (the thickness of the cooled layer is up to 1 km); snow haze can form in the inversion layer. The thermal characteristics of the winds are well pronounced in the coastal regions - the south winds are on average 5–10 ° C colder than the north ones. The average wind speed is not high, but during snowstorms it can exceed 20 m / s. A small amount of precipitation (about 10 mm per month) and the absence of thaws lead to the formation of a snow cover 30–50 cm high, which is unevenly distributed due to uneven relief. The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values \u200b\u200boccurs in early July. In summer, snow cover is mostly absent. In this area, with the exception of the northern part of Taimyr, during one month the average daily air temperature is above 10 ° C. The maximum temperature on the coast is 25 ° C, on the islands 20 ° C, but the average temperatures in the summer months due to the prevalence of northerly winds are relatively low (in July on the coast 5–7 ° C, on the islands 2-3 ° C). Due to the intensification of cyclonic activity, the amount of precipitation increases (more than 50% of the annual amount falls during the summer period). Mixed precipitation is often observed - rain and snow. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values \u200b\u200boccurs in mid-August.

Chukchi Sea region. In winter, northerly and northeasterly winds prevail, bringing cold arctic air. The average January temperature (approx. –25 ° C) is higher than in the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea, but lower than in the western sector, despite the fact that the Chukchi Sea is located south of the Barents Sea. The frequency of storms increases, cloudiness and precipitation increase (over 10 mm per month). The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values \u200b\u200bin early July. In summer, the oceanic features of the climate intensify. Southeast winds from the Bering Sea prevail, the air temperature in July (0–2 ° C) is lower than in the Laptev and East Siberian seas, despite the fact that the Chukchi Sea is located to the south. On some days, warm continental air penetrates here, raising the temperature to 20 ° C. The amount of precipitation increases to 50 mm per month. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values \u200b\u200boccurs 2–3 weeks earlier than in the Barents and Kara Seas.

european part of Russia

The main part of the territory is located in the subarctic and temperate zones, only small areas of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and Crimea are in the subtropical. An important feature of the climate is the strongly pronounced influence of the Atlantic Ocean. Within the limits of the European part, there is a transformation of maritime temperate (humid Atlantic) air into dry continental air, in connection with this, a faster than in the Asian part, climate change from west to east is observed.

Northwest part(Kola Peninsula , Karelia). In winter, there is an active cyclonic activity on the Arctic front; southern and southwestern winds prevail, with which relatively warm air enters. Thaws are frequent with temperatures up to 2 ° C. In the western part Murmansk coast and in the south of Karelia, the average January temperature is from –8 to –10 ° C, with incursions of the Arctic air it drops to –30 ° C. Average monthly rainfall approx. 30 mm. The snow cover lasts approx. 5 months and reaches 60–70 cm; abundant frost and ice are characteristic. IN Khibiny there are frequent avalanches. The number of days with cloudy weather is up to 70%. On the coast there are strong (up to 20 m / s) stormy winds. The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values \u200b\u200bin the north occurs at the end of May, in the south - at the beginning of May. The snow cover melts in the north of the Kola Peninsula in early June, in Karelia in the 1st half of May. Late frosts are harmful to agriculture. In summer, a polar day is observed on the Murmansk coast for almost 2 months, in Karelia - white nights. Cyclonic activity is not weakening, so the cloudiness increases. Summers are relatively cool, especially on the shores of the seas and large lakes. In the interior, the average July temperature is 14-16 ° C, on the Murmansk coast approx. 10 ° C. The average monthly amount of precipitation increases to 70 mm. The number of days with precipitation up to 18 per month. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values \u200b\u200boccurs in mid-October, but the first frosts appear in August. Snow cover is established on the Kola Peninsula in mid-October, in Karelia - at the end of October.

Northeastern part(Arkhangelsk region, Komi Republic) differs from the north-west in a greater continental climate, this is manifested in a lower air temperature in winter and in its rapid increase from north to south in summer. In this area, winter is the coldest in the European part. Average January temperatures range from –10 ° C in the west to –20 ° C in the east (minimum –50 ° C). Average monthly rainfall in the north is approx. 15 mm, in the inner regions 20–25 mm, in the foothills of the Urals 30 mm. The height of the snow cover in the interior regions is up to 70 cm, in some places by the end of winter it reaches 100 cm - this is one of the snowiest regions in Russia. Duration of snow in the northeastern part is more than 7 months. The wind speed is significant in winter, especially in the tundra (up to 7-10 m / s). The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values \u200b\u200bin the north in the 2nd half of May, in the central regions at the end of April. The snow cover melts in June. At the end of May and in the first half of summer, frosts are frequent, caused by the invasion of the Arctic air from the Kara Sea, which in June is still covered with ice. The incoming cold air quickly warms up over the mainland: the average July temperature is 13-14 ° C, and in the southern regions of the Komi Republic up to 16-18 ° C. In some years (during the invasion of warm continental air) the maximum temperature can reach 30–35 ° C. Long periods of hot weather increase the danger of forest fires. Average monthly rainfall approx. 70 mm (in the tundra approx. 50 mm). Precipitation is mainly frontal - long-term, but slight. The relative humidity of the air is rather high (up to 65–70% in the daytime). Excessive moisture is a characteristic feature of the climate in this area. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values \u200b\u200boccurs almost a month earlier than on the Kola Peninsula. Snow cover sets in early October.

Central regions(Moscow, Bryansk, Vladimir, Ivanovskaya, Tverskaya, Kaluga, Kostromskaya, Orlovskaya, Ryazanskaya, Smolenskaya, Tula, Yaroslavskaya) are characterized by moderately cold winters and moderately warm summers. Compared to the north of the European part, the warm period here is 1–2 months longer. In winter, the average January temperature is from –9 to –11 ° C. Southern cyclones (from the Black Sea) can penetrate into this region, strong thaws are associated with them - sometimes the average daily temperature can rise to 5 ° C. As a result of intense cyclonic activity on the Arctic and polar fronts, cloudy weather prevails (frequency of occurrence up to 80%). In the rear of the cyclones, cold Arctic air penetrates into this area and causes a decrease in temperature. During the formation of winter anticyclones, the air temperature can drop to –40 ° C. Average monthly rainfall approx. 40 mm, but they do not form a powerful snow cover due to frequent thaws. The height of the snow cover in the Moscow region is approx. 50 cm, duration approx. 4 months. The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values \u200b\u200bat the end of March. The snow cover melts in the 1st floor. April. In summer, the Atlantic air coming in with westerly winds warms up intensively. The average July temperature is 17-19 ° C (maximum 35 ° C), the relative air humidity during the day is close to 50-60%. On average, only approx. 20 days with an average daily temperature above 20 ° C. The number of cloudy days is approx. 50%. The average monthly precipitation is significant (from 90 to 100 mm) and it is more intense than in winter. In some years, stable anticyclones are formed, causing long periods of hot and dry weather, contributing to the occurrence of forest and peat fires. Autumn is warmer than spring. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values \u200b\u200bin the Moscow region at the end of October. The snow cover is established in the 2nd floor. November, although it remains unstable until mid-December. Cloudiness increases rapidly in October, and in November the number of cloudy days is 80%.

Eastern(Middle Volga region, Tatarstan, Bashkiria, Middle Urals) differs from the central regions by a greater continental climate. The winter is much colder. The average January temperature in the lower reaches of the Kama River is –15 ° C, in the upper reaches –17 ° C. In the middle and upper reaches of the Kama, the minimum temperature can reach –50 ° C. The number of days with an average daily temperature below –10 ° C is increasing (Nizhny Novgorod - approx. 60, Perm - approx. 90). Average monthly precipitation is 30–40 mm. The snow cover is higher (70–90 cm), the duration of snow occurrence in the Middle Urals increases to 6 months. The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values \u200b\u200boccurs in late May - early June. The snow cover melts almost 1/2 months later than in the central regions. Summers are quite warm, sometimes hot. The average July temperature in Tatarstan is 20 ° C, in the southern regions of the Middle Volga region, 22 ° C (maximum 40 ° C). The number of days with an average daily temperature above 20 ° C increases to 40, in the south - up to 50. Rarely can there be significant cold snaps - up to 3 ° C at night. There is more precipitation than in winter: in the rainiest month (July), 60 mm falls in the Middle Volga region, and 80 mm in the foothills of the Urals. In the Middle Volga region, Tatarstan and Bashkiria, precipitation is much less (15–30 mm) and the probability of droughts is high. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values \u200b\u200bin early October. A stable snow cover sets in early November.

southern part(North Caucasus, Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Crimean peninsula). Northern slopes Greater Caucasus are windward with respect to the atmospheric fronts of Atlantic and Mediterranean cyclones. The western part of the region is characterized by milder winters than the eastern one. The duration of the period with negative air temperatures in the east is 90–95 days, in the west 60–65 days, in the mountains up to 130 days. The climate of the North Caucasus is moderately continental. Winters are cold here due to the prevalence of continental Eastern European air, there may be short-term invasions of Atlantic and Arctic air, causing temperatures to drop to –30 ° C. Fogs, frost and ice are frequent. Ice phenomena are especially significant in the area of \u200b\u200bMineralnye Vody. The average January temperature in the central part of the foothill zone is from –4 to –6 ° C. The absolute minimums can reach –32 ° C (Essentuki), –35, –36 ° C (Nalchik). In the eastern part of the foothill zone (Dagestan), the average January temperature is from –4 to 0 ° C, the absolute minimum is –26 ° C (Makhachkala). Cyclonic activity weakens in cold weather, so there is little precipitation (20–30 mm per month) and the height of the snow cover is insignificant (10–20 cm). On the plains, the snow cover appears in the second decade of December, but during the winter it melts repeatedly during thaws. In some years, a stable snow cover may not be established. The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values \u200b\u200boccurs at the beginning of April. Summers are hot and dry, especially in Dagestan, where the average July temperature is 20-25 ° C, with an absolute maximum of 42 ° C. The dry air of the Caspian deserts often comes here, so there is little precipitation (the average monthly amount is 15–20 mm). The number of cloudy days in July is up to 25% in the plains and up to 50% in the mountains. In most of the territory, there are 6-8 days a month with a thunderstorm. On the flat part of the precipitation is little (15–20 mm per month), in the mountains with height, their amount increases to 40–50 mm. Precipitation is mainly of a torrential nature and is often accompanied by squally winds; the formation of mudflows and floods on mountain rivers is possible. In May - June on Kuban-Priazovskaya lowland happens 1-2 days with hail, on the western slopes Stavropol Upland - up to 3, on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus at an altitude of 2000 m - up to 12 days. The frequency of droughts in the steppe regions is approx. thirty%. Severe droughts are observed in 10% of years in the west and 15% in the east. In the eastern part, the frequency of dry winds, turning into dust storms, increases. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values \u200b\u200bon the flat part - at the end of November - early December, earlier in the mountains.

Special climatic conditions are created on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus from Novorossiysk to Sochi, they are close to the Mediterranean. Winter. The average January temperature is 2–5 ° C, but in the Novorossiysk area, during the invasions of northern air masses, it can drop to –25 ° C. During the cold period, 50–55% of the annual precipitation falls (approx. 300 mm per month). Summers are warm and dry, with an average July temperature of 23-24 ° C. Frost-free period in the Sochi region approx. 270 days. Such climatic conditions are created here thanks to the warm deep non-freezing Black Sea and the mountains that protect the coast from the north. With powerful intrusions of cold air in the region of Novorossiysk, a bora appears (wind speed reaches 40–60 m / s).

On the Crimean peninsula in the plains, the climate is moderately continental, on the southern coast - subtropical with Mediterranean features. On the plains of the Crimea, there is an unhindered inflow of air masses from the Atlantic Ocean, as well as arctic air from the north and tropical air from the south. The southern coast is protected from the invasion of cold air masses from the north Crimean mountains and is influenced by the Black Sea. Winter is short and mild; moderately cold in the mountains. The average January temperature in the plains is from –2 to 0 о С (the absolute minimum is –36.8 о С, the settlement of Nizhnegorsky); in the northern foothills –1.5 - (- 2) о С, on the yayls of the Main ridge –4 - (- 5) о С, on the southern coast 2–4 ° С. In the upper parts of the slopes of the mountains, a snow cover is formed up to 1 m and more, in the plains and foothills it occurs only in snowy winters and remains approx. 1 month. Summer is long and hot; moderately hot in the mountains. The average July temperature on the plains is 23 ° С (absolute maximum 40.7 ° С, the village of Klepinino), in the northern foothills of 22 ° С, on the yayls of the Main ridge 15–21 ° С (at night the temperature may drop to 0 ° С), in the Southern the coast is 23.5-24 ° С. The duration of the frost-free period in the plains is 170–225 days, in the foothills of the Crimean Mountains 150–240 days, on the Main Ridge 150–180 days, on the South Coast 230–260 days. The Crimean peninsula as a whole is characterized by insufficient moisture, the average annual precipitation averages 350–450 mm per year; in the western part of the foothills of the Crimean mountains and on the southern coast - from 500 to 600 mm; on the yayls of the western chain of the Main Ridge it increases to 1000–1500 mm. The maximum precipitation on the plains and in the foothills is in June - July, on the southern coast and the yayls of the western chain - in January - February. Droughts are frequent (the most prolonged - in 1947).

Southeastern part(Lower Volga region, Caspian lowland) is distinguished by the greatest continental climate in the European territory. Air masses from Asia can enter these regions throughout the year, which reduce the temperature in winter and air humidity in summer. Winter. The average January temperature in Saratov (-13 ° C) is the same as in Arkhangelsk, in Astrakhan (-6 ° C) - as in St. Petersburg. The softening influence of the Caspian Sea has almost no effect, since its northern shallow part often freezes. Thaws are rare; in January on the coast of the Caspian Sea - up to 5 days. The air temperature can drop to –40 ° C, on the coast of the Caspian Sea to –30 ° C. In the western part of the Caspian Lowland (Chernye Zemli and Nogai Steppe), winters are much milder due to winds from the central part of the sea, free of ice. Snow cover is generally more stable than in the south of the European part, except for the western part of the Caspian lowland. Average monthly rainfall approx. 25 mm. The height of the snow cover in the northern regions reaches 50 cm. The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values \u200b\u200boccurs in the 2nd half. Martha. The snow cover melts in early April. Spring dry winds usually penetrate from the south of Kazakhstan, the air temperature in April can rise to 30 ° C. Sometimes sharp cooling is observed, in the northern part of the Caspian lowland in mid-May night frosts are possible. Summers are hot and dry. The weakening of cyclonic activity contributes to the transformation of temperate air into continental subtropical. Average July temperature throughout the territory is 23-25 \u200b\u200b° C (maximum 40 ° C). Average monthly precipitation in the north is 30 mm, in the south 15 mm. Drought frequency is more than 30%. Dry winds are frequent in the southeastern regions. In autumn, the air temperature drops rapidly. The first night frosts appear in the northern regions in early September, in the south - in early October. There are several days in October with negative average daily temperatures. Average temperatures in November are negative, with the exception of the southern part of the Caspian lowland. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values \u200b\u200boccurs at the end of October. Snow cover is established in the north in mid November, in the south in mid December.

Ural they are not distinguished into an independent climatic region, since this mountain system is located in three climatic zones: Polar Ural - in the arctic and subarctic, Northern Urals, Middle Ural and Southern Urals - in moderate. The western slopes of the Urals are influenced by the processes developing over the European territory, the eastern ones - over Western Siberia and Kazakhstan. In winter, cyclones of the Arctic front often pass through the Northern Urals. To the south, the role of cyclones coming from the Black and Caspian Seas is increasing. The average January temperature in the north of the Urals is from –18 to –20 ° C, in the central part –16, –17 ° C, in the south –15 ° C. The absolute minimum temperature ranges from –45 ° C in the south to –55 ° C on the eastern slopes of the Northern Urals. In the north, thaws are rare, and in the Southern Urals, air temperatures can rise to 8 ° C. Average monthly precipitation is up to 30–40 mm. In the Northern and Middle Urals, the height of the snow cover is 90–100 cm, in the Southern Urals it does not exceed 40 cm. The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values \u200b\u200bin the Northern Urals in mid-May, in the Southern Urals in mid-April. Snow cover melts in the northern part in the 1st floor. May, in the south - in March. In summer, cyclones coming from the west and northwest prevail, cloudiness increases. Average July temperatures range from 10 ° C in the Northern Urals to 20 ° C in the Southern Urals. The absolute maximum temperature in the north is 35 ° C, in the south is 42 ° C. Frequent returns of cold weather. Average monthly precipitation is 70–100 mm. In most of the Urals, only in July there are no frosts. Autumn, especially in the northern part, is cloudy and rainy. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values \u200b\u200bin the Northern Urals in mid-August, in the Middle Urals in mid-September, in the Southern Urals in late September. Snow cover is established in the northern part at the end of October, in the southern part - in the 1st decade of November.

West Siberian Plain, Altai, Sayan

West Siberian Plainlocated in the arctic, subarctic and temperate zones. Unlike the European part, the continentality of the climate in Western Siberia is increasing not from west to east, but from north to south. This is due to the greater influence of the Atlantic in the northern part of the plain. In winter, in contrast to the European part, cloudiness decreases, the number of cloudy days in January is 50-60%. In the north, the average January temperature decreases from west to east from –20 to –30 ° C, in the central part it ranges from –18 to –27 ° C, in the south - from –18 to –20 ° C (the same in Arkhangelsk region). The minimum air temperature in almost the entire territory can reach –55 ° C. In the central regions, during the invasions of the Atlantic air, there may be sharp warming before thaws. The main paths of Atlantic cyclones pass through the northern regions, bringing significant cloud cover and snowfall; the height of the snow cover (up to 90 cm) is slightly higher than in the European part at the same latitude, due to the duration of the snow cover (about 9 months) and the absence of thaws. In the central part, the height of the snow cover is 60–70 cm, in the southern part - 30–40 cm. The average monthly precipitation is from 50 to 70 mm. In the northern part of the taiga zone, the transition of the average daily temperature to positive values \u200b\u200boccurs at the end of May, in the southern part - at the end of April. The snow cover melts in May. The rise in air temperature in spring is often interrupted by sharp cold snaps, even in the southern regions at the end of May frosts are frequent. In summer, cyclonic activity prevails over the entire territory. In the north, cyclones develop mainly on the Arctic front, in the central and southern regions they come from the lower reaches of the Volga, the Caspian and Black Seas. In the temperate zone, the average July temperature in the northern regions is 12-16 ° C, in the central regions - 15-18 ° C, in the southern regions - 19-20 ° C. Average monthly precipitation in the northern part is 40–50 mm, in the central part - 50–60 mm, in the southern part - 30–40 mm. The southern steppe regions can receive very warm air from Central Asia, Mongolia and China, bringing droughts. Dust storms often occur due to the large area of \u200b\u200bplowed land and the low forest cover of the territory. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values \u200b\u200bin the tundra - in the 3rd decade of September, in the central regions - in mid-October. Snow soon sets in.

Mountainous region of Altai and Sayanlocated southeast of Western Siberia, almost in the center of Asia. This area is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean only in the mountains. The climate is sharply continental. The temperature distribution depends on the height of the terrain and the shape of the relief. In winter, cold air from Eastern Siberia dominates, which is characterized by temperature inversions. In this regard, the air temperature in the mid-mountain zone (altitude of about 1000 m) may be higher than in the adjacent plains. The average January temperature is from -16, -18 ° C in the foothills of Altai and Minusinsk Basin down to –34 ° C in the Tuva basin. By cooling down the basins, the temperature can drop below –50 ° C. A lot of precipitation falls on the windward western slopes of the ridges - an average of 30–40 mm per month. In winter, large reserves of snow accumulate (up to 2 m). In closed basins with a small snow cover, the soil freezes to a depth of 150-200 cm. In summer, cyclonic activity intensifies, cyclones come mainly from the west and southwest. In the foothill zone of Altai and Sayan, the average July temperature is 16-18 ° C, with altitude it drops to 14-16 ° C, in the closed valleys night frosts are possible. Summer precipitation is 35-50% of the annual value and varies from 25 (Chuiskaya steppe) to 100 mm per month on the western and north-western slopes. In the west of Altai in July there are up to 20 days with rain. In the Tuva basin, summer is warm, sometimes hot. Average temperature in July is approx. 20 ° C (maximum 40 ° C).

Eastern Siberia

The territory is located in the arctic, subarctic and temperate zones. The continentality of the climate is most pronounced here. Compared to other areas located at the same latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, it is distinguished by colder winters, warmer summers and the least annual rainfall.

Baikal and the Baikal region. Water area climate Baikal and its coasts are less severe due to the softening influence of the lake. The location of Baikal within the region with a sharply continental climate creates large temperature contrasts between the lake and the adjacent territory. In winter, the water mass of Lake Baikal increases the air temperature. In the northern part, the lake freezes at the end of December, in the southern - in early January. The difference in air temperatures at the beginning of winter between Lake Baikal and the adjacent territory is on average 10–15 ° C. In the 2nd floor. In winter, the temperature on Lake Baikal can drop to –40 ° C. When cold air invades over the lake, fogs often appear, especially intense in the sources of the Angara, where the water does not freeze for a particularly long time. Strong winds are often observed on Lake Baikal, especially in the 1st floor. winters, when the lake did not have time to be covered with ice. The area of \u200b\u200bOlkhon Island is characterized by squally north-westerly winds of Sarma (average speed 25–30 m / s, individual gusts over 50 m / s). There is little precipitation in the Baikal and Baikal regions (50–60 mm per month), with the exception of the northwestern slopes of the Khamar-Daban ridge, where large reserves of snow accumulate. In spring the air temperature rises slowly due to the cooling effect of the lake, which is freed from ice only in mid-May. Spring on Lake Baikal is much colder than autumn (the average temperature in May is almost 5 ° C lower than in September). The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values \u200b\u200boccurs in early June. The snow cover melts in May. Summer in the Baikal region is warm, on Lake Baikal it is cool. The warmest month is August, when the lake waters warm up, but the average air temperature is not high (12-14 ° C). When warm continental air enters the cold surface of the lake, fogs are formed. The maximum amount of precipitation (no more than 25–30 mm) on Baikal falls in June, when the water temperature is still quite low. In summer, the influence of the lake on the territory of the Baikal region, with the exception of a narrow coastal strip, is small, in areas remote from the lake it is warmer than on the West Siberian Plain (for example, the average July temperature in the upper reaches of the Lena is 18–19 ° C). The average monthly precipitation in the Baikal region is very variable (from 60 to 100 mm) due to the influence of the relief. Autumn on the lake is warm. The first frosts are observed at the end of September. The transition of the average daily air temperature to negative values \u200b\u200bin the central part of Lake Baikal occurs at the end of October, almost three weeks later than in the Baikal region. Snow cover is established in September.

Yakutia and Transbaikalia are distinguished by the greatest continental climate. The annual amplitude of air temperature here reaches the highest values \u200b\u200bon the globe: from 50 ° C in the south to 60 ° C at the latitude of the Arctic Circle and up to 65 ° C in the northeast (in Verkhoyansk). There is very little precipitation (about 200 mm per year), but the aridity of the climate is mitigated by a short warm period, when evaporation is relatively high, by the absence of thaws in winter and the presence of permafrost, which provides moisture to the topsoil in summer. Winter. Since mid-October, the average daily air temperature rarely rises above –10 ° C, in the interior it is colder than on the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The lowest temperature is in the relief depressions (average January temperature –50 ° C). In Yakutia (in the region of Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk), there is a cold pole of Eurasia (the minimum air temperature is –68 ° C). In conditions of quiet anticyclonic weather, temperature inversions with a thickness of up to 3 km are constantly formed. In Transbaikalia, over which the central part of the Siberian anticyclone is located, the highest frequency of anticyclonic weather is observed - little cloudiness, scant precipitation (10 mm per month); the height of the snow cover is 10–15 cm. To the north, cyclonic activity intensifies somewhat, and the amount of precipitation increases (up to 25 mm per month). In the central part of Yakutia, the height of the snow cover is up to 20 cm, but the duration of occurrence is more than 220 days. During severe frosts, "frosty" fogs are often formed, mainly near villages, where, as a result of fuel combustion, many condensation nuclei enter the air. The moisture content of the air is very low. The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values \u200b\u200bin the south of Transbaikalia occurs at the end of April, in the middle reaches of the Lena - in mid-May, in the northeast of Yakutia - at the end of May. The snow cover melts in the south in April and in the north in May. In spring, due to the weakening of the Siberian anticyclone, dry cold and very strong (15–20 m / s) winds are characteristic of Transbaikalia. Summers are warm, hot days are often observed with an average daily temperature above 20 ° C (in Central Yakutia - about 20 days). The maximum temperature in the south of Transbaikalia is approx. 40 ° C, at the latitude of the Arctic Circle (near the cold pole of Eurasia) approx. 35 ° C. Large daily fluctuations in air temperature are characteristic (in the daytime up to 25-30 ° C, at night it is often below 10 ° C). Night frosts are possible in the depressions of the relief. In summer, the main amount of precipitation falls, to the south it increases significantly (in Transbaikalia in July 80–90 mm), the rains are predominantly torrential. In Yakutia, the average monthly precipitation is approx. 15 mm, they fall in the form of drizzling rains. Autumn comes early. In October, the Siberian anticyclone begins to form, the amount of precipitation decreases sharply. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values \u200b\u200boccurs in the north in August, in the south - at the beginning of September. Snow cover is established in October. In the south of Transbaikalia, November is 10 ° C colder than at the same latitude in the Volga region.

Far East

The territory is located in the subarctic and temperate zones. Priamurye, Primorye, Sakhalin -the only region of Russia with a typically monsoon climate. Winter is characterized by low temperatures, and the proximity of the sea almost does not soften its severity. The average January temperature in Vladivostok (latitude of Sochi) is approx. –14 ° C (3 ° C lower than in Moscow). In the Amur valley (Kharkiv latitude), the average January temperature is –25 ° C. The winter monsoon is exceptionally stable - in Primorye, the frequency of northwestern winds reaches 70–80%. Due to the anticyclonic nature of the circulation, the unevenly deposited snow cover has a low thickness: in the western regions up to 20 cm, on the western slopes Sikhote-Alin up to 50 cm, on the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan up to 35 cm. In places there is so little snow that there is no spring flood on rivers. Winds blow away the snow, and in severe frosts, the soil deeply freezes. The southern part of Primorye is distinguished by the largest number of days with heavy snowfalls and blizzards, which are caused by the arrival of southern and southwestern cyclones. In the north of the Amur Region, the stability of the winter monsoon is weakening due to the intensification of cyclonic activity over the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The amount of precipitation increases (up to 50 mm per month), and in the lower reaches of the Amur, the height of the snow cover reaches 70 cm. On Sakhalin, winter is less severe than on the mainland; in the northern part of the island, the average temperature of winter months is close to –20 ° C, in the south rises to –8 ° C. Due to the intense cyclonic activity on Sakhalin, heavy and prolonged snowfalls are frequent in winter. Average monthly precipitation is 50 mm. The average height of the snow cover varies from 80–90 cm in places protected from the wind to 30 cm on open coasts. Spring is cool throughout the region due to the cooling effect of the seas. The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values \u200b\u200boccurs in comparison with the European part a month later - in May. The snow cover melts in April. In the 2nd floor. In spring, the amount of precipitation increases and fogs become more frequent, especially in the south of Primorye and Sakhalin (mainly on the coasts). Summer monsoon dominates in summer. The influx of sea air, cloudiness and large amount of precipitation significantly reduce the air temperature. In the southern regions (latitude of Crimea) the average July temperature is 16-18 ° C. The amount of precipitation increases especially in the 2nd half. summer. On average, 60–70% of the annual amount falls during the summer (approx. 100 mm per month). Heavy rainfalls are frequent, causing flooding. In the rivers of Primorye and Priamurye, the highest water level is observed not in spring, but in summer. Fogs are frequent on the coasts in early summer. In July and August, when the sea is relatively warmer, fogs are much less frequent. On some days, warm air from Mongolia and China can enter the southern part of Primorye, while the air temperature in Vladivostok rises to 27 ° C during the day. A characteristic feature of the Primorye climate is the invasion of tropical cyclones (typhoons) with abundant precipitation (daily maximum 300 mm) and hurricane force winds (maximum activity - in August - September). In recent years, the frequency and intensity of typhoons have been increasing. Autumn in Primorye and Amur Region is the best time of the year. Cyclonic activity is weakening - the winds subside, cloudiness and precipitation decrease, air humidity decreases, the temperature decreases slowly, therefore, it is warmer in early autumn than in late spring. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values \u200b\u200bon the coast occurs in early November. Snow cover is established in October.

Climate Kamchatka and the Kuril Islandsis formed mainly under the influence of circulation processes developing over the North Pacific Ocean. In winter, the influence of the continental monsoon is insignificant, therefore it is softer than at the same latitudes in Eastern Siberia, but colder than in the European territory. In the central part of Kamchatka (latitude of Moscow), the average January temperature is approx. –18 ° C (the same in the middle part of Western Siberia), in the southeast (latitude of Kursk) –10 ° C. This low temperature is due to the influx of cold air from Chukotka and from the northern regions of the Bering Sea. On the Kuril Islands, located to the south and more distant from the mainland, winters are warmer. In the southern part, the average January temperature is –5 ° C, in the northern part –10 ° C. An increase in air temperature in winter in the region is associated with cyclones, which bring significant precipitation (up to 60 mm per month). The height of the snow cover in the southern part of Kamchatka reaches 110 cm (it is established in mid-October and sometimes occurs until the end of May). Spring is cold. In Kamchatka, the transition of the average daily temperature to positive values \u200b\u200boccurs in the 1st half. May (as well as on the Kola Peninsula, located beyond the Arctic Circle), on Kuril Islands - in the end of May. A further rise in temperature slows down due to the influence of cold sea currents: in the eastern regions of Kamchatka, the average daily temperature reaches 5 ° C only in June (half a month later than in Arkhangelsk). The number of cloudy days in the region in spring exceeds 70%. Due to the prevalence of sea winds and the presence of cold sea currents, summer on the coast of Kamchatka and on the Kuril Islands is cool, cloudy and humid. On the coasts of Kamchatka, the average July temperature does not exceed 10–12 ° C, on the east coast, influenced by the open ocean, on average two degrees higher than on the west, which is washed by the colder waters of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The Pacific air coming from the south is cooled by the sea currents along the eastern coast and the southern tip of the peninsula, so fogs are frequent here. In the interior of Kamchatka, summers are warmer, but the maximum temperature is 10 ° C lower than in Yakutsk, located much to the north. On the Kuril Islands, the average July temperature in the northern part is 10 ° C, in the southern part - 12-14 ° C; frequent rains and strong winds are typical. Average monthly precipitation in the region is 70 mm. In autumn, cyclonic activity intensifies, and precipitation increases. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values \u200b\u200bin the inner regions of Kamchatka occurs in mid-October, on the coast - at the end of October, on the Kuril Islands - at the end of September. Snow cover is established in October.

Climate change in the 20th century and early 21st century

Since the 1970s. there is more and more evidence of a warming climate, which is of particular importance for Russia, since almost throughout its territory the average annual temperature is below 5 ° C, and in most of Asia - below 0 ° C. Therefore, the creation of acceptable living conditions requires a lot of energy resources. Global warming in the 20th century and early. 21 c. is unprecedented in the last 1000 years. However, it turned out to be heterogeneous over time. There are three intervals: a warming in 1910–45, a slight cooling in 1946–75, and the most intense warming, which began around 1976 and increased significantly at the beginning of the 21st century. 2014, 2015 and 2016 were consistently warmest (this is a unique case in the history of observations since 1880). In 2016, global temperatures have risen from the 20-century average. at 0.99 ° C, and compared with the value of the end. 19th century - by 1.1 ° C. For the period 2001 - early. 2017 accounts for 16 of the 17 warmest years, with the only exception being the abnormally warm 1998.

Observational data in Russia also show that in 20 - early. 21 centuries the climate was significantly different from that of the 19th century, and the rate of warming at the beginning. 21 c. increased significantly. If for the period 1901–2000 the intensity of warming on average for the territory of Russia was 0.9 ° C / 100 years, then for the recently completed fortieth anniversary (1976–2015) it was already approx. 4.5 ° C / 100 years. The most significant temperature increase has been observed in recent years in the European part of Russia, in Central and Eastern Siberia. On the whole, for Russia, the warming over the last 40 years was more noticeable in spring and autumn (0.59 and 0.48 ° C / 10 years, respectively); however, the seasonal features of warming in different physical and geographical regions manifested themselves in different ways. In the winter season, warming in the territory of Western Siberia in the last 40 years was practically not observed, in the Asian part of Russia as a whole it was small (0.15 ° C / 10 years), in the European part it was 0.49 ° C / 10 years. In the spring season, in the Asian part of the warming occurred at a rate of 0.65 ° C / 10 years, in Central and Eastern Siberia - over 0.7 ° C / 10 years, which exceeded the similar characteristics of the spring season for the European part of Russia.

During the same period (1976–2015) in Russia, there is a tendency towards a decrease in annual precipitation amounts in the territories of the extreme northeast of Siberia, the center of the European part, in certain regions of Transbaikalia and the Amur region. In the winter season, significant decreases in precipitation amounts in Eastern Siberia, in the summer season - on the coasts of the northern seas of the Asian territory and in the overwhelming part of the European territory of Russia. In the spring season, tendencies towards an increase in the amount of precipitation are observed over most of the territory of Russia.

A large group of researchers believe that the warming of the climate is explained by the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, caused by human activities. Determination of the causes of warming is still at a hypothetical stage, so it is more correct to talk about climate change.

Hydrometeorological Service

The Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet) is responsible for hydrometeorological services for all sectors of the economy on a national scale, including the central office and territorial bodies - departments for federal districts, 24 territorial (interregional) departments for hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring (UGMS). The UGMS includes their branches - centers for hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring, local observatories and observation stations, as well as the Weather Bureau. Roshydromet includes 17 research organizations.

Within the structure of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Roshydromet ensures the activities of the World Meteorological Center (WMC) in Moscow and 2 regional specialized meteorological centers (in Novosibirsk and Khabarovsk). WMC in Moscow is one of the three World Meteorological Centers (along with Washington and Melbourne). Its functions are performed by four institutions of Roshydromet: the Main Center for Information Technologies and Aviation Information Services (Aviamettelecom), the Main Computing Center (MCC), the Hydrometeorological Center of the Russian Federation (Hydrometeorological Center of Russia), the All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information - World Data Center (VNIIGMI - WDC) ... Regular operational hydrometeorological information is collected as a result of observations carried out by a network of stations (synoptic, aerological, actinometric, etc.) and posts, meteorological radars, artificial earth satellites and weather vessels. The total number of hydrometeorological stations and posts is approx. 4500. After initial processing, the observation results are transmitted to the Weather Bureau of the UGMS, where they are analyzed, summarized and transmitted to users through the radio meteorological centers in the form of reports and maps, and are also sent to the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia, where they are used for forecasts, and to VNIIGMI - WDC (accumulated and stored in archival systems).

Comfort of natural conditions for the life of the population

The livelihoods of the population largely depend on natural conditions. According to the degree of adaptation of the population to them, the most comfortable, comfortable, precomfortable, hypocomfortable, uncomfortable and extreme territories are distinguished.

The most comfortable areas.They are characterized by favorable conditions for the life of the population. They cover the south and southeast of the European part of Russia (partly Rostov and Astrakhan regions, Krasnodar and Stavropol territories, coastal regions of the Republic of Crimea), where St. 9% of the total population of the Russian Federation. Adaptation of the visiting population takes place without stressing the physiological systems of the body. In some places, the pollution of agricultural land with pesticides, pesticides, etc. is widespread. 2000 outbreaks of hemorrhagic fevers became more frequent, among them - West Nile fever and Crimea - Congo. Climatic and balneological resources (mainly on the Azov and Black Sea coasts) are used for recreation and treatment.

Comfortable territories.They are characterized by insignificant natural pressure on the vital activity of the population. They occupy the center of the European part of Russia (Moscow, Vladimir, Tula, Lipetsk, Leningrad, Voronezh, Tambov and other regions, as well as the southern part of Karelia), where about 48.3% of the population lives. The ecological reserve of the territory is very low. The conditions for urban development are favorable, but long-term negative impacts of city-forming industrial enterprises have led to environmental pollution, especially in cities: Novodvinsk , Stary Oskol , Lipetsk , Tula , Voronezh , Podolsk , Novomoskovsk, Dzerzhinsk , Cherepovets , the urban-type settlement of Nadvoitsy in Karelia (aluminum production is almost stopped; included in the list of monocities with the most difficult socio-economic situation), and other settlements. Adaptation of the visiting population takes place without much strain on the physiological systems of the body. The causative agents of tick-borne encephalitis, borreliosis, hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis and tularemia have been registered. The movement to the north of the areas of natural focal diseases, including tick-borne encephalitis, is noted.

Comfortable territories.They are characterized by moderate natural and significant anthropogenic pressure on the livelihoods of the population. They cover the eastern part of the East European Plain, the Cis-Urals (south of the Perm Territory, Bashkiria), the Middle and South Urals (Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg and Kurgan regions), the southern part of Western Siberia (south of Tyumen and Omsk regions, partly Altai Territory), south of the Amur Region (Amur Region) and the Far East (Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, Jewish Autonomous Region), where 24.1% of the population lives. City-forming industrial enterprises (among them - mining) have led to significant environmental pollution and man-made degradation of natural landscapes. In the atmospheric air, in rivers and lakes, as well as in drinking water, increased concentrations of pollutants are recorded, among them toxic metals: lead, copper, chromium, arsenic, etc. This has led to changes in the state of health of the population in the cities of Nizhnyaya Salda, Verkhny Ufaley , Krasnokamensk , Chusovoy and other cities. Town Karabash (with copper smelting production) is recognized as an ecological disaster area due to severe environmental pollution and high levels of arsenic in the body of residents. After the accident at the Mayak enterprise in 1957 (Chelyabinsk Region), an area of \u200b\u200bapprox. 700 km 2 (East Ural radioactive trace). As a result of the radioactive decay of fallout, by 2019 the area of \u200b\u200bradioactive contamination of the territory has decreased.

In Western Siberia, the ecological reserve of the territory is somewhat lower than in the European part of Russia. The conditions for urban development are relatively favorable. The adaptation of the visiting population is accompanied by a moderate stress of the physiological systems of the body with a tendency to quick compensation. Natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis, borreliosis, rickettsioses, leptospirosis, tularemia, alveococcosis, and others are widespread. The development of animal husbandry is associated with a potential danger, mainly brucellosis.

Hypocomfortable territories.They are characterized by intense natural pressure on the livelihoods of the population. They stretch in a continuous strip from west to east, covering the northern part of the East European Plain, the Middle and Northern Urals, the central part of Western and Eastern Siberia, the mountains of Southern Siberia, and the northern part of the Far East. There are hypocomfortable boreal (with temperate forests) and hypocomfortable semiarid (with temperate steppes) territories.

Hypo-comfortable boreal territoriescover the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions, the north of Karelia, the Komi Republic, the Nenets and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous districts, the northern regions of the Kirov region, the Perm region, the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region, the Krasnoyarsk and Khabarovsk regions, where 3.3% of the population lives. In the European part, a high ecological reserve remains, and in Siberia and the Far East it is very high. Urban development, especially in the north, is highly complicated due to the harsh climatic conditions and permafrost. Emissions from pulp and paper mills containing sulfur-containing substances pollute the atmosphere, especially in the cities of Sokol, Segezha , Syktyvkar and others. Pathogens of alveococcosis, trichinosis, rabies, psittacosis, and in places tick-borne encephalitis and borreliosis circulate in populations of wild animals. Climate change has led to a change in the seasonal migration routes of birds. For example, some bird species migrate to the north at a very high rate, in particular the blackbird over the last decades of the 20th century. breeds regularly (up to 63º N) in the south of the European taiga zone in the Arkhangelsk region and in the north of Karelia. In the north of the European taiga zone, in the western part of the East European Plain for the last quarter. 20th century 12 species of birds have been registered that have not previously been found in these regions. Similar processes are observed in the eastern part of the East European Plain. Changes in the seasonal migration routes of birds and the appearance in the Arctic of their "exotic" Asian species may lead to the emergence of tropical fever pathogens in ecosystems. In the 20th century. There is a significant expansion to the north of many species of mammals: field mouse, baby mouse, common vole, European hare, hedgehog, wild boar, etc. The danger of infection with diphyllobothriasis and opisthorchiasis is associated with ichthyofauna. In summer, gnarly abounds. Intensive production and transportation of oil is accompanied by a spill of oil products (on some pipelines there are more than 100 ruptures per month, the area of \u200b\u200bpollution is 140 thousand km 2), which creates risks of contamination of drinking sources.

Hypo-comfortable semi-arid territoriesdistributed mainly in the south of Siberia - in Buryatia and the southern regions of the Irkutsk region, where 8.2% of the population lives. The ecological reserve of the territories is small. The adaptation of the visiting population proceeds with a strong tension in all human physiological systems and gradual compensation. It is influenced by strong changes in daily and seasonal temperatures, strong winds, dust storms, increased insolation, water deficit and its high salinity. Pollinosis and kidney stones are common. The danger of brucellosis, leptospirosis, teniarinchiasis is insignificant. Natural foci of alveococcosis, tick-borne rickettsiosis and rabies are associated with wild animals (foxes, wolves, arctic foxes, raccoons, etc.). In the basins of the Ob and Irtysh rivers, infection with opisthorchiasis is possible.

Uncomfortable territories.They are characterized by very intense natural pressure on the vital activity of the population. Unsuitable for the formation of a permanent population of newcomers. The low population density determines the high ecological reserve of these territories. There are uncomfortable humid (cold), uncomfortable arid (hot) areas and uncomfortable areas of the middle and high mountains.

Uncomfortable humid areas (in combination with extreme and hypocomfortable areas) cover the northern regions of the Arkhangelsk region, the Komi Republic, Khabarovsk Territory, the Amur Region and the Jewish Autonomous Region, where approx. 3% of the population. The conditions for urban development are very difficult, but even here cities with industrial production that negatively affect the natural environment and the health of the population arose, for example, the single-industry town of Inta with coal mines. Adaptation of the visiting population proceeds with a high stress of the physiological systems of the body and difficult compensation. For a limited time, only healthy people who have passed special medical selection can live and work here. Among the most common types of pathology: meteopathies, cardiovascular diseases, cold polyneuritis, chronic nonspecific pneumonia, frostbite, traumatism (due to low air temperature, etc.). In summer, gnarly abounds. Numerous wild animals (polar foxes, foxes, wolves, etc.) are the keepers and carriers of tularemia, leptospirosis, ornithosis, alveococcosis, and trichinosis. Most of the ichthyofauna of rivers and lakes is infected with diphyllobothriasis and opisthorchiasis.

Uncomfortable arid territories cover the southern part of the East European Plain (Volgograd and Astrakhan regions, the Republic of Kalmykia) and Trans-Urals (southeastern part of the Orenburg region), where 2.2% of the population lives. Among the unfavorable natural factors: high air temperature with sharp changes in daily and seasonal temperatures, high insolation, strong winds, dust storms, dry air, lack of fresh water of acceptable quality and its high mineralization. The most common types of pathology include heatstroke, cardiovascular disease, hay fever, eye and skin diseases. The occurrence of fluorosis and urolithiasis is associated with the biogeochemical features of the territory. Wild animals are a source of infection with plague, tick-borne spirochetosis, and Q fever. Climate change affects the comfort of natural conditions for the life of the population, the expansion of the areas of vectors of infectious diseases, as well as the emergence of new diseases, such as West Nile fever. Outbreaks of brucellosis and leptospirosis are recorded in farm animals. Climatic and balneological resources make it possible to use these territories for spa treatment.

Uncomfortable areas of the middle and high mountains are characterized by a large mosaic of natural landscapes - next to extreme or uncomfortable there are hypo-comfortable and even comfortable areas. The conditions for urban development are very difficult (the Republics of North Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Altai, etc.), where approximately 0.1% of the population lives. Adaptation of the visiting population takes place under the influence of low atmospheric pressure, low oxygen content, large amplitude of daily and seasonal temperatures, severe frosts, strong winds and increased solar radiation. In the mountains, there is a great danger of avalanches, catastrophic mudflows, landslides, rockfalls, rapid floods and other natural disasters. Among the visiting population, the most common: mountain sickness, specific burns of open parts of the body, snow blindness, exacerbation of cardiovascular diseases, mountain injuries, respiratory diseases, etc. Wild animals - carriers of the causative agents of plague, tick-borne spirochetosis, tick-borne rickettsiosis, rabies, etc.

Extreme Territories. They are characterized by extremely intense natural pressure on the vital activity of the population. They cover the Arctic coast of the Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions, the Nenets and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous regions, Yakutia, the northern part of the Krasnoyarsk and Khabarovsk territories, the Magadan region and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, where 1.6% of the population lives. Low population density explains the very high ecological reserve of these territories. The conditions for urban development are extremely difficult. Cold discomfort causes a complex set of physiological reactions that create the effect of cold stress, which is also facilitated by strong gusty winds and high humidity. Among the factors that negatively affect the human body are magnetic storms (powerful and frequent), aurora borealis, photoperiodicity (change of the polar day and polar night). Cold discomfort is one of the risk factors for the development of respiratory diseases, including bronchial asthma. The prevalence of respiratory diseases among children in the northern regions of the country is 1.5–2 times higher than the average for Russia. The effect of northern pneumonia is described. In some settlements, extreme climatic conditions are combined with a high level of environmental pollution (the so-called metallurgical cities on the Kola Peninsula, as well as Vorkuta, Norilsk, etc.). Climate warming and the degradation of permafrost lead to disruption of water supply and sewerage systems, which provokes the risk of infectious diseases associated with microbial contamination of drinking water. Degradation and thawing of multi-frozen soils can lead to the emergence of infectious agents from cattle burial grounds to the surface of the earth. There are more than 500 cattle burial grounds in the Russian Arctic, and it is possible that the outbreak of anthrax in Yamal in the summer of 2016 was caused by precisely these reasons. The indigenous population of the Far North has adapted to the local natural conditions for many generations. However, the impact of climate change is taking place against the background of high mortality in this population group and, accordingly, low life expectancy. The emerging difficulties in fishing and hunting, changes in the migration routes of wild reindeer and the degradation of their food base, a decrease in the number of marine animals, lead to a reduction in traditional fisheries, which will lead to a violation of traditional nutrition and an increase in the incidence of injuries that cause a significant number of deaths among the indigenous peoples of the North. Adaptation of the visiting population proceeds with the maximum stress of the physiological systems of the body and is accompanied by meteopathies, cardiovascular diseases, shortness of breath, chronic pneumonia, cold polyneuritis, snow blindness, frostbite, biorhythm disorder, etc. Accommodation of visitors with chronic diseases, as well as children and elderly people is dangerous to health. Alveococcosis, trichinosis and rabies are common among infectious natural focal diseases.

The climate of the Far East cannot but amaze with its uniqueness not only guests of our country, but also very many of its inhabitants, who, it would seem, could already get used to its inconstancy, temperature changes, whims and unpredictability.

In fact, you can talk about this phenomenon indefinitely, sorting out the regions separately and dwelling on each of them in detail, in the smallest detail.

However, the purpose of this article is precisely to describe the climate of the Far East as a whole, while compiling a general picture of the natural phenomena occurring there. It's no secret that it is weather conditions in most cases that become a prerequisite for the formation of a particular flora and fauna, and therefore, in general, predetermine one or another of the entire region.

What caused the weather in the Far East?

Geographically, the Far East is the most remote part of Russia from the capital. It includes Yakutia, Sakhalin, Chukotka, Kamchatka, Amur and Primorsky regions.

It is impossible to talk about the climate in the Far East without mentioning a number of its geological features. So, about 75% of the above territory is occupied by plateaus and low highlands (up to 2000 m). In addition, there are many geysers in Kamchatka, more than 150 volcanoes, of which about 30, by the way, are quite active.

Possessing this kind of information, hardly anyone will be surprised to learn that the Kuriles and Kamchatka belong to the dangerous seismic belt of the Russian Federation.

The Far East, whose climate has been the subject of close attention of many scientists for several decades, stretches for 4500 thousand km along the Pacific coast. This is where the Eurasian line of collision runs, which contributes to the formation of mountain systems, which, incidentally, continues to this day, sometimes creating significant problems and troubles.

Very often, weather conditions in this region are created under the influence of processes occurring at the junction as well as the interaction of warm and cold air currents.

General characteristics of the observed phenomena

As you know from school geography lessons, the Far Eastern North is located beyond the Arctic Circle, so the snow covers here do not completely disappear even in summer.

The northern part of this territory is distinguished by special severity, namely permafrost and tundra. In turn, the southern part is represented by a riot of spruce groves and subtropical plants.

It should be noted that the climatic conditions throughout the territory are very different from each other, although there is still one common feature: high humidity is observed everywhere. By the way, not everyone knows that the Pacific Ocean has a huge impact on the Far Eastern climate.

In general, three climatic arctic and subarctic dominate here. In summer there is a lot of precipitation, and in winter the snow cover can reach 3 meters in thickness.

Climatic zoning

In general, the climate of the Far East belongs to one of five types:

• the weather of Chukotka is determined by two types of climate at once: arctic and subarctic;
• Kamchatka Territory and the coast of Magadan Region are located in a temperate climatic zone;
• Khabarovsk Territory - in the temperate zone with sharply continental and monsoon types of climate;
• The Jewish Autonomous Region and the Amur Territory are included in the monsoon climate zone.

Far Eastern precipitation and air masses

In the cold season, western winds bring Siberian dry and at the same time very frosty air to the territory of the Far East (the so-called anticyclones), and in warm weather the wind blows from the ocean, bringing cyclones, i.e. very heavy showers and cloudy weather.

It should be noted that precipitation falls unevenly throughout the territory, even in the same region.

Features of the temperature regime

The Far East, whose climate is very diverse, has a number of characteristic features in terms of

Why? The thing is that as the distance from the shores of the Pacific Ocean inland in the cold season, a significant increase in frost is observed. But in the warm season, the average monthly temperature of the entire territory does not differ much, as a result of which the climate of the Far East is very similar to the weather conditions formed on the coastal territory.

An exception, perhaps, is the north of Chukotka, where in July the average air temperature can sometimes go up to -2 ° C.

In almost the entire remaining territory of the Far East, the average July temperature varies in the range of + 10 ... + 15 ° C. In the southern part of the region - at the level of + 17 ... + 21 ° C.

Climate and its impact on local flora and fauna

The diversity of vegetation in this region is a direct consequence of the presence of a complex relief system and closed basins, as well as the effect of air masses of different temperatures.

In general, the flora here is represented by various plant species, typical for both frozen Siberia and sultry and sultry Asia. How does it manifest? Judge for yourself, is it not surprising when vines, lemongrass and grapes grow very close to Christmas trees, pines and nuts?

It is impossible not to pay attention to the fact that the climate of the Far East has led to the presence of many species of animals, the most common of which are reindeer, squirrels and elk, which, by the way, perfectly coexist with the Amur tigers, rare black deer and raccoon dogs. ...

Economic activity of the region

The favorable climate of the Russian Far East has served as a reason for the intensive development of agriculture and industry.

For example, in the center and in the south, potatoes, rice, soybeans, wheat, beans and various vegetables are grown. Gardening is also developed here. The north is mainly engaged in the procurement of furs, while the fishing industry dominates on the coast.

A variety of valuable iron and non-ferrous ores, graphite, copper, gold, natural gas, oil, etc. are also found in the Far East.

Outstanding Russian naval commander and explorer of the Far East, Admiral Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (1813-1876)

3.3 Exploration of the Far East

The great act of the annexation of the Far East to Russia took place on August 1, 1850. Inspired by the support of Nicholas I, Nevelskoy returned to the Amur. In Irkutsk, he received a decree signed by the Tsar on February 12, 1851 ...

Geography of the gas industry in the Russian Federation (region)

2.1.5. Oil and gas regions of Eastern Siberia and the Far East

The oil and gas bearing regions of Eastern Siberia administratively cover the territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory - the Taimyrskoye, Messoyakhskoye fields and in the Irkutsk region - the Bratskoye field ...

Far East

1. General characteristics of the Far East

The Far East and its importance in the country's economy

Chapter I. Characteristics of the Far East

Russian Far East

Territorial organization and structure of the production forces of the Far East

There are currently three free economic zones in the Far East: "Nakhodka", "Big Vladivostok", "Sakhalin". The vast territory of the Far Eastern region by the level of economic development can be divided into three zones: the southern ...

Forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries

10. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY OF SIBERIA AND THE FAR EAST

Siberia and the Far East have great potential. They account for 78% of the forest area of \u200b\u200bthe territory of Russia. Basically, these are conifers: spruce, fir, aspen, larch. However…

Population of the Far East

4. Ethnic composition of the population of the Russian Far East

Volga physico-geographical province

2.1 Climate characteristics

The Volga region, as well as the entire temperate climatic zone as a whole, is characterized by 2 main seasons of the year - winter and summer and 2 transitional - spring and autumn. Usually they are not a consequence of any independent factors of climate formation ...

Regional features and recreational resources of the Far East and Siberia

3. Characteristics of the natural resource potential of Siberia and the Far East. recreational resources

Elementary recreational resources are divided into 3 groups - natural, recreational and economic and socio-cultural recreational resources ...

Rivers of a temperate climate. Annual temperature range

2. Characteristics of rivers of temperate climate

Rivers are constant channel streams.

Far East

The volume of water contained in the rivers is 1200 km3, or 0.0001% of the total water volume. Rivers usually include streams with a basin area of \u200b\u200bat least 50 km2. Smaller streams are called streams ...

Sustainable development of the Far East

2 Analysis of relations between the Russian Far East and the Asia-Pacific region in terms of sustainability and security

Characteristics of the natural zones of the temperate zone of Asia

Chapter 1. Characteristics of the types of climate in the temperate zone of Asia

Asia occupies a huge area. On its territory, there are very diverse physical and geographical conditions. The great extent of Asia causes in some parts of its significant differences in the amount of solar radiation ...

1. The role of the Far East and Transbaikalia in the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation

The region has a rich natural resource base. According to geological exploration data, mineral reserves in the Far East and Transbaikalia amount to about 12 billion tons of iron, over 15 million tons of manganese, more than 2 million tons of tin, 0.4 million ...

Economic and social development of the Far East and Transbaikalia

2. Analysis of the socio-economic situation in the Far East and Transbaikalia

Despite the presence of rich natural resources, the economy of the Far East and Transbaikalia can be characterized as weak, oriented mainly towards the external market, with a predominantly raw material orientation ...

Economic and social development of the Far East and Transbaikalia

3. The main directions and mechanisms of state support for the socio-economic development of the Far East and Transbaikalia

It is obvious that in the near future the region will not be able to compete with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region in the production of mechanical engineering, information technology and other industries ...

Main & nbsp\u003e & nbsp Wiki-textbook & nbsp\u003e & nbsp Geography & nbsp\u003e & nbsp8 grade & nbsp\u003e & nbspBrief description of the Far East: climate, relief, flora, economy

Nature

This region is characterized by contrasting phenomena and processes that are caused by the interaction of various air masses, cold and warm air masses, as well as the junction of lithospheric plates. All this became a prerequisite for the formation of variegated natural conditions.

The Far Eastern region is located on the collision line of the Pacific and Eurasian plates, which resulted in the formation of mountain systems that stretch parallel to the ocean.

Most of the mountain ensembles of the Far East were formed back in the Mesozoic, but mountain-building processes continue to this day, as evidenced by systematic earthquakes in this region.

Climatic conditions

The contrasting climate of the Far Eastern region is predetermined by the interaction of maritime and continental air masses of the temperate zone. Due to the cold airflow from the Asian High, winters in the region are harsh and frosty.

Under the influence of warm flows from the ocean in winter, a large amount of precipitation falls here, sometimes the thickness of the snow cover reaches 2 m.

Summers in the region are quite warm, but monsoon rains fall here every day. Many rivers of the Far East, in particular the Amur, begin to flood in the summer, since due to the protracted spring, the snows melt gradually.

Relief, flora and fauna

A complex relief system, a combination of various air masses and closed basins are the factors that lead to the diversity of the vegetation cover of the Far Eastern region. The flora includes species typical for both cold Siberia and hot Asia.

Here spruce coniferous forests coexist with impenetrable thickets of bamboo. In the forests you can find lindens, spruces, hornbeams, pears, pines and nuts. Dense thickets of broad-leaved forests are entwined with lianas, lemongrass and grapes.

The Far Eastern fauna is also very diverse: reindeer, squirrels, sables, elks, which belong to Siberian species, as well as black deer, raccoon dogs, and Amur tigers live here.

Economy of the region

Vivid contrasts are characteristic and for the economy of the region.

1. General characteristics of the climate of the Far East

Industry and agriculture are well developed in the Far East. In the central and southern part, rice, potatoes, soybeans, legumes, wheat and a variety of vegetables are grown.

Also, the south of the Far East specializes in gardening. In the northern part of the region, expensive fur is manufactured. Fishing predominates in the coastal areas.

In the bowels of the Far Eastern region, there is a large-scale ensemble of minerals that are rarely found on the same territory: copper, non-ferrous and iron ores, gold, phosphorites, oil, natural gas, apatites and graphites.

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The Far East occupies the extreme eastern part of the Soviet Union, located between the system of watershed ridges - Stanov, Yablonov, Dzhugdzhur, Kolymsky - and the shores of the Bering, Okhotsk and Japan seas. Hydrographically, it includes the rivers of the Pacific Ocean basin - the Amur, Penzhina, Anadyr basins and a number of less significant rivers flowing into the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean. This also includes the Kuril Islands, about. Sakhalin and Kamchatka Peninsula.

The relief of the Far East

The relief of the Far East is highly rugged and is represented mainly by mountainous forms. In addition to the already mentioned watershed ridges - Kolymsky, Dzhugdzhur, Yablonovy and Stanovoy, powerful mountain systems are also located inside the country, of which the Tukuringra and Dzhagdy ranges can be called, which together make up a powerful mountain range extending directly south of the Stanovoy ridge, the Bureinsky and Dusse ridges. Alin, which is, as it were, a continuation to the north of the Small Khingan, finally, the Sikhote-Alin ridge, stretching along the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan, from Vladivostok to the mouth of the Amur, for more than a thousand kilometers.

The heights of the mountain ranges of the Far East are relatively low and, as a rule, do not exceed 2000-2500 m.

Along with numerous mountain ranges, there are also extensive lowlands - Zee-Bureinskaya, Nizhne-Amurskaya, Ussuriiskaya and Prihankayskaya. In the northern part of this region, there is a relatively vast lowland that occupies the central part of the Anadyr basin. By its nature, the Far East belongs to the forest zone and belongs to the area of \u200b\u200bdistribution of mixed deciduous forests. Only in the southwestern part of it (the Argun basin) forest vegetation is replaced by steppe in places.

Far East climate

The climatic conditions of the Far East are sharply different from other regions of the USSR. The climate is mainly formed here under the influence of the interaction of the continent and the ocean and is called the monsoon climate. Its main features are severe winters with little snow and relatively warm and abundant precipitation summers.

In winter, due to the great cooling, a high pressure area (Siberian anticyclone) is established on the mainland; it covers the territory of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. At the same time, low pressure is established over the Pacific Ocean. As a result of this ratio of pressure over land and over the ocean, in winter the air flows from the mainland to the ocean. Calm prevails in the center of the high-pressure region over land, while weak winds are observed towards the periphery, gradually increasing towards the sea.

In summer, on the contrary, the mainland heats up strongly and therefore the pressure over land becomes low. The sea at this time is much colder than land and a high pressure is established over it, and therefore in the summer winds blow from the ocean to the mainland.

Winter in a monsoon climate is characterized by a predominance of calm weather or very weak winds, an abundance of sunshine, low rainfall, little snow cover and severe frosts.

Weather and geographical location of the Far East

These features are most clearly manifested in areas remote from the sea, for example, in Transbaikalia, where, on average, no more than 10 mm of precipitation falls during the winter. There is so little snow that the toboggan run is not installed every year.

If in winter most of the Far East is in a polar climate, then in summer, due to climatic conditions in the southern part, it approaches the subtropics. The general thermal regime of the Far East is characterized by continentality, which increases with distance from the sea inland.

Compared to the European part of Russia, the air temperature here at the same latitudes is much lower. So, for example, Primorye, located at the latitude of the Crimea, in terms of the average temperature of the coldest month - January - is approaching Arkhangelsk.

Far East precipitation

The annual amount of precipitation, with the exception of Primorye, where it reaches 800 mm in places, generally differs little from the middle zone of the European part of the USSR and is mostly 450-600 mm per year. However, the distribution of precipitation throughout the year has significant features in comparison with the European part of the USSR: they are abundant during the warm part of the year and extremely small in winter. Summer monsoons carry a large amount of moisture from the ocean, while winter monsoons are characterized by great dryness. Under these conditions, up to 95% of precipitation falls in the warm part of the year, and only about 5% falls on the cold one. The largest amount of precipitation (up to 70-80% of their annual amount) falls in July and August. So, for example, in Blagoveshchensk in January, an average of 1 mm of precipitation falls, and in August - 130 mm.

The rains in the Far East are torrential, cover large areas and are highly intense. Especially intense showers are observed in Primorye. There are cases when up to 150-250 mm falls in one day.

Almost the entire Far East, with the exception of Primorye and the southern half of Kamchatka, is located in the permafrost zone, which, along with the features of the monsoon climate, leaves its characteristic imprint on the regime of the region's rivers - they are abundant in summer and poor in winter.

The Far East is characterized by a wide development of surface swampiness, especially within the vast lowlands - Zeya-Bureinskaya, Nizhne-Amurskaya, Prikhankayskaya and Birobidzhan; swampiness reaches 15-20%. The thickness of peat deposits in bogs is usually low. Vast areas are occupied by mari, which are a transitional form from a boggy meadow to a peat bog; a distinction is made between dry mari, which are formed under relatively good runoff conditions, and wet mari, which are formed when the surface water runoff is slow.

In the Russian Far East, the climate has a monsoon character, which is most pronounced in the south, and gradually weakens to the northeast. The seasonal change of oceanic and continental influences is reflected in the nature of the climate: summer is moderately warm and rainy, winter is cold and little snow.

The spread of cold air from the interior regions of Siberia in winter causes a low average temperature, which in the lower reaches of the Amur is -27 ° С, and in the southern regions of the Far East at the latitude of Crimea - 20 ° С. On Sakhalin, winters are less severe than on the mainland.

Climate in the Far East

In Kamchatka, where winters are milder, the influence of the continental monsoon is less. In the southern half of Primorye there is so little snow that there is no spring flood in the rivers. In the north of Priamurye, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, precipitation and snow cover are increasing. A particularly thick snow cover in Kamchatka, where it reaches 2 m. In summer, southeasterly winds prevail, with which humid Pacific air spreads to the continent. This territory is covered by both western cyclones (Mongolia, Siberia) and the south - Pacific. The humid climate of the Far East is primarily due to southern cyclones, which carry significant precipitation, which sometimes lead to floods. On rare occasions, typhoons visit the southern regions of the Far East. Typhoons usually come to this area in the fall.

The influx of sea air to the mainland, large cloudiness and the amount of precipitation somewhat reduce the influx of solar radiation and air temperature.

Precipitation during the warm period reaches 500 mm in the plains and 800 - 1000 mm in the mountains and accounts for 80% of the annual amount. The annual amount of precipitation everywhere exceeds the evaporation rate, therefore everywhere, to a greater or lesser extent, there is excess moisture. Mixed forests prevail.

Climate in the Far East wikipedia
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The Far East region is a forest zone. The average annual temperature here starts from -12 ° and reaches + 7 °. Precipitation falls on average from 200-1000mm per year, depending on the area. The relative humidity is about 70%. The Far East receives significantly less high temperatures than it should be due to its territorial location. The reason should be sought, firstly, in the cold seas that wash the mainland, secondly, in the Asian continent, which creates harsh conditions in winter, and thirdly, thanks to the cold seas, summer is accompanied by high clouds (70%).

Characteristics of the climate of the Far East

In territorial terms, the Far East is located relatively far from the capital of the country. The region includes: Sakhalin, Yakutia, the Jewish Autonomous Part, Magadan Region, Amur, Primorsky, Khabarovsk, Chukotka and Kamchatka Territories. About 80% of the entire surface of the territory is occupied by plateaus and low mountains (up to 3000 meters). In addition, there are geysers in the Kamchatka Territory, about 160 volcanoes, 40 of which are active. The coast of the Far East stretches along 5,000 km. Quite often, weather conditions and climatic phenomena here form a collision of warm and cold air currents, and the lithospheric plates also significantly affect the climate.

Features of the climate of the Far East

The snow cover does not disappear here even in summer. The northern part of the mainland is distinguished by special permafrost and tundra. In the southern part, you can observe the territory, which is densely populated with spruce groves and exotic plants. Despite the fact that in different parts of the Far East the climate differs from each other, one common feature is still observed - the presence of constant air humidity. Scientists believe that it is the close location of the Pacific Ocean that contributes to this. In summer there is a lot of precipitation here, and despite warm weather, the snow can lie 2.5 meters thick.

Climatic zones of the Far East

On the territory of the Far East, three climatic zones can be distinguished: subtropical, temperate and.

In the Chukchi Territory, the arctic and subarctic belts prevail.

Magadan Oblast and Kamchatka belong to a more moderate belt.

Khabarovsk Territory is located in a belt dominated by a continental slope.

The Amur Territory also belongs to the monsoon zone.

The climate of cities in the Far East

The subarctic climate covers Chukotka. The region is characterized by complex atmospheric circulation. Winter is long and windy in the eastern part, and cold in the west. Summer is cold and not long. The weather is not stable. In winter, the temperature can drop from -25 ° to -50 °. The duration of the winter season with the preservation of severely low temperatures is about 8 months. Spring comes in early June and brings fog and precipitation with it. Summer starts in mid-July. Average temperature + 10 °. The warm period is also accompanied by strong winds and rains. The average duration of autumn is about 25 days and flows sharply into winter.

Primorsky Krai has a more temperate climate. This is due to the fact that on the one hand, the influence is exerted by the Pacific Ocean, and on the other, the continental region of Eurasia. In the northern part, winter begins in November, arrives in the southern part and lasts about 150 days. Only in Sikhote-Alin, its duration increases to 200 days. The winter period is characterized by clear and dry weather, the air temperature during the day can reach + 5 °, in other periods, especially in windy weather, it can fluctuate from -15 ° to -20 °. Precipitation falls closer to February and in very small amounts. In spring the average temperature is from -3 ° to -9 °. Snow falls closer to April, when the temperature rises to + 5 °. The first half of summer is hot and dry here. In the second half, there is intense heat with a lot of precipitation. So in July the air temperature reaches + 27 °. Heavy rains lasting 3-4 days in a row can occur in August. Autumn comes at the beginning of September, the temperature drops to + 15 °. Autumn time passes quite comfortably and dry.

On Sakhalin, the average winter temperature reaches -25 ° in the interior regions. In winter, relatively little snow falls than in other parts of the Far East. Winter lasts from October to May. Summers are cold with a lot of precipitation. The air temperature is not higher than + 12 ° C. Tsunamis, storms and avalanches are possible in the Sakhalin and Primorye Territories in summer.

The average daily temperature in summer in the Amur valley and in the Ussuri basin is kept at + 25 ° for more than two months. Then winter comes abruptly and the average temperature drops to 0 °.

Kamchatka has a moderately cold climate. Summer and autumn are characterized by a large number of doges. Winter is snowy, spring is warm and soft. Most of the time the temperature is above 0 °. Due to the sharp difference in climatic conditions that are observed on the coast and in the interior of the region, most of the time it is rather foggy and damp here. In winter, temperatures can drop to -25 °. In summer, temperatures are higher than in the western part of the mainland.

The climate of the coastal zone of the Far East

The coastal zone is dominated by the Arctic climate. In this area, there is not a significant amount of solar radiation in the summer, so the temperature here in winter is at around -30 °, and in the summer from 0 ° to + 6 °. During the warm period, about 800 mm of precipitation falls on the Pacific coast. At the beginning of summer, the coastal fast ice is destroyed by glaciers, which significantly lowers the temperature of the eastern seas. The total number of days without precipitation on the coast reaches 100. The snow cover is established only by the end of November, the highest rates it reaches 70-80 cm by February. In the first part of May, snow is no longer observed in the coastal zone.

The climate on the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is quite peculiar. The sea is covered with ice for about 11 months.

The monsoon climate of the Far East

This territory is characterized by a change in monsoon winds. So Northwest winds blow in winter and south-east winds blow in summer. It cannot be said that precipitation falls evenly along the entire edge. Thanks to the winds that come from the west, bringing with them dry and frosty air, and in summer the wind blows from the ocean side, it is rather cloudy here and there is a lot of precipitation. In winter, the wind speed is not high and reaches 3-5 m / s. The maximum wind speed is observed on the coast and reaches 15 m / s. In the Kuril Islands zone, the wind speed reaches 40 m / s.

In some parts of the mainland, in summer, there is an invasion of Mongolian cyclones, which brings drought. Calm is much less common in summer than in winter.

Sometimes due to the great influence of continental winds, which brings large masses of snow. In some areas of the Far East, a blizzard may last up to two weeks. When the wind meets the mountainous plains, the speed is lost and the snow begins to fill up. In open places, the snow is so dense that it can support the mass of a person.

The climate of the mountainous territories of the Far East

Closer to the southern part of the region, where the largest number of mountain ranges are located (Verkhoyansk, Chersky, Koryak, Kolyma Upland), the arctic climate is replaced by a subarctic one. The air temperature becomes abnormally cold and low and reaches -50 °. In summer, the temperature reaches + 17 °. During the year, there are 400-600 mm of precipitation.

The Central Siberian and Aldan highlands are characterized by a sharply continental climate. In winter, the temperature drops to -45 °, and in summer, the air temperature is kept at a fairly high level of + 25 °. The average rainfall for the year here falls from 400-600 mm.

In some mountainous areas, about 1000 mm of precipitation can fall in the summer.

The climate of the Far East in winter

The beginning of winter in the Far East falls on the first part of November. The temperature drops to 0 °, and the soil begins to freeze. In the southern part of Primorye and Sakhalin, the temperature in winter can drop to -15-20 °. With all this, not a lot of snow will fall here. In winter, strong and gusty winds can blow on the coast in the inner regions of the Far East. All this is due to the mild monsoon climate, which brings dry and at the same time sunny winters. The temperature in winter falls below -20 °. On the Aldan-Okhotsk part of the mainland, the temperature is much lower and can drop to -35 °. In parts of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, winter is much warmer and softer due to the sea.

The climate of the Far East in spring

In the southern part of Primorye, the temperature rises up to + 1 ° in spring. In early May, the snow cover begins to melt and finally disappears in the first half of June. Further snow can be observed only in certain parts of the region. The spring period in the Far East is closely related to the beginning of economic activity on the mainland. This mainly concerns the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region, where dry winds blow out the upper layers of the soil. Which negatively affects all agricultural activities. In some cases, the harvest can be saved due to the rains that fall in April and May. The average temperature in spring is kept at around + 10 °.

The climate of the Far East in summer

A feature of the summer period in the Far East is the presence of solar radiation. For this region in the warm season, rains are characteristic. This is due to the merging of continental and sea air masses in the atmosphere. To a greater extent, this concerns the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region.

In June, humid winds begin to blow from the ocean side, so the weather becomes warm but rainy. The first half of summer is rather cloudy with high humidity. In the second half it becomes more comfortable. The air temperature becomes more stable and, on average, lasts until the very end of September.

In the northern part of the mainland the temperature is + 15 °, in the south + 19 °, on the Kuril Islands about + 20 °.

At normal times, it is in summer in the Far East that about 80% of all precipitation falls per year.

The climate of the Far East in autumn

Due to the fact that in autumn the daylight hours become less, along with it flows of warm air leave. An anticyclone begins to form in the Asian part of the mainland. Significant frosts can already be felt at the end of September. In the southern part it gets colder a little later. Frost can be felt already at the end of October. Summer winds are replaced by winter ones, which adversely affects navigation in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. In autumn, it rarely rains and by the end of November snow falls on the already frozen soil. A sharp change in temperature during the growing season, which takes place in September and October, often has a detrimental effect on the soil and vegetation in general. The average air temperature is kept at around + 10 °. In some years, it can drop to -5 °.

Climatic records of the Far East

In general, we can safely say that the average temperature in the Far East is getting higher every year. In Primorskiy and Priamurskiy krais, the temperature has risen by 1.6 ° since 1976, which exceeds the overall rise in temperatures around the world by 0.7 °. In Eastern Siberia, the growth is not much higher and is 2 °.

In the Chukotka region in 2010, a record low temperature was recorded in winter. Its figure was 15 ° lower than in the winter in 1961-2000. In the summer of the same year, the temperature exceeded the figure by 7 °. Also in 2011, in the same region, the snow cover exceeded the norm by 2 times.

In the northern part of the Far East, an increase in summer temperatures and a decrease in winter indicators are noted. In spring and summer, the temperature regime remained practically unchanged.

On the Kamchatka Peninsula and in the Magadan Region, in the spring season, a rapid melting of the winter cover is noted, which, over time, can lead to floods and floods. Although in the Primorsky Territory, where precipitation falls no less than such an anomaly, there is no such anomaly.

The largest amount of precipitation, winds and snowstorms was recorded in 2012 and amounted to 96 dangerous weather events. In Russia this figure was 470.

Relative to past years, scientists made calculations and found out that with the current trend of temperature changes, in 30-50 years in the Far East there will be 10-20% more precipitation than in 2015.

Due to the stable rise in temperatures in the Far East, some seas may be without ice cover.

This can be especially seen from the rise in temperatures:

On average, the temperature in winter in 1981-2000 from 2012-2032 will increase by + 2.3 ° by 2041 this figure will rise to + 8 °.

The temperature in the spring in 1981-2000 from 2012-2032 + 0.7 ° by 2041 to + 3 °.

In the summer of 1981-2000 from 2012-2032 from + 1.5 °, and by 2041 this figure will double and will be + 3 °.

In the spring of 1981-2000 from 2012-2032 from + 1.5 °, to 2041 + 3.5 °.

The temperature rises around + 0.2-0.3 ° per year.