Olympiad tasks in geography, school stage Olympiad tasks in geography on the topic. The sun's rays are highly scattered and bring less heat to Earth.

The rays of the Sun, as already mentioned, passing through the atmosphere, undergo some changes and give off part of the heat to the atmosphere. But this heat, distributed throughout the entire atmosphere, has very little effect in terms of heating. The temperature conditions of the lower layers of the atmosphere are mainly influenced by the temperature of the earth's surface. The lower layers of the atmosphere are heated from the heated surface of land and water, and from the cooled surface they are cooled. Thus, the main source of heating and cooling of the lower atmosphere is precisely earth surface.However, the term "earth's surface" in this case (ie, when considering the processes occurring in the atmosphere) is sometimes more convenient to replace the term underlying surface.We most often associate the term earth's surface with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe shape of the surface taking into account land and sea, while the term underlying surface denotes the earth's surface with all its inherent properties that are important for the atmosphere (shape, nature of rocks, color, temperature, humidity, vegetation cover, etc. etc.).

The circumstances we have noted make us first of all focus on the temperature conditions of the earth's surface, or, more precisely, the underlying surface.

The balance of heat on the underlying surface. The temperature of the underlying surface is determined by the ratio of the incoming and outgoing heat. The income and expense balance of heat on the earth's surface in the daytime is made up of the following values: arrival - heat coming from direct and diffused solar radiation; consumption - a) reflection from the earth's surface of a part of solar radiation, b) for evaporation, c) earth radiation, d) heat transfer to adjacent air layers, e) heat transfer into the soil.

At night, the components of the income and expense balance of heat on the underlying surface change. There is no solar radiation at night; heat can come from the air (if its temperature is higher than the temperature of the earth's surface) and from the lower layers of the soil. Instead of evaporation, there may be condensation of water vapor on the soil surface; the heat released during this is absorbed by the earth's surface.

If the heat balance is positive (heat input is higher than the flow rate), then the temperature of the underlying surface rises; if the balance is negative (inflow is less than the flow rate), then the temperature decreases.

The conditions for heating the land surface and the water surface are very different. Let us first dwell on the conditions of land heating.

Heating sushi. The land surface is not uniform. In some places there are vast expanses of steppes, meadows and arable lands, in others - forests and swamps, in the third - almost devoid of vegetation cover of the desert. It is clear that the conditions for heating the earth's surface in each of our cases are far from the same. They will be easiest where the earth's surface is not covered with vegetation. We will first of all dwell on these simplest cases.

An ordinary mercury thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the surface layer of the soil. The thermometer is placed in an unshaded place, but so that the lower half of the tank with mercury is in the soil. If the soil is covered with grass, then the grass must be trimmed (otherwise the area of \u200b\u200bthe soil under study will be shaded). However, it must be said that this method cannot be considered completely accurate. To obtain more accurate data, electrothermometers are used.

Measurement of soil temperature at a depth of 20-40 cmproduce soil mercury thermometers.To measure the deeper layers (from 0.1 to 3, and sometimes more meters), the so-called exhaust thermometers.These are essentially the same mercury thermometers, but only embedded in an ebonite tube, which is buried in the ground to the required depth (Fig. 34).

During the daytime, especially in summer, the soil surface is very hot, and overnight it is very cool. Typically, the maximum temperature is around 13:00, and the minimum is before sunrise. The difference between the highest and lowest temperatures is called amplitudedaily fluctuations. In summer, the amplitude is much greater than in winter. For example, for Tbilisi in July it reaches 30 °, and in January 10 °. In the annual course of the temperature on the soil surface, the maximum is usually observed in July and the minimum in January. From the upper heated layer of soil, heat is partly transferred to the air, partly to layers located deeper. At night, the process is reversed. The depth to which the daily temperature fluctuation penetrates depends on the thermal conductivity of the soil. But in general, it is small and ranges from about 70 to 100 cm.At the same time, the daily amplitude decreases very rapidly with depth. So, if on the soil surface the daily amplitude is 16 °, then at a depth of 12 cmshe is already only 8 °, at a depth of 24 cm -4 °, and at a depth of 48 cm-1 °. It is clear from what has been said that the heat absorbed by the soil is accumulated mainly in its upper layer, the thickness of which is measured in centimeters. But this topsoil is precisely the main source of heat on which the temperature depends.

the layer of air adjacent to the soil.

Annual fluctuations penetrate much deeper. In temperate latitudes, where the annual amplitude is especially high, temperature fluctuations attenuate at a depth of 20-30 m.

The transfer of temperatures to the interior of the Earth is rather slow. On average, temperature fluctuations are delayed by 20-30 days for each meter of depth. Thus, the highest temperatures on the Earth's surface are observed in July, at a depth of 5 mwill be in December or January, and the lowest in July.

The influence of vegetation and snow cover. The vegetation cover shades the earth's surface and thereby reduces the flow of heat to the soil. At night, on the contrary, the vegetation cover protects the soil from radiation. In addition, the vegetation cover evaporates water, which also consumes part of the sun's radiant energy. As a result, soils covered with vegetation heat up less during the day. This is especially noticeable in the forest, where in summer the soil is much colder than in the field.

An even greater influence is exerted by the snow cover, which, due to its low thermal conductivity, protects the soil from excessive winter cooling. From observations made in Lesnoy (near Leningrad), it turned out that the soil devoid of snow cover in February is, on average, 7 ° colder than the soil covered with snow (the data are derived from 15-year observations). In some years in winter, the temperature difference reached 20-30 °. From the same observations, it turned out that soils devoid of snow cover froze to 1.35 mdepth, while under the snow cover freezing no deeper than 40 cm.

Freezing of soils and permafrost ... The question of the depth of soil freezing is of great practical importance. Suffice it to recall the construction of water pipelines, reservoirs and other similar structures. In the middle zone of the European part of the USSR, the freezing depth ranges from 1 to 1.5 m, in the southern regions - from 40 to 50 cm.In Eastern Siberia, where winters are colder and the snow cover is very small, the depth of freezing reaches several meters. Under these conditions, during the summer period, the soil has time to thaw only from the surface, and deeper remains the constantly frozen horizon, known as permafrost.The area where permafrost occurs is huge. In the USSR (mainly in Siberia) it occupies over 9 million. km 2.Heating the water surface. The heat capacity of water is twice the heat capacity of the rocks that make up the land. This means that under the same conditions, over a certain period of time, the land surface will have time to heat up twice as much as the water surface. In addition, water evaporates when heated, which also takes a lot of

the amount of heat energy. And, finally, it is necessary to note one more very important reason slowing down heating: this is the mixing of the upper layers of water due to excitement and convection currents (up to a depth of 100 and even 200 m).

From all that has been said, it is clear that the water surface heats up much more slowly than the land surface. As a result, the daily and annual amplitudes of the sea surface temperature are many times less than the daily and annual amplitudes of the land surface.

However, due to its higher heat capacity and deeper heating, the water surface accumulates heat much more than the land surface. As a result, the average temperature of the surface of the oceans, according to calculations, exceeds the average air temperature of the entire globe by 3 °. From all that has been said, it is clear that the conditions for heating the air above the sea surface differ significantly from the conditions on land. These differences can be briefly summarized as follows:

1) in areas with a large daily amplitude (tropical zone) at night the sea temperature is higher than the land temperature, in the afternoon the phenomenon is the opposite;

2) in areas with a large annual amplitude (temperate and polar zone), the sea surface is warmer in autumn and winter, and colder in summer and spring than the land surface;

3) the sea surface receives less heat than the land surface, but retains it longer and uses it more evenly. As a result, the sea surface is on average warmer than the land surface.

Methods and devices for measuring air temperature. Temperatureair is usually measured using mercury thermometers. In cold countries, where the air temperature drops below the freezing point of mercury (mercury freezes at -39 °), alcohol thermometers are used.

When measuring air temperature, thermometers must be placed inprotection to shield them from direct solar radiation and from terrestrial radiation. In the USSR, a psychrometric (louvered) wooden booth is used for these purposes (Fig. 35), which is installed at a height of 2 mfrom the soil surface. All four walls of this booth are made of a double row of inclined slats in the form of louvres, the roof is double, the bottom consists of three boards located at different heights. Such a device of the psychrometric booth protects the thermometers from direct solar radiation and at the same time allows air to freely penetrate into it. To reduce the heating of the booth, it is painted white. The doors of the booth open to the north so that the sun's rays do not fall on the thermometers when reading.

In meteorology, thermometers of various design and purpose are known. Of these, the most common are: psychrometric thermometer, sling thermometer, maximum and minimum thermometers.

is the main one currently adopted for determining the air temperature during urgent hours of observation. This is a mercury thermometer (Fig. 36) with a plug-in scale, the graduation of which is 0 °, 2. When determining the air temperature with a psychrometric thermometer, it is installed in a vertical position. In areas with low air temperatures, in addition to a mercury psychrometric thermometer, a similar alcohol thermometer is used at temperatures below 20 ° C.

In expeditionary conditions, to determine the air temperature, use thermometer sling (fig. 37). This device is a small mercury thermometer with a stick-type scale; divisions on the scale are marked at 0, 5. OK, a string is tied to the upper end of the thermometer, with the help of which, during the temperature measurement, the thermometer is quickly rotated over the head so that the mercury reservoir comes into contact with large air masses and heats up less from solar radiation. After rotating the sling thermometer for 1-2 minutes. read off the temperature, while the device must be placed in the shade so that direct solar radiation does not fall on it.

serves to determine the highest temperature observed during any elapsed period of time. Unlike conventional mercury thermometers, the maximum thermometer (Fig. 38) has a glass pin soldered into the bottom of the mercury reservoir, the upper end of which slightly enters the capillary vessel, greatly narrowing its opening. When the air temperature rises, the mercury in the reservoir expands and rushes into the capillary vessel. At the same time, its narrowed opening is not a big obstacle. The column of mercury in the capillary vessel will rise as the air temperature rises. When the temperature starts to drop, the mercury in the tank will shrink and will detach from the column of mercury in the capillary vessel due to the presence of a glass pin. After each reading, the thermometer is shaken, as is done with a medical thermometer. When observing, the maximum thermometer is placed horizontally, since the capillary of this thermometer is relatively wide and the mercury in it can move along an inclined position regardless of temperature. The scale division of the maximum thermometer is 0 °, 5.

To determine the lowest temperature for a certain period of time, apply minimum thermometer(fig. 39). The minimum thermometer is alcohol. Its scale is divided by 0 °, 5. When measuring, the minimum thermometer, as well as the maximum, is set in a horizontal position. In the capillary vessel of the minimum thermometer, inside the alcohol there is a small pin made of dark glass and with thickened ends. As the temperature decreases, the column of alcohol is shortened and the surface film of alcohol will move the pin

teak to the tank. If the temperature then begins to rise, the alcohol column will lengthen, and the pin will remain in place, fixing the minimum temperature.

For continuous recording of air temperature changes during the day, self-recording devices - thermographs are used.

Currently, two types of thermographs are used in meteorology: bimetallic and manometric. The most widely used are thermometers with a bimetallic receiver.

(Fig. 40) has a bimetallic (double) plate as a temperature receiver. This plate consists of two thin dissimilar metal plates welded together with different temperature coefficient of expansion. One end of the bimetallic plate is fixed in the device immovably, the other is free. When the air temperature changes, the metal plates will deform in different ways and, therefore, the free end of the bimetallic plate will bend in one direction or another. And these movements of the bimetallic plate are transmitted by means of a system of levers to the arrow, to which the feather is attached. The pen, moving up and down, draws a curved line of the course of temperature change on a paper tape wound on a drum, rotating around an axis with the help of a clock mechanism.

Have manometric thermographsa curved brass tube filled with liquid or gas serves as a temperature receiver. Otherwise, they are similar to bimetallic thermographs. As the temperature rises, the volume of the liquid (gas) increases, while decreasing it decreases. The change in the volume of the liquid (gas) deforms the walls of the tube, and this, in turn, is transmitted through a system of levers to the arrow with the feather.

Vertical distribution of temperatures in the atmosphere. Heating of the atmosphere, as we have already said, occurs in two main ways. The first is the direct absorption of solar and terrestrial radiation, the second is the transfer of heat from the heated earth's surface. The first path has been covered sufficiently in the chapter on solar radiation. Let's dwell on the second path.

Heat transfer from the earth's surface to the upper atmosphere is carried out in three ways: molecular thermal conductivity, thermal convection, and by means of turbulent mixing of air. The molecular thermal conductivity of air is very low, so this way of heating the atmosphere does not play a big role. Thermal convection and turbulence in the atmosphere are of the greatest importance in this regard.

The lower air layers, when heated, expand, decrease their density and rise up. The arising vertical (convection) currents transfer heat to the upper atmosphere. However, this transfer (convection) is not easy. The rising warm air, entering into conditions of lower atmospheric pressure, expands. The expansion process is associated with the expenditure of energy, as a result of which the air is cooled. It is known from physics that the temperature of the ascending air mass during rise for every 100 mdecreases by about 1 °.

However, our conclusion applies only to dry or humid, but unsaturated air. Saturated air, when cooled, condenses water vapor; in this case, heat is released (latent heat of vaporization), and this heat increases the air temperature. As a result, when the air saturated with moisture rises for every 100 mthe temperature does not drop by 1 °, but approximately 0 °, 6.

When the air is lowered, the process is reversed. Here for every 100 mlowering the air temperature rises by 1 °. The degree of air humidity in this case does not matter, because with an increase in temperature, the air moves away from saturation.

If we take into account that air humidity is subject to strong fluctuations, then the complexity of the conditions for heating the lower layers of the atmosphere becomes obvious. In general, as already mentioned in its place, a gradual decrease in air temperature with altitude is observed in the troposphere. And at the upper border of the troposphere, the air temperature is 60-65 ° lower than the air temperature at the Earth's surface.

The diurnal variation of the air temperature amplitude decreases rather rapidly with height. Daily amplitude at 2000 mexpressed in only tenths of a degree. As for the annual fluctuations, they are much larger. Observations have shown that they decrease to a height of 3 km.Above 3 kmthere is an increase, which increases to 7-8 kmheights, and then decreases again to about 15 km.

Temperature inversion. There are times when the lower surface layers of air can be colder than those lying above. This phenomenon is called temperature inversion; a sharp temperature inversion is expressed where there is calm weather during cold periods. In countries with long, cold winters, temperature inversion is common in winter. It is especially pronounced in Eastern Siberia, where, owing to the prevailing high pressure and calmness, the temperature of the supercooled air at the bottom of the valleys is extremely low. As an example, we can point to the Verkhoyansk or Oymyakon depressions, where the air temperature drops to -60 and even -70 °, while on the slopes of the surrounding mountains it is much higher.

The origin of temperature inversions is different. They can be formed as a result of the flow of cooled air from the slopes of mountains into closed basins, due to the strong radiation of the earth's surface (radiation inversion), during advection of warm air, usually in early spring, above the snow cover (snow inversion), when cold air masses come to warm ones ( frontal inversion), due to turbulent mixing of air (inversion of turbulence), during adiabatic descent of air masses with stable stratification (inversion of compression).

Freezing. During the transitional seasons of the year in spring and autumn, when the air temperature is above 0 °, frosts are often observed on the soil surface in the morning hours. By its origin, frosts are divided into two types: radiation and advective.

Radiation frost are formed as a result of cooling at night of the underlying surface due to terrestrial radiation or due to the runoff from the slopes of hills in a depression of cold air with a temperature below 0 °. The occurrence of radiation frosts is facilitated by the absence of clouds at night, low air humidity and calm weather.

Advective frosts arise as a result of the invasion of a particular territory of cold air masses (arctic or continental polar masses). In these cases, frosts are more persistent and cover large areas.

Frosts, especially late spring frosts, often bring enormous harm to agriculture, as often the low temperatures observed during frosts destroy agricultural plants. Since the main cause of frosts is the cooling of the underlying surface by the earth's radiation, the fight against them goes along the line of artificially reducing the radiation of the earth's surface. It is possible to reduce the amount of such radiation by means of smoke (when burning straw, manure, needles and other combustible material), artificial humidification of the air and creation of fog. To protect valuable agricultural crops from frost, direct heating of plants is sometimes used in various ways, or sheds are built from linen, straw and reed mats and other materials; such canopies reduce the cooling of the earth's surface and prevent frost.

Daily rate air temperature. At night, the surface of the Earth radiates heat all the time and gradually cools. Together with the earth's surface, the lower layer of air also cools. In winter, the time of greatest cooling usually occurs shortly before sunrise. When the Sun rises, the rays fall on the earth's surface at very sharp angles and hardly heat it, especially since the Earth continues to radiate heat into space. As the Sun rises higher and higher, the angle of incidence of the rays increases, and the arrival of solar heat becomes greater than the consumption of heat emitted by the Earth. From that moment on, the temperature of the Earth's surface, and then the air temperature, begins to rise. And the higher the sun rises, the steeper the rays fall and the higher the temperature of the earth's surface and air rises.

In the afternoon, the influx of heat from the Sun begins to decrease, but the air temperature continues to rise, because the decrease in solar radiation is made up for by heat radiation from the earth's surface. However, this cannot go on for a long time, and a moment comes when the terrestrial radiation can no longer cover the decrease in solar radiation. This moment in our latitudes in winter occurs at about two, and in summer about three o'clock in the afternoon. After this point, a gradual drop in temperature begins, until the sunrise the next morning. This diurnal temperature variation is very clearly visible in the diagram (Fig. 41).

In different zones of the globe, the daily variation of air temperatures is very different. At sea, as already mentioned, the daily amplitude is very small. In desert countries, where the soil is not covered with vegetation, during the day the Earth's surface heats up to 60-80 °, and at night it cools down to 0 °, the daily amplitudes reach 60 or more degrees.

Annual variation of air temperatures. The greatest amount of solar heat is received by the earth's surface in the northern hemisphere at the end of June. In July, solar radiation decreases, but this decrease is made up for by the still quite strong solar radiation and radiation from the highly heated earth's surface. As a result, the air temperature in July is higher than in June. On the seashore and on the islands, the highest air temperatures are observed not in July, but in August. This is explained

by the fact that the water surface heats up for a longer time and consumes its heat more slowly. Much the same happens in the winter months. The least amount of solar heat is received by the earth's surface at the end of December, and the lowest air temperatures are observed in January, when the increasing influx of solar heat cannot yet cover the consumption of heat resulting from earth radiation. Thus, the warmest month for sushi is July, and the coldest month is January.

The annual variation of air temperature for different parts of the globe is very different (Fig. 42). First of all, it is, of course, determined by the latitude of the place. There are four main types of annual temperature variations depending on latitude.

1. Equatorial type.It has a very small amplitude. For the inner parts of the continents, it is about 7 °, for the coasts, about 3 °, and 1 ° on the oceans. The warmest periods coincide with the zenith position of the Sun at the equator (during the spring and autumn equinoxes), and the coldest seasons - during the summer and winter solstices. Thus, during the year, two warm and two cold periods alternate here, the difference between which is very small.

2. Tropical type.The highest position of the Sun is observed during the summer solstice, the lowest during the winter solstice. As a result, during the year - one period of maximum temperatures and one period of minimum. The amplitude is also small: on the coast - about 5-6 °, and inside the mainland - about 20 °.

3. Temperate belt type.Here the highest temperatures are in July and the lowest in January (in the southern hemisphere, back). In addition to these two extreme periods of summer and winter, there are two more transition periods: spring and autumn. Annual amplitudes are very large: in coastal countries 8 °, inside continents up to 40 °.

4. Polar type. It is characterized by very long winters and short summers. Inside the continents, great cold weather sets in in winter. The amplitude near the coast is about 20-25 °, while inside the continent it is more than 60 °. As an example of exceptionally large winter colds and annual amplitudes, one can cite Verkhoyansk, where the absolute minimum of air temperatures was -69 °, 8 and where the average temperature in January was -51 °, and in July - + - 15 °; the absolute maximum reaches + 33 °, 7.

Looking closely at the temperature conditions of each of the types of annual temperature variation given here, we must first of all note the striking difference between the temperatures of the sea coasts and the interior of the continents. This difference has long led to distinguish two types of climates: nauticaland continental.Within the same latitude, land is warmer in summer and colder than sea in winter. So, for example, off the coast of Brittany, January temperature is 8 °, in southern Germany at the same latitude 0 °, and in the Lower Volga region -8 °. The difference is even greater when we compare the temperatures of ocean stations with those of the continents. So, on the Faroe Islands (station Grohavy), the coldest month (March) has an average temperature of + 3 °, and the warmest (July) + 11 °. In Yakutsk, located at the same latitudes, the average January temperature is 43 °, and the average July temperature is + 19 °.

Isotherms. Different heating conditions due to the latitude of the site and the influence of the sea create a very complex picture of temperature distribution over the earth's surface. To visualize this location on a geographical map, places with similar temperatures are connected by lines known as isotherms.Due to the fact that the altitude of stations above sea level is different, and the altitude has a significant effect on temperatures, it is accepted that the values \u200b\u200bof temperatures obtained at meteorological stations are brought to sea level. Usually isotherms of average monthly and average annual temperatures are plotted on the maps.

January and July isotherms. The brightest and most characteristic picture of the temperature distribution is given by the maps of the January and July isotherms (Fig. 43, 44).

Let's consider first the map of January isotherms. Here, first of all, the warming influence of the Atlantic Ocean, and, in particular, of the warm current of the Gulf Stream on Europe, as well as the cooling effect of wide land areas in the temperate and polar countries of the northern hemisphere, are striking. This influence is especially great in Asia, where closed isotherms at - 40, - 44 and - 48 ° surround the cold pole. The comparatively small deviation of the isotherms from the direction of the parallels in the moderately cold zone of the southern hemisphere is striking, which is a consequence of the prevalence of vast water areas there. On the map of the July isotherms, a higher temperature of the continents is sharply revealed in comparison with the oceans at the same latitudes.

Annual isotherms and thermal zones of the Earth. To get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe distribution of heat over the earth's surface on average for the whole year, maps of annual isotherms are used (Fig. 45). These maps show that the warmest places do not coincide with the equator.

The mathematical boundary between hot and temperate zones is the tropics. The actual boundary, which is usually drawn along the annual isotherm of 20 °, does not noticeably coincide with the tropics. On land, it most often moves towards the poles, and in the oceans, especially under the influence of cold currents, towards the equator.

It is much more difficult to draw the line between cold and temperate zones. For this, not the annual, but the July isotherm of 10 ° is best suited. To the north of this border, forest vegetation does not enter. On land, tundra dominates everywhere. This border does not coincide with the polar circle. Apparently, the coldest points of the globe also do not coincide with the mathematical poles. The same maps of annual isotherms give us the opportunity to notice that the northern hemisphere at all latitudes is somewhat warmer than the southern one and that the western coasts of the continents in the middle and high latitudes are much warmer than the eastern ones.

Is anomalies. Tracing the course of the January and July isotherms on the map, one can easily notice that the temperature conditions at the same latitudes of the globe are different. Moreover, some points have a lower temperature than the average temperature for a given parallel, while others, on the contrary, are higher. The deviation of the air temperature of any point from the average temperature of the parallel on which this point is located is called temperature anomaly.

Anomalies can be positive and negative, depending on whether the temperature of a given point is higher or lower than the average temperature of the parallel. If the temperature of the point is higher than the average temperature for this parallel, then the anomaly is considered positive,

when the temperature ratio is reversed, the anomaly is negative.

The lines on the map connecting places on the earth's surface with the same magnitude of temperature anomalies are called with temperature anomalies (fig. 46 and 47). From the map of January anomalies, it can be seen that in this month the continents of Asia and North America have air temperatures below the average January temperature for these latitudes. Atlantic and

The Pacific oceans, as well as Europe, on the contrary, have a positive temperature anomaly. This distribution of temperature anomalies is explained by the fact that in winter land cools faster than water bodies.

In July, a positive anomaly is observed on the continents. Over the oceans of the northern hemisphere at this time, a negative temperature anomaly.

- Source-

Polovinkin, A.A. Fundamentals of General Geography / A.A. Polovinkin. - M .: State educational and pedagogical publishing house of the Ministry of education of the RSFSR, 1958. - 482 p.

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Tasksschool tour of the Olympiad in geography

Grade 7 surname, name _________________________________

Answering questions, completing assignments - do not rush, since the answers are not always obvious and require not only knowledge of the program material, but also general geographic erudition.

Success in your work!

1. Determine the geographic coordinates of Cape Town (southern Africa) _________________

2. Convert numerical scale to named 1: 30,000,000 __________________________

3. "Most, most" (world records)

4) the highest waterfall __________________________________________________________

5) the deepest lake _____________________________________________________________

6) the coldest continent __________________________________________________________

7) the widest strait ____________________________________________________________

8) the largest lake ______________________________________________________________

9) the smallest mainland __________________________________________________________

10) the saltiest place in the oceans _______________________________________________

4 ... Explain what the terms mean?

1) Laurasia ___________________________________________________________

2) Passat _____________________________________________________________

3) Meridian __________________________________________________________

4) Azimuth _____________________________________________________________

(for each correct answer 2 points)

5. Are there points on Earth that can only be located by latitude? If so, name them. ________________________________

(5 points)

6. The name of this object comes from the word "masunu", which means "big water" in the Indian language. What is this object? _______________________________________

7. From the Tibetan language this name is translated as "goddess - mother of the Earth" What is this

_____________________________________________________________________________

8. What concept do the following associations belong to:

1) wave, earthquake, danger, speed, distress ________________________

2) rocks, rapids, sight, rumble, water _____________________________________

3) ocean, ice, mountain, danger ______________________________________________

(for each correct answer 2 points)

9. How can you explain the fact that the most abundant rivers in the world flow in the equatorial belt? _________________________________________________________

(5 points)

10. Pupil Vanya Stepochkin did not prepare homework for any subject. He explained to all the teachers that yesterday, after school, while walking along the beach, he saw the wind blowing a little girl into the open sea on an inflatable mattress. Naturally, he rushed to save her, well, after what happened, he had no time for lessons. All the teachers praised him except the geography teacher. What made the geography teacher doubt the boy's sincerity? _____________________________________________________

(15 points)

11. Choose the correct statements

It's colder at the south pole than at the north
Vitus Bering discovered the Bering Strait
The map is at a larger scale than the topographic plan
East azimuth means 180 degrees
The largest island in the world is Sakhalin
The highest peak in the world is called Chomolungma
In the south, Eurasia is washed by the Indian Ocean

12. Solve a geographic problem.

The oil driller, scuba diver, polar explorer and penguin argued - who is closer to the center of the Earth? The scuba diver says: "I will sit in the bathyscaphe and sink to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, its depth is 11022m, and I will be closest to the center of the Earth." The polar explorer says: "I will go to the North Pole and be closest to the center of the Earth." The driller says: "I will drill a well in the Persian Gulf to a depth of 14 km and will be closest to the center of the Earth." Only the penguin says nothing, he just lives in Antarctica (the height of Antarctica is 3000m, the height of the ice sheet is 4 km). Which hero is closest to the center of the Earth? ______________________________________ (10 points)

13.

(for each correct answer 2 points)

14. The air heats up from the underlying surface, in the mountains this surface is located closer to the Sun, and, therefore, the influx of solar radiation with rising upward should increase and the temperature should increase. However, we know that this does not happen. Why?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (15 points)

15.

1. A navigator who conceived, but could not complete the first round the world voyage. This journey proved the existence of a single World Ocean and the sphericity of the Earth. ___________________

2. Russian navigator, admiral, honorary member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences, founding member of the Russian Geographical Society, head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", author of the "Atlas of the South Sea" _______________________________________________

3. Italian traveler, explorer of China, India. The first to describe Asia in the most detail ______________________________

4. Russian navigator, discoverer of Antarctica. Commanded the sloop "Vostok" ______________________________

5. English navigator. He headed three expeditions around the world, discovered many islands in the Pacific Ocean, found out the island position of New Zealand, discovered the Great Barrier Reef, the east coast of Australia, Hawaii ___________________________

(for each correct answer 2 points)

Answers to the tasks of the Olympiad (school tour).

7th grade

1. 34 S 19E_

2. 1 cm 300km_

1) Nile

2) Chomolungma

3) -Amazonian

4) -Angel

5 -Baikal

6) -Antarctica

7) -Drake

8) -Caspian

9) -Australia

10) Red sea (for each correct answer 2 points)

1) Laurasia - the ancient continent, 2) Passat - wind from 30 latitudes to the equator

3) Meridian line, conn. north and south pole

4) Azimuth - the angle between the direction to the north and to the object (for each correct answer 2 b)

5. North. and south. pole(5 points)

6. Amazon river (2 points)

7. Chomolungma (2 points)

1) tsunami, 2) waterfall, 3) iceberg(for each correct answer 2 points)

9. the largest amount of precipitation falls (5 points)

10. the daytime breeze blows from the sea to the land. And not vice versa(15 points)

11. Correct geographic errors

IslandMadagascar, Arabian sea,Ladoga lake, the mountains Himalayas, river Amazon, Red sea ,

island Greenland (for each correct answer 2 points)

12. _polar explorer (10 points)

13. Indicate the purpose of the devices and instruments listed in the table. Fill in the cells in the table.

Device name	Purpose of the device
	to determine the height difference between points
Hygrometer	To determine air humidity
Light meter	For measuring illumination
Bathometer	for taking a water sample from a given depth of a natural reservoir in order to study its physical and chemical properties, as well as organic and inorganic inclusions contained in it
Seismograph	for detection and registration of all types of seismic waves

(for each correct answer 2 points)

14. firstly, because the air heated near the ground quickly cools down with distance from it, and secondly, because in the upper layers of the atmosphere the air is more rarefied than near the ground. The lower the air density, the less heat is transferred. Figuratively, this can be explained as follows: the higher the density of air, the more molecules per unit volume, the faster they move and more often collide, and such collisions, like any friction, cause heat release. Thirdly, the sun's rays always fall on the surface of mountain slopes not vertically, as on the earth's surface, but at an angle. And besides, the mountains are prevented from warming up by the dense snow caps with which they are covered - the white snow simply reflects the sun's rays. (15 points)

17. Determine which of the travelers (geographers) are we talking about?

1. Magellan

2. Kruzenshtern

3. Marco Polo

4. Bellingshausen

5. Cook

vasco da Gama

The goals of the school stage of the Geography Olympiad are: to stimulate students' interest in geography; identification of students interested in geography; assessment of knowledge, abilities and skills acquired by students in the school geography course; activation of students' creative abilities; identification of students who can represent their educational institution at the subsequent stages of the Olympiad; popularization of geography as a science and a school subject.

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6th grade

Tests: (for the correct answer 1 point)

1. A fraction showing how many kilometers on the terrain are contained in 1 cm on the map is called:

A) Numerical scale;

B) Named scale;

C) Linear scale.

2. The largest continent by area:

A) Australia; B) Africa;

C) Eurasia; D) Antarctica.

3. The largest landforms of the Earth's surface:

A) Hills and ravines; B) Mountains and plains;

C) Hills and plateaus; D) Ridges and highlands.

4. Select the correct statement:

A) America is the largest continent;

B) Europe is part of the world;

C) There are 5 continents on planet Earth;

D) The deepest ocean is the Atlantic.

5. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is located in the north of the largest plain of the planet:

A) East European; B) Great Plains;

C) West Siberian; D) Central Siberian. (5 points)

II. Correct geographic errors:(for the correct answer - 1 point)

City of Madagascar ________________;

Arabian Gulf ________________;

Ladoga Sea ___________________;

Himalaya Island ___________________;

Amazon Lake ___________________;

Red Lake ____________________;

Volcano Greenland ________________. (7 points)

III. (1 point for the correct answer)

It's colder at the south pole than at the north

Vitus Bering discovered the Bering Strait

The map is at a larger scale than the topographic plan

East azimuth means 180 degrees

The largest island in the world is Sakhalin

The highest peak in the world is called Chomolungma

In the south, Eurasia is washed by the Indian Ocean (3 points)

IV. Position the countries from west to east:(3 points)

USA, Japan, India, Spain, Germany, China, Ukraine

V. There are cities on Earth where at a time when a harsh winter sets in in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, people do not need fur coats, fur hats and gloves. Choose from the listed cities those whose residents do not need warm winter clothes in January.

Canberra, Beijing, Paris, Buenos Aires, Ottawa. (2 points)

TOTAL: 20 points

Keys to the assignments of the school stage in geography in grade 6:

Tests:

AND; 2. B; 3. B; 4. B; 5. In;

Island Madagascar, Arabiansea, Ladoga lake, Himalayas mountains, river Amazon, Redsea, Greenland island.

1,6,7

USA, Spain, Germany, Ukraine, India, China, Japan

V. Canberra, Buenos Aires.

Olympiad assignments in geography, school stage

7th grade

Tests: (1 point for the correct answer)

Which statement about the earth's crust is true?

A) The earth's crust under continents and oceans has the same structure.

B) Under the oceans, the thickness of the earth's crust is greater than under the continents.

C) The boundaries of the lithospheric plates coincide with the contours of the continents.

D) Lithospheric plates slowly move along the mantle surface.

2. When around the globe is the length of the day equal to the length of the night?

3. Due to the difference in atmospheric pressure over different parts of the earth's surface, there is (are):

A) wind; B) clouds;

C) rainbow; D) fog.

4. Match the names of the countries and their characteristic features of the territory or geographic location.

A) "mainland country"; 1. Australia

B) "dwarf state"; 2. Monaco

C) an island state; 3. Mongolia

D) seaside position; 4. Philippines

D) is landlocked. 5. France

5. This ocean is located predominantly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a small number of islands and a weak indented coast. What ocean are we talking about?

A) Atlantic; B) Indian;

C) the Northern Arctic; D) Quiet.

II. Determine what products of the volcanic eruption are described in the poem by A.S. Pushkin.

Vesuvius opened the mouth -

Smoke poured into the club - flames

Has developed widely,

Like a battle banner.

The earth is worried -

From the reeling columns

The idols are falling!

A people driven by fear

In the stone rain

Beneath the inflamed ashes

In droves, old and young,

Runs out of the hail. (3 points)

Make a logical chain of the main elements of the world water cycle.(3 points)

Where are the deepest rivers in the world? Explain the reason for their fullness.(3 points)

Determine which of the listed winds are constant: monsoon, trade wind, hair dryer, breeze, stock, westerly winds.

(3 points)

TOTAL: 17 points

Keys to the assignments of the school stage in geography in grade 7

Tests

G; 2. B; 3. A; 4. A) - 1; B) - 2; AT 4; D) - 5; D) - 3,

Lava, volcanic bombs, ash.

Ocean - steam - clouds - precipitation - land - rivers - ocean

The deepest rivers are in equatorial latitudes. This is due to the highest amount of precipitation during the year. The average annual rainfall is 2000-3000 mm. in year.

Constant winds: trade winds, westerly winds.

Olympiad assignments in geography, school stage

8th grade

1. Which plant is typical for Australia?

a) eucalyptus

b) baobab

c) sequoia

d) hevea

2. What seas belong to the Atlantic Ocean basin?

a) Caribbean and Black c) Barents and Arabian

b) Beloe and Barents d) Tasmanovo and Beringovo

3. The highest mountains on the mainland of Eurasia are

a) Himalayas b) Tien - Shan c) Caucasus d) Alps

4. The layer of the atmosphere closest to the earth's surface is called?

a) troposphere c) ionosphere

b) stratosphere d) thermosphere

5. Determine which natural area of \u200b\u200bAfrica we are talking about: There are two seasons of the year - dry winter and wet summer. This zone occupies about 40% of the mainland

a) zone of humid equatorial forests

b) zone of savannas and woodlands

c) zone of tropical deserts

6. Does the foundation of the Siberian platform come out to the surface in the form of shields?

a) Anabar and Baltic

b) Anabar and Aldan

c) Aldan and Ukrainian

d) Ukrainian and Baltic

7. Russia takes the leading place in the world in terms of reserves:

a) natural gas, diamonds, coal

b) copper ores, coal, gold

c) gold, diamond

8. Which of the listed periods belong to the Paleozoic era.

a) Cambrian b) Ordovician c) Devonian d) Paleogene e) Jurassic f) Quaternary

9. What area do the East European Plain, West Siberian Plain, Central Siberian Plateau have?

10. In what time zones is our country located? How many time zones separate Chukotka and Kaliningrad Oblast?

11. With which state does Russia have the longest border?

12. Set the correspondence:

Mainland Highest point

A) Africa 1) Mount Kostsyushko

B) South America 2) Mount Chomolungma

C) North America 3) Mount Aconcagua

D) Australia 4) Mount McKinley

E) Eurasia 5) Kilimanjaro volcano

13. Add:

1) The largest areas of the savannah and woodland zone are occupied by ……… ...

2) The most lifeless zone is ………. deserts.

3) Forests are completely absent on the mainland ……… ..

4) Campos is a natural area located on the ……… plateau

14. What are the extreme points of Russia? Indicate the islands, peninsulas, mountains on which they are located?

15. Name the countries that are neighboring with Russia across the sea borders?

16.From the Atlantic Ocean to the territory of Russia, as a rule, come:

a) cyclones b) anticyclones c) cold front d) stationary front

17. Moderately - sharply continental type of climate in Russia is typical for:

a) East European Plain

b) West Siberian Plain

c) North - Eastern Siberia

d) the Far East.

18. Which side is the azimuth of 225 degrees?

a) South - West

b) South - East

c) Northeast

d) Northwest

19. What is the larger scale?

a) 1: 50,000

b) 1: 50,000,000

20. Toponymy is a field of knowledge that studies:

a) climatic features of the area

b) relief

c) geographical names

d) animals

TOTAL: 25 points

Grade 8:

1.a - 1 point

2.a - 1 point

3.a - 1 point

4.a - 1 point

5.b - 1 point

6.b - 1 point

7.a - 1 point

8.a, b, e - 2 points

9. East European - 4 million sq. Km, West Siberian - 3 million sq. Km, Central Siberian Plateau - 3.5 million sq. Km2 points

10. In Russia there are 9 time zones, 8 zones separate Chukotka and the Kaliningrad region.

1 point

11.Kazakhstan 1 point

12.a-5, b-3, c-4, d-1, d-22 points

13. Africa, arctic, Antarctica, Brazilian.2 points

14.the southern point - the city of Bazarduzu in the Caucasus

Northern point - on the mainland Cape Chelyuskin, Taimyr Peninsula,

Cape Fligeli on Rudolf Island

Western point - Baltic Spit

Eastern point - on the mainland Cape Dezhnev, on Ratmanov Island

2 points

15. USA, Japan. - 1 point

16.a - 1 point

17.c - 1 point

18.a - 1 point

19.a - 1 point

20.c - 1 point

TOTAL: 25 points

Olympiad assignments in geography, school stage

Grade 9

I. Determine which of the travelers (geographers) are we talking about?

A navigator who conceived, but could not completely make the first trip around the world. This journey proved the existence of a single World Ocean and the sphericity of the Earth.

Russian navigator, admiral, honorary member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences, founding member of the Russian Geographical Society, head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", author of the Atlas of the South Sea.

Italian traveler, explorer of China, India. He was the first to describe Asia in the most detail.

Russian navigator, discoverer of Antarctica. He commanded the sloop "Vostok".

English navigator. He headed three expeditions around the world, discovered many islands in the Pacific Ocean, found out the island position of New Zealand, discovered the Great Barrier Reef, the east coast of Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands.

II. Determine the match:

(for each correct answer 1 point)

III. Choose the correct statements.

The largest lowlands of Russia are located east of the Yenisei.

Mudflows, landslides and taluses most often occur in areas with a steep slope.

The transformation of the relief of the East European Plain is largely associated with the Quaternary glaciation.

Western Siberia is the main sunflower growing region in Russia.

Corn is the most important grain crop in Russia.

The largest hydroelectric power plants in Russia are located in Eastern Siberia.

Rice is grown in Russia in the floodplain of the Kuban River.

The oldest coal basin in Russia is the Moscow Region.

The population of Russia is characterized by a decrease in numbers.

Natural increase is the difference between the number of people who arrived and left

(for each correct answer 1 point)

IV. The air heats up from the underlying surface, in the mountains this surface is located closer to the Sun, and, therefore, the influx of solar radiation with rising upward should increase and the temperature should increase. However, we know that this does not happen. Why?

(for a correct answer with proof 5 points)

V. You work in a large travel company and you need to develop routes in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, which would take into account the interests of the following groups:

A) ecologists studying protected natural monuments

B) ethnographers who study the life of the northern peoples

C) historians

TOTAL: 35 points

Keys to the assignments of the school Olympiad in geography forGrade 9:

(for each correct answer 1 point)

Magellan

Kruzenshtern

Marco Polo

Bellingshausen

Cook

1 - D; 2- H; 3 - E; 4 - J; 5 - I; 6- G; 7- B; 8- A; 9 - C; 10 - F

(for each correct answer 1 point)

III. 2, 3, 6, 7, 9 (for each correct answer 1 point)

IV. Firstly, because the air heated near the ground quickly cools when moving away from it, and secondly, because in the upper layers of the atmosphere the air is more rarefied than near the surface of the earth. The lower the air density, the less heat is transferred. Figuratively, this can be explained as follows: the higher the density of air, the more molecules per unit volume, the faster they move and more often collide, and such collisions, like any friction, cause heat release. Thirdly, the sun's rays always fall on the surface of mountain slopes not vertically, as on the earth's surface, but at an angle. And, in addition, the mountains are prevented from warming up by the dense snow caps with which they are covered - the white snow simply reflects the sun's rays. (for a correct answer with proof 5 points)

V ... 501 and 503 construction sites; on the Verkhnetazovsky and Gydansky reserves, Mangazeya, Salekhard, etc.

(3 points for an interesting route, + 1 point for annotation of each visited object.)

Olympiad assignments in geography, school stage

10 - 11 grades

1 ... Which peak: Chomolungma, Aconcagua, Kilimanjaro - is further from the center of the Earth? (1 point for the correct answer)
2. Read a piece of literature and answer the questions.

“… I swear to you that this region is the most curious in the whole world! Its emergence, nature, plants, animals, climate, its impending disappearance - all this amazed, amazes and amazes scientists around the world. Imagine, my friends, the mainland, which, being formed, rose from the sea waves not with its central part, but with its edges, like some kind of giant ring; the mainland, where, perhaps in the middle, there is a half-evaporated inland sea; where the rivers dry up more and more every day; where there is no moisture in the air or in the soil; where trees annually lose not leaves, but bark; where the leaves are directed to the sun not by their surface, but by their edge and do not give a shadow; where the forests are undersized, and the grasses are gigantic; where animals are unusual; where quadrupeds have beaks. The most bizarre, the most illogical country ever to exist ... "

(for each correct answer 1 point)

3. Choose federal states with a monarchical form of government

A) Saudi Arabia D) Russia G) Belgium

B) USA E) India H) Brazil

C) Malaysia E) Switzerland I) France

4 . Which country has 18 times more people speaking Portuguese than Portugal?

1) Argentina 2) Mexico 3) Brazil 4) Peru (1 point)

5. Correct geographic errors

Yucatan Island; Gulf of Jutland; Caribbean Lake; Hekla River; Mount Mekong; City of Labrador; Country Tehran (for each correct answer 1 point)

6 . What is not located in Russia

Atlas, Vosges, Suntar-Hayata, Angara, Sikhote-Alin, Nyasa, McKinley

(for each correct answer 1 point)

7 . What is superfluous and why?

UK, Sweden, France

Argentina, Portugal, Peru

Germany, Lithuania, USA

Georgia, Liechtenstein, Armenia

Madagascar, Italy, Philippines

Theocratic, parliamentary, absolute

Ankara, Liverpool, Glasgow (7 points)

8 . Choose the correct statements

The second most populous country in the world is the USA

B) Highest fertility in the world in France

C) Independent states are called sovereign

D) India, Brazil, Mexico - key developing countries

E) Ore minerals accompany the sedimentary cover of the platforms

f) 88% of the products humanity needs are provided by cultivated land

g) Pakistan has a unitary form of administrative structure

(for each correct answer 1 point)

9 . The international organization OPEC is

a) Association of Southeast Asian Nations

b) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

c) the Arab League

D) North American Free Trade Association. (1 point)

10. Which of the cities - "millionaires" of Russia is the most northern, eastern, southern and western? How many millionaire cities are there in Russia today? (3 points)

11 ... Name African countries:

a) Rwanda, Barbados, Eritrea b) Burundi, Lesotho, Sao Tome, Swaziland

c) Principe, Burkino Faso, Tonga d) Cape Verde, Brunei, Dominica (1 point)

12. Identify the country by its short description.

This Latin American country was in the past a Spanish colony. The largest lake on the mainland is located on its territory. Rich mineral resources, vast forests create good preconditions for the development of an economy based on the oil industry. (1 point)

13. Identify the country by its short description.

The CIS country has a dense network of railways, a large producer of grain, sunflower and sugar beet, there is a powerful region of ferrous metallurgy near the deposits of coal, iron ore and manganese. (1 point)

14. Did you know that rainforest dwellers never have allergies? Why? Name at least three reasons. (3 points)

15. These mountains have repeatedly been a theater of military operations: in 218 BC. there was Hannibal, in 58 BC - Julius Caesar, in 1799 - A. Suvorov. What are these mountains? (1 point)

TOTAL: 40 points

Keys to Olympiad assignments in geography 10-11 grades

Kilimanjaro. (1 point for the correct answer)

What is the name of the mainland in question?Australia.

What natural zone occupies the largest territory within this continent?Desert.

What unusual mammals are found on this continent?Kangaroo

What is the name of the "inland sea" mentioned in the text?Large artesian pool. In which part of the mainland is its highest mountain system located?Southeast (for each correct answer 1 point)

3. B, F (for each correct answer 1 point)

4. Brazil (1 point for the correct answer)

5. Yucatan Island Peninsula, Florida Bay Peninsula , Caribbean Lakesea, Hekla river volcano, Mount Mekong river, Labrador peninsula city, Country Tehran city. (for each correct answer 1 point)

6 . Atlas, Vosges, Nyasa, McKinley(for each correct answer 1 point)

France is not a monarchy, but a republic

Portugal is not in the South. America

Lithuania is not a federation, but a unitary state

Liechtenstein is not in the Caucasus

Italy is not an island state

parliamentary - the form is not for monarchies

Ankara is not a city in the UK(for each correct answer 1 point)

8 . c, d, f. (for each correct answer 1 point)

nine . b (1 point)

10 . North and West - the city of St. Petersburg

Vostochny - city - Novosibirsk

Yuzhny - Rostov - on the Don. Total cities - millionaires in Russia-12

(3 points in total)

B (1 point)

Venezuela (1 point)

Ukraine (1 point)

1. Due to heavy rainfall in tropical forests there are no wind-pollinated plants, which means that pollen, the most important allergen, does not get into the air. 2. Frequent rains wash the air, which means there is little dust in it. 3. Tropical rainforests are located in countries where the chemical industry is poorly developed, which means that there are no chemical allergens. (3 points in total)

Alps. (1 point)

Exercise 1

(10 points)What is the name of the traveler? He went through Siberia and Central Asia, the Crimea and the Caucasus, North China and Central Asia. He studied the sands of the Karakum Desert and developed the theory of moving sands. For his first works, he was awarded silver and gold medals of the Russian Geographical Society. After an expedition to China, he became known throughout the world as the largest explorer of Asia. The Russian Geographical Society awarded him its highest award - the Big Gold Medal. He is known to many as the author of fascinating science fiction novels.

Who is he? What books do you know? What geographical objects are named after him?

Answer:

Obruchev. The books "Plutonium", "Sannikov Land", "Gold Miners in the Desert", "In the Wilds of Central Asia". The name of Obruchev is borne by a mountain range in Tuva, a mountain in upper reaches the Vitim River, one of the peaks in the Russian Altai, an oasis in Antarctica.

Evaluation criteria:Correct definition of a traveler - 2 points. For examples of the scientist's books and the listing of geographical objects, 1 point each. Total 10 points.

Assignment 2

(15 points)The air heats up from the underlying surface, in the mountains this surface is located closer to the Sun, and, therefore, the influx of solar radiation with rising upward should increase and the temperature should increase. However, we know that this does not happen. Why?

Answer:

Firstly, because the air heated near the ground quickly cools when moving away from it, and secondly, because in the upper atmosphere the air is more rarefied than near the ground. The lower the air density, the less heat is transferred. Figuratively, this can be explained as follows: the higher the density of air, the more molecules per unit volume, the faster they move and more often collide, and such collisions, like any friction, cause heat release. Thirdly, the sun's rays always fall on the surface of mountain slopes not vertically, as on the earth's surface, but at an angle. And, in addition, the mountains are prevented from warming up by the dense snow caps with which they are covered - the white snow simply reflects the sun's rays.

Evaluation criteria: Allocation of three reasons and their explanation by 5 points. Total 15 points.

Assignment 3

(10 points)Name the subject of the Russian Federation, which is characterized by the following images.

Evaluation criteria: Total 10 points.

Assignment 4

About 10 days before the explosion, there was a small earthquake in the area. This earthquake opened up a natural gas field. The presence of a gas field in this area has been confirmed by studies of the Siberian Research Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Raw Materials, about which there is an official conclusion of the Institute. As a result of the release of gas, craters should have formed on the surface. These craters exist in reality, were discovered by Kulik's expedition and were mistaken for meteor craters. Leaving into the atmosphere, the gas rose to the upper atmosphere, mixed with the air and was carried by the wind. In the upper atmosphere, gas interacted with ozone. The gas was slowly oxidized, accompanied by luminescence.

The gas outburst hypothesis does not explain the observation of the fireball and does not agree well with the absence of gas outflow channels in the epicenter.

There is an assumption that the Tunguska phenomenon is an explosion of a "space starship". 68 years after the Tunguska disaster, a group sent out found a piece of the "Martian ship" on the banks of the Vashka River in the Komi ASSR.

Two fishing workers from the village of Ertosh found an unusual piece of metal weighing 1.5 kg on the shore.

When he was accidentally hit against a stone, he shot out a sheaf of sparks. The unusual alloy contained about 67% cesium, 10% lanthanum, separated from all lanthanum metals, which has not yet been possible to do on Earth, and 8% niobium. The sight of the wreck led to speculation that it was part of a ring or sphere or cylinder about 1.2m in diameter.

Everything indicated that the alloy was of artificial origin.

So the answer to the question was not received: where and in what devices or engines such parts and alloys can be used

Comet.

Soviet astronomer,

Head of the London Observatory Kew-F. Whipple

There is no crater. There are no traces of a celestial body on the soil.

The light phenomena in the night sky in different parts of the planet may be caused by the "dusty tail of the nucleus of such a small comet." Dust particles scattered in the planet's atmosphere and reflected sunlight

No one had noticed the approach of a celestial body before.

Experiments

Nikola Tesla

In support of this hypothesis, it is reported that at that time Tesla allegedly saw a map of Siberia, including the area in which the explosion occurred, and the time of the experiments immediately preceded the "Tunguska Diva"

There are no documents confirming the conduct of N. Tesla's experiment. He himself denied his involvement in this event.

Evaluation criteria: For each proposed hypothesis, 9 points: only those answers that are compiled according to the task are taken into account (the hypothesis and its author are 3 points, the presence of arguments confirming it - 3 points, the presence of facts refuting the hypothesis - 3 points). Up to 5 versions are assumed. Total up to 45 points.

Total 100 points