When HIV infection leukocytes are elevated or lowered. Detection of HIV infection with general blood test

It is difficult to say how much of the barbaric modern methods of contraception will consider our descendants, because the most progressive and safe contraceptives of two hundred years ago torture look today. For example, that in the Middle Ages, women put iron caps on the neck of the uterus, lubricated it with a solution of mercury and lead and inserted pessaries into it, made of steel wire and caused infection and breakdown of the eleven organs. At various times and in different countries, contraceptives are also prohibited by the authorities, then the church, therefore, devices such as a vaginal syringe or vaginal shower, which were used to purify internal female organs periodically appeared.

The current contraceptives promote the principle of security and guaranteed protection against unwanted pregnancy. Official medicine are justified and approved by official medicine contraceptive means of three types: physiological, barrier and medication.

• Barrier. Prevent spermatozoa intake inside the uterus. The most famous barrier contraceptive is a condom (and male and female). Other barrier contraceptives are intrauterine spirals, contraceptive sponges, cervical caps, as well as spermicides.
• Physiological. Invite the commission of intercourse on certain days of the female cycle, when the risk of becoming minimal. Another method of physiological control is the PPA method (interrupted sexual intercourse).
• Medicate. Posted by tablets, as well as vaginal rings and spirals released hormones that block the offensive of ovulation.

Assigning a person a certain method of contraception, gynecologists often provide it with the possibility of self-selection of a suitable means from a number of similar. But how to do it if one and the same drug have dozens of analogues identical in composition and method of action? The ranking of the best contraceptives takes into account the opinion of other women, the cost of drugs, the compliance of the expected effect and the real, as well as the availability of additional advantages and side effects.

We remind you that the information below is not a guide to purchase. Consultation is needed with a specialist!

There are contraindications. Meet your doctor.

Top contraceptive tablets

It has long been proven that the long lack of pregnancy is capable of disrupting the health of women by proving a hormonal failure, as well as mental and organ diseases associated with it. The Frenchman Verne Bullo, a historian by profession, spoke in the 19th century: "If a woman is not regularly pregnant, it will suffer from hysteria and from a whole category of somatic symptoms that stimulate almost any kind of physical illness or mental state." At the same time, unwanted pregnancy and abortion can cause a woman no less harm than the long lack of pregnancy.

Millions of women around the world are chosen by hormonal contraceptives as a priority means of contraception. They do not affect the sensations during sexual intercourse and are guaranteed to protect against unwanted pregnancy and the consequences of its absence. The action of hormonal contraceptives is based on the prevention of ovulation. Scientists calculated that at the time of birth, the annual girls contain about 1 million follicles capable of becoming egg cells, and by 37 years there remains only 25,000. Hormonal drugs do not allow the body to ovulate, therefore the ovarian stock of the woman remains complete. Meanwhile, hormonal pills have not only advantages, but also an impressive list of side effects, often life-degrading.

3 lactinet

Allowed nursing women
Country: Hungary
The average price: 675 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8

The lactinet contains the only active substance - Desogestrel. Refers to the category mini-saw (preparations containing minimum hormones). Mini-saw lactinet is often prescribed to lactating women with an active menstrual cycle, as well as those women who are contraindicated by combined approx. Lortinet is one of the few oral contraceptives appointed by smokers, as well as women after 45 years.

Another feature of Hungarian OK is that its protective effect against unwanted pregnancy is somewhat lower than in modern Kok. For this reason, the drug is not recommended for the use of women in active reproductive age (up to 30 years). Otherwise, this is a fairly effective contraceptive agent with less than modern tablets, a list of contraindications and side effects.

Advantages:

• allowed during lactation;
• does not affect the weight set;
• suitable for those who have the intoleration of synthetic estrogen.

Disadvantages:

• provokes the emergence of mastopathy;
• disrupts the menstrual cycle during the reception;
• causes depression;
• causes nausea at the beginning of the course.

2 Marvelon

Normalizes menstrual cycle
Country: Netherlands
The average price: 1 425 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.9

Combined contraceptive drug from the Netherlands company Organon. Allowed to use women older than 35 years, as it contains a reduced number of existing components. In addition to the contraceptive effect, normalizes the volume of the selection and eliminates pain syndrome during menstruation. It can be used as a means of emergency contraception, but not more than 1 time in 6 months. The effectiveness of marvelon as a post-cellular means does not exceed 80%.

According to women who took marvelon, the drug has a negative impact on the ability to become pregnant in the case of its many years of use, so these pills are recommended to drink courses. Given the increased risk of thrombosis, before taking the drug, it is recommended to undergo a survey in a hematologist, a hepatologist and a vascular surgeon.

Advantages:

• it is inexpensive;
• normalizes cycle;
• increases libido.

Disadvantages:

• causes acne;
• thickens blood;
• increases appetite.

1 Jes.

Best quality
Country: Germany
The average price: 922 rubles.
Rating (2019): 5.0

Jess is a combined oral contraceptive from the German pharmaceutical company Bayer. Active substances - DROPURNON and ETHINILESTEDIOL. Used to protect against unwanted pregnancy, with severe forms of PMS, as well as for acne treatment. The contraceptive effect of tablets is based on blocking ovulation and changing the quality of the cervical mucus, which becomes too thick for the promotion of spermatozoa.

Unlike other KOCs with the same active substance, the formula of Jess is improved: here it uses the understonant (4th) generation, and ethinyl estradiol in each tablet contains 1.5 times less than in other KOC. For this reason, Jess is less likely than other medicines, causes swelling, mastopathy and a set of body weight.

Advantages:

• eliminates menstrual pain;
• reliably protects against pregnancy;
• improves skin condition.

Disadvantages:

• the cycle is restored for a long time after the completion of the Jes;
• addictive;
• reduces libido;
• call migraines.

Top contraceptive candles

Contraceptive candles belong to the category of spermicidal agents for contraception. The principle of operation of chemical spermicides is to destroy the cerematoid shell: entering into interaction with spermatozoa, the components of the drug destroy their shell, separated the head from the tail, damping their ability to move. Especially strong spermatozoa, however, they are still able to get to the egg and fertilize it. This may be fraught with the birth of a child with certain physical ugliness. This relationship is not proved, but many women testify to this. It is not recommended to use such contraceptives regularly, because the acids contained in the composition of the candles can have a negative effect on the state of the mucous membrane into the vagina, as well as on the cervix. Candles differ not the highest contraceptive ability. According to statistics, 15 women out of 100 using contraceptive candles will be pregnant during the year.

Thus, contraceptive candles are a convenient prevention option for women having rare sex. Candles are ideal as an additional contraceptive - when the diagram of the reception of the tablets is violated or during the completion of lactation. The undoubted advantages of such a method of contraception are the lack of systemic exposure to the body and the safety of intimate sensations.

3 Gynecotex.

Do not cause burning
Country Russia
The average price: 140 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8

In Candle, Gynecotex uses the same active substance as in the candles of Pharmatex - Benzalconium chloride, so these means are similar. The fundamental difference between gynecotex from farmatex - in the cost: Russian candles are about 3 times cheaper than German. Some women note that these candles are somewhat worse dissolved in the vagina and give more foam.

Advantages:

• inexpensive cost;
• do not cause burning;
• protect against infections.

Disadvantages:

• long dissolve.

2 Patenttex oval

The most popular belt
Country: Germany
The average price: 370 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.9

The main active ingredient in Pantex oval - nonoxynol. It is part of many contraceptives as a lubricant: thanks to spermicidal properties, it enhances the contraceptive effect of cervical caps, condoms, sponges and vaginal films. When interacting with sperm, damages its membrane, damaging, thereby, the ability to dissolve the egg sheath. The time required to destroy the spermatozoa time is 40 seconds (10 times more than far as farmtext). The drug does not have bactericidal and antiviral properties, so it cannot be used as protection against STIs. There are studies proving that nonoxynol promotes human incidence by some types of human papilloma virus.

Advantages:

• effective;
• quickly dissolve;
• have an exciting effect.

Disadvantages:

• have an unpleasant smell;
• cause itching;
• excessively submitted.

1 Pharmatex.

Best action. It has antiviral properties
Country: France
The average price: 349 rubles.
Rating (2019): 5.0

The main component of the drug - Benzalconium chloride. This medicine is applied in medicine since 1935. It has not only contraceptive effect, but also antiviral (protects against infection with viruses of a simple herpes), antifungal and antiprotozoic. The substance has an instant effect on the spermatozoa: its shell is completely destroyed after 10 seconds after contact with benzalconium chloride. The rest of the drugs of this group requires at least 30 seconds. Due to the irritation of the mucous membrane of the vagina and cervix, the drug is able to increase the volume of the distinguished mucus, which has an additional contraceptive effect.

Advantages:

• have a pleasant smell;
• dissolve in 5 minutes;
• protect against infections.

Disadvantages:

• cause irritation;
• poorly open;
• we provoke too much mucus.

The best intrauterine contraceptive spirals

Intrauterine spiral is a contraceptive, well known since the time of the ancient China. In the former time, the spirals were made of aluminum wire and wood, and today - from hypoallergenic plastic, impregnated with anti-inflammatory compositions. According to its action, the spiral refers to barrier, abortive and spermicidal means at the same time.

• Reducing fertility. The presence in the uterus of the inflammatory process contributes to the production of proteins inhibiting the ripening of the egg. As a result, ovulation is inhibited and fertilization does not occur.
• Absurient effect. Located inside the uterus, the spiral adversely affects the endometrium, the angry growth and the ability to take a fertilized egg. In fact, the spiral provokes a miscarriage in the early periods of pregnancy.
• Spermicid effect. In response to a spiral located, surface inflammation occurs inside the uterus. As a result of inflammation, the alkaline medium in the uterus is replaced by an acidic, destructive for spermatozoa and contributing to their destruction. To increase the acidity of intrauterine space in the spirals, copper is additionally used, which stimulates the separation of source secretion.
• Barrier contraceptive effect. The inflammatory process causes irritation of the cervical canal, which, in turn, produces an increased amount of thick cervical mucus that prevents the penetration into the spermatozooids uterus.

Intrauterine spirals (Navy) are a reliable and effective way to prevent unwanted pregnancy, which, however, is associated with the creation of a chronic infection in the body.

3 Simurg Bio-T AG

Best price
Country: Belarus
The average price: 600 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8

The intrauterine ring-shaped spiral of Juno Bio-T AG is one of the best non-coronal contraceptives, which reduces the risk of undesirable pregnancy due to the fact that the intrauterine spiral occupies a fertilized egg, preventing its location. It has a classic T-shaped form, the basis is an anchor from high-blooded polyethylene. It is recommended to women who have already had a childbirth, but suitable and born. Performed in a diameter of 18 mm for broken women and 24 mm for giving birth.

According to reviews, the best means of contraception when planning a family and for family pairs who already have children. It is installed for 5-7 years.

Dignity :

• affordable price ;
• long validity ;
• reliability .

disadvantages :

• access external infections in the uterus;
• the need for analyzes before installing;
• reception of drugs for the prevention of infections.

2 Juno T AU

Long service life
Country: Belarus
The average price: 3 500 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.9

The intrauterine helix of Juno T Au is a means of intrauterine contraception, which allows to reduce the likelihood of an unwanted conception. The spiral is made of pure copper and gold, which makes it long-term. It has a T-shaped form, its basis is plastic anchor. It is recommended to women who need long-term protection against unwanted pregnancies. Contraindicated in pregnancy and malignant diseases of the genital organs. Specifically for a period of at least seven years.

According to many women, the main advantages of this type of contraception is the available price and long-term use.

Advantages:

• long service life;
• pure composition;
• does not cause discomfort with sexual intercourse.

Disadvantages:

• the risk of infection in the uterine cavity;
• an increase in the menstrual cycle;
• bleeding.

1 Mirena

High quality. Efficiency
Country: Finland
The average price: 13 220 rubles.
Rating (2019): 5.0

Mirena refers to the category of hormone-containing spirals, therefore, the principle of its action is similar to what is peculiar to hormonal pills. The principal difference is only in the method of delivering hormones to the body. True, according to some women, the hormonal spiral, in contrast to OK, does not cause an increased appetite, does not provoke swelling and does not cause irritation of the digestive organs. Like the Multiload, Mirena is installed for 5 years.

Advantages:

• normalizes hormonal background;
• reliably protects against pregnancy.

Disadvantages:

• requires large lump sum;
• causes back pain;
• contraindicated in the presence of benign tumors.

The best barrier contraceptives

Barrier contraception is the most ancient, cheapest, most versatile and common method of contraception. A typical representative of this category is a condom. Less known contraceptive sponges and rings, cervical caps, vaginal films and diaphragms, as well as chemical barrier products (candles, aerosols, gels). Contraindications to the use of these funds are practically absent, so they are ideal for those who have intolerance to OK or Navy. Some of the barrier contraceptives are able to prevent premature ejaculation in men, protect against STIs and allergic reactions to ejaculates in women. The main drawback of barrier funds is that they are valid only at the time of their use. In our rating, the best of the barrier contraceptives of the funds fell.

3 Durex Classic

The most popular belt
Country: United Kingdom
The average price: 437 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8

The condom is the most common method of barrier contraception. Barrier contraceptives prevent the egg and spermatozoa meeting. The condom is made in the form of a small thin-walled elastic tube with one closed end and the inlet on the other. Condoms are suitable for almost all women, except for allergies to Latex. At all, they do not affect the hormonal background and, at the moment, are the only method of contraception, which is protected from the STD.

Many women have a preference to this non-immortal protection method due to its almost 100% reliability and ease of use.

Advantages:

• protect from STDs;
• do not change the hormonal background;
• suitable for daily protection.

Disadvantages:

• high price;
• loss of sensations;
• there is a risk of damage to the latex shell.

2 Contraceptive Sponges Pharmatex

Ease of use. Prolonged action
Country: France
The average price: 65 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.9

Contraceptive sponges as a barrier method were used by women many centuries: in antiquity it was sea sponges, impregnated with oils, and today - polyurethane foam, impregnated with chemical spermicidal compositions. Pharmatex sponges as a spermicide is used by Benzalconium chloride. Unlike contraceptive candles, the sponge has not only a spermicidal effect, but mechanical - physically prevents the penetration of spermatozoa into the cervix. By installing a sponge, partners can immediately begin the PA, and in the case of a re-sex certificate, they will not need to enter a new sponge into the vagina, as it retains its effect during the day.

Advantages:

• does not follow;
• conveniently introduced;
• continuously acts;
• it has a pleasant smell.

Disadvantages:

• inconveniently removed;
• it is difficult to find in pharmacies.

1 contraceptive ring Obarung

Best hormonal background
Country: Netherlands
The average price: 1 050 rub.
Rating (2019): 5.0

National is one of the methods of hormonal contraception using, however, a fundamentally different way to introduce hormones - vaginal. Due to this, the hormone does not pass through the liver and gastrointestinal organs, therefore it does not have a negative impact on them. The ring allocates the minimum required amount of hormone throughout the day, which eliminates hormonal jumps during the day (as in the case of oral contraceptives) and creates a smooth hormonal background. Another advantage of the fund is the confidentiality of its application: the ring is easy to install independently, it is not felt during the intercourse and does not require removal after. Duration of action - 3 weeks. After 21 days, the ring is removed, and after 7 days it is set again.

Advantages:

• sets 1 time per month;
• does not cause nausea;
• it has less pronounced side effects compared to approx.

Disadvantages:

• sometimes falls out when stretching;
• causes headache;
• provokes the development of vaginitis;
• allergic;
• strengthens appetite.

The best emergency contraceptives

Extra contraception is applied if it is necessary to interrupt unwanted pregnancy, which has come into effect of unprotected sexual intercourse. Apply tablets or intrauterine spirals. Funds do not allow pregnancy due to the fact that they delay ovulation. However, this refers to a not yet occurring pregnancy for a period of 72 hours after sexual intercourse when applying tablets and 120 hours - after sexual intercourse, if the intrauterine helix is \u200b\u200bused. If you do not accept a means of emergency contraception used to expire for 72 hours, then they can no longer harm possible pregnancy. It is also impossible to think that with age, the risk of unwanted pregnancies from unprotected sexual intercourse is reduced. According to statistics, women of age category 30-40 years are quite fertile and also enter this risk group. The main and serious disadvantage of emergency contraceptives is that they cause serious stress organism and harm to female health.

3 Escapel

Safe for the body
Country: Hungary
Average price: 360 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8

Escapel - contraceptive used for emergency contraception, in its action similar to postinor. The main existing substance is the Levonorgestrel. Escapel a better and less harmful contraceptive. Made in the form of flat large white tablets. Contraindicated pregnant women, adolescents up to 16, smokers older than 30-40 years old and people with renal failure. The advantage of the escapel is the high probability of preventing unwanted pregnancy, and with less loss for the body.

According to the reviews of most women, Escapel prefer due to a softer and gentle action, despite the high price.

Advantages:

• high efficiency;
• accepted once;
• inflicts less damage to the body.

Disadvantages:

• high price;
• side effects;
• menstrual cycle failure.

2 postinar

High warranty results
Country: Hungary
The average price: 328 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.9

Postinor is one of the methods of emergency contraception. The contraceptive is admitted in the form of tablets containing the current component of the Levonorgestrel. It prevents pregnancy on the occurrence of the ripening of the egg or an obstacle of ovulation. Contraindicated to adolescents up to 16 years and with problems with the liver. The main advantage of the postiner is that it gives a high guarantee of preventing unwanted pregnancy, but it cannot be taken more often than 2 times a year.

According to women's reviews, Postinor an effective, but dangerous contraceptive that you need to take all the pros and cons.

Advantages:

• there are no consequences in the form of violations of the hormonal background;
• warranty up to 95%;
• 72 hours to prevent unwanted pregnancy.

Disadvantages:

• it is impossible to use with other contraceptive or alcohol;
• it is impossible to use more often once every six months;
• can cause a cycle and bleeding failure.

1 hynepriston

Best efficacy
Country Russia
The average price: 547 rubles.
Rating (2019): 5.0

Gineproviston is a means of emergency contraception. It is not a hormonal contraceptive, and therefore is less harmful to the body. Gineproviston blocks the connection between hormones and receptors, preventing this pregnancy, but it does not suppress the effect of progesterone, as other contraceptives do. This is its main advantage against the background of harmful hormonal emergency contraceptives. It is contraindicated in women older than 30-40 years old, with problems with kidneys and a miomer of the uterus.

Most women respond about him very positively and consider the best choice for those who care about their health.

Advantages:

• most sparing in comparison with other contraceptives;
• effective;
• not hormonal.

Disadvantages:

• high price;
• side effects;
• does not save pregnancy in case of failure.

The spread of HIV infection in the world acquires the dimensions of the epidemic. Therefore, the first place is the need for early diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus. Consider which methods of analyzes exist and are indicators of the general blood analysis change in HIV?

Common blood test with HIV

In general (clinical), it is impossible to determine the HIV infection. But, as with many other diseases, if a person has HIV, blood indicators change.

In the stage of primary manifestations of the disease in general blood test, the following changes are usually observed:

• lymphocytosis - elevated level of lymphocytes in the blood; lymphocytes called white blood cells that participate in the immune defense of the body;
• lymphonia - reduction of blood lymphocytes;
• the emergence of atypical mononuclearov (virocytes) - specific lymphocytes that have some morphological signs of monocytes (large cells that destroy microbes and bacteria);
• raising SEE - the speed of sedimentation of red blood cells (red blood cells);
• reducing the level of hemoglobin - component element of erythrocytes, which transfers oxygen from the lungs to organs and tissues of the body and carbon dioxide.
• the appearance of thrombocytopenia - conditions for which a significant reduction in platelet levels are characterized (blood cells responsible for blood reducibility); thrombocytopenia is accompanied by increased bleeding and bleeding, which is difficult to stop;
• neutropenia - Reducing the number of neutrophils (blood cells that are formed in the bone marrow) in the blood.

All of the above changes in indicators may confirm not only the development of HIV infection in the human body, but also be the symptoms of other less severe diseases. Therefore, to clarify the diagnosis, the doctor will send a patient for additional surveys and analyzes.

Blood research on HIV infection

There are certain indications in which the doctor sends a patient for a blood test for HIV infection:

• planning or pregnancy;
• preparation for operation or hospitalization;
• the presence of herpes virus, tuberculosis, pneumonia;
• rapid weight loss without much reasons;
• chronic fatigue, malaise;
• frequent colds;
• long-term diarrhea;
• night sweating for a long time;
• frequent attacks of neuralgia;
• random sex;
• the use of non-sterile needles for injection;
• conducting in the past emergency operational intervention, transfusion of donor blood.

Apply two main analysis methods:

• immunoenimen analysis (ELISA),
• polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Immuno enzyme analysis (ELISA)

Immunoassimensional analysis is the most common method of diagnosing HIV infection. It is most informative: the presence of a disease is confirmed 1.5-3 months after infection. The sensitivity of this method is more than 99%. Most often, the IFA method is used in hospitals and polyclinics to diagnose HIV.

The principle of operation of the IFA method is based on the definition of antibodies to HIV in human blood. The amount of antibodies sufficient to determine this method is accumulated in the body of the patient 1.5-3 months after infection. But in some cases it can happen after a long period. Therefore, it is recommended to repeat the analysis after six months.

The result of the analysis of blood for HIV according to the method of the IFA may be negative or positive. According to deciphering the analysis, the negative result indicates that there are no antibodies to HIV in the patient's blood, which means the absence of the virus itself. In some cases, a false negative result can be obtained. This is usually due to the study in the so-called "window period" - the time when antibodies to the virus have not yet managed to work out in the amount of quantity.

The positive result of this analysis indicates that the patient has antibodies for HIV, and therefore the virus itself. According to statistics, in 1% of cases, the results of the analysis turn out to be false positive. This is due to the fact that antibodies of other viruses are accepted for antibodies to HIV infection. Most often, this happens in the study of the blood of patients who have chronic infectious, autoimmune, oncological diseases, some other pathologies, during pregnancy in women. Therefore, each positive result is additionally checked using a special test - immunoblot (IB), which reveals specific antibodies to the virus. In decoding analysis, a positive, negative or indefinite (dubious) result may be specified.

• With a positive result, the likelihood of HIV infection is 99.9%.
• The indefinite result most often happens at the initial stage of the disease and means that the human body has not yet developed all the antibodies to the virus. But sometimes (very rarely) this result is subject to the patient's antigens to other diseases.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method is used to determine the DNA or RNA (hereditary material) of the human immunodeficiency virus. The basis of this method of research is the ability of RNA and DNA to self-product (reproduction). With this method of analyzing blood for HIV, you can determine the presence of a virus in 2-3 weeks after infection. It is important that the virus is determined even with a very insignificant amount of its blood. Therefore, this study method is used in the "window period".

The PCR method of determining HIV is of great importance in the diagnosis of this disease in children of the first year of life.

PCR diagnostic is used to monitor the effectiveness of therapy, since this method indicates the concentration of RNA in the blood plasma.

The sensitivity of the analysis by the PCR method is 98%, which is slightly lower than the IFA method. Therefore, PCR diagnostics is not used as a confirmation test. In addition, this study is very sensitive, requires well-equipped laboratory conditions and high professionally laboratory technicians. This is connected with this, when using the PCR method, there are often false positive results.

In decoding analysis on this method, a negative (no virus) is indicated or positive (virus detected) result.

You can pass the blood test on HIV in the laboratories of any hospital, clinics, diagnostic centers and clinics. In AIDS centers, such an analysis can be made anonymously.

4.2142857142857 4.21 of 5 (14 votes)

Or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, (eng. AIDS.) It is considered the terminal stage of HIV infection, which is characterized by a critical reduction in the level of CD4 blood lymphocytes and at which secondary, so-called. AIDS-associated infectious and oncological diseases acquire an irreversible flow resistant to specific treatment. AIDS inevitably leads to a fatal outcome.

CD4 lymphocytes (sometimes called t-cells or helper cells) is a special type of white blood cells that are the main component of the human immune system. Human immunodeficiency viruses, getting into the physiological fluids of the body, distributed there and destroy these cells, which leads to the catastrophic destruction of immunity. The diagnosis of AIDS can be exhibited with positive tests for HIV and the number of CD4 lymphocytes below 200 cells / ml. The advancing of deep violations of the human body immunity, the destruction of the main protection barrier leads to the fact that the ability to resist with the secondary, opportunistic diseases by joining secondary, opportunistic diseases. Thus, CD4 lymphocytes are markers of the degree of impairment of immunity, allowing to determine the transition of HIV infection in its terminal stage - AIDS. The test for CD4 lymphocytes makes it possible to determine the amount of these cells in a cubic millilitress of blood.

Another criterion for the transition of HIV infection in the AIDS stage for adults and adolescents is the presence of AIDS-associated diseases that are combined into the following groups:

Bacterial infections:

• Pulmonary and extreme tuberculosis.
• Heavy bacterial or recurrent pneumonia (two or more episodes for 6 months).
• Infection caused by atypical mycobacteriums (Mycobacterium avium), disseminated mycobacterimia.
• Salmonellic septicemia.

Fungal infections:

• Candidose esophagitis.
• Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary, cryptococcal meningitis.
• Histoofamosis, extrapulmonary, disseminated.
• Pneumatic pneumonia called Pneumocystis Jirovecii.
• Coccidioidomycosis extravalic.

Viral infections:

• Infection with a virus of a simple herpes (eng. Herpes Simplex Virus., HSV.): Chronic or persistent more than 1 month, chronic skin and mucous ulcers or bronchitis, pneumonite, esophagitis.
• Cytomegalovirus infection with damage to any organ, except liver, spleen and lymph nodes, cytomegalovirus retinit.
• Infection of the 8th type Herpes virus (eng. Kaposhi Sarkoma Herpes Virus, KSHV.).
• Papillomavirus person infection (eng. Human Papillomavirus., HPV.), including cervical cancer.
• Progressive multifocal leuoentephalophalopathy.

Protozoy infections:

• Cryptosporidia with diarrhea ongoing more than a month.
• Microsporidia.
• Isosporosis, with diarrhea more than a month.

Other diseases:

• Sarcoma Caposhi.
• Cervical cancer, invasive.
• Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.
• HIV-encephalopathy, HIV dementia.
• HIV depleting syndrome.
• Vacuolar myelopathy.

The causative agents of these diseases for healthy people in most cases are not dangerous. Many of them live freely in water, soil, skin and mucous man. The healthy immune system is reliably opposed to them, and for AIDS patients, in which it is destroyed, these organisms from neutral agents turn into deadly enemies.

Indications for assigning AIDS analysis

• Treatment of HIV infection.
• AIDS.

Preparation for analysis

Just comply with several rules to get the right result. It is recommended to limit yourself in food 8-14 hours before the analysis, since it is better to take an empty stomach. The result can distort alcohol and nicotine, so that it is also better to refuse. Exclude large physical exertion and, if possible, protect yourself from grains.

How is the procedure?

Blood fence is made from the elbow vein according to standard technology.

Decoding AIDS Analysis Result

As evidenced by the number of CD4 lymphocytes

Without treatment, the number of CD4 cells in the body begins to gradually decrease. It is necessary to constantly observe this indicator - this will help you and your doctor take timely decisions about treatment and other support.

Number of CD4 lymphocytes - 350: Begin treatment of HIV infection

Treatment of HIV infection must be started if the number of CD4 lymphocytes decreases less than 350. It is at this level that the beginning of treatment is most effective: the immune system has more chances to recover to a normal state. If you start treatment with the number of CD4 cells about 350, you practically probably do not develop diseases associated with HIV infection. It has been proven that in this case the risk of developing heart diseases, kidneys, liver and cancer is also reduced. Be prepared for the fact that at this stage the doctor will begin to talk about treatment with you. Reducing the level of CD4 lymphocytes below 350 cells / μl is an indication for the appointment of highly active antiretroviral therapy (VARWT).

The number of CD4 lymphocytes is 200 or below: the beginning of the treatment of HIV infection and the reception of preventive drugs

If the number of CD4 lymphocytes decreased less than 200, it is urgent to decide on the beginning of therapy, since with such indicators the disease takes a particularly serious flow due to AIDS-associated diseases. Additional drugs should be taken, warning the development of these diseases (such treatment is called prophylactic). When the number of CD4 cells is restored, it will be possible to abandon the prevention. The irreversible course of the disease becomes with a decrease in the number of CD4 lymphocytes below 50 cells in 1 μl.

The number of CD4 cells during the treatment of HIV infection

After the start of treating HIV infection, the level of CD4 lymphocytes will begin to grow gradually. The growth rates of CD4 cells depend on the individual characteristics of each person. Some people may need months and even years for their CD4-lymphocyte indicators to normal. If you started treatment at a very low level of CD4 cells, it will take a long time to increase it. It should be remembered that even a small increase in the number of CD4 cells can very positively affect your health. After the start of treatment, every three to six months you must pass tests to measure the number of CD4 lymphocytes and the determination of the viral load.

CD4 cell percentage

In addition to the test for the determination of the number of CD4 lymphocytes, doctors sometimes use a test to determine the percentage of CD4 lymphocytes - that is, the percentage of CD4 lymphocytes among the entire lymphocyte population is measured. In people with HIV-negative status, the percentage of CD4 cells is 40%. If you compare the percentage rate with quantitative, it is believed that when the content of CD4 cells is about 14%, the risk of developing concomitant diseases is the same as with the number of CD4 cells ≤ 200. The doctor can use the method for determining the percentage ratio of CD4 lymphocytes, if, for example, Two of your consecutive tests for quantitative indicators of CD4 cells gave a large difference in the results.

Expected complications depending on the number of CD4 lymphocytes

Number of CD4.	Infectious complications	Noncommunicable complications
< 200 мкл −1	Pneumatic pneumonia Disseminated histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis Miliary, extrell tuberculosis Progressive multicolor leukoentephalopathy	Depletion Peripheral neuropathy HIV dementia Cardiomyopathy Vacuolar myelopathy Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
< 100 мкл −1	Disseminated infection caused by a simple herpes virus. Toxoplasmosis. Cryptococcosis. Cryptosporidia. Microsporidia. Candidose esophagitis.	-
< 50 мкл−1	Disseminated cytomegalovirus infection Disseminated Mac-Infection (Complex Mycobacterium AVIUM)	Lymphoma CNS.

If you do not accept drugs for the treatment of HIV infection, there are relatively high CD4-lymphocyte rates and there are no adverse symptoms, the analysis on CD4 lymphocytes must be handed over once every three or four months (with sufficiently high indicators - once every six months).

After you begin treatment of HIV infection, the frequency of analyzes on the number of CD4 cells will depend on the protocols adopted in your medical facility, as well as from the CD4 cell level at present. On average, such an analysis is appointed every three to six months. With the appearance of additional symptoms or worsening of well-being, the analysis must be passed more often.

Norma

In a person who is not infected with HIV, the number of CD4 lymphocytes is from 450 to 1600, but in some cases it may be higher or lower, and the CD4 content among other lymphocytes is 40%. In women, the number of CD4 is usually higher than that of men. The number of CD4 cells can also vary - depending on factors such as stress, smoking, menstrual cycle, the reception of contraceptives, recent physical activity and even time of day. The number of CD4 lymphocytes is reduced in the event of an infectious or other disease. If you get sick - for example, infected with the flu, or did herpes delivered to you - postpone the test to complete recovery.

Diseases in which a doctor may assign AIDS Analysis

1. AIDS

   The following points must be confirm to establish the AIDS diagnosis: the number of CD4 cells in the blood is below 200 per milliliter; The CD4 content among other lymphocytes is less than 14%.

Modern medicine is actively struggling with the virus, thereby extending the life of a person. All this becomes possible provided early diagnosis.

For these purposes, use overall analysis with HIV. It shows changes in the body, is one of the effective methods of high-quality diagnosis of the disease.

Benefits

With the help of an assessment of blood parameters, a qualified specialist makes conclusions about human health. With this analysis, it is possible to study the disease to the full, state of the human immune system.

The study begins precisely with the delivery of this analysis. Among the main advantages of such an option, speed, low cost and effectiveness are distinguished.

It is important to know: according to the general analysis of blood, it is possible to determine HIV or not.

Changes in the results when infection with HIV

The pathogen in the event of a study will not be able to identify. Indicators are changed.

• Lymphocytes are in an increased state at the initial stage of the development of the disease. The immune system is struggling, the body is not exhausted. Due to the increased indicator, lymphocytosis occurs.
• With the gradual development of the disease there is a decrease in the number of lymphocytes. Retro virus is activated with a decrease in T - lymphocytes. In particular, the normal indicator of the adult becomes 20 - 40%, for children more - 30 - 60%.
• The first to be struggled in infecting neutrophils, or granular leukocytes. Phagocytosis is activated, neutrophilas are reduced in quantity. Diagnostics shows neutropometry.
• The main task of mononuclears is to destroy pathogenic microorganisms. In cases where a person is healthy, they will not be detected when evaluating the results of the analysis.
• Hemoglobin will be lowered in this case. This indicates anemia, or leukemia. There is an increase in the level of ESO.
• There is a decrease in platelets, which affect the coagulation rate. Because of such a clinical picture, people with HIV suffer from internal and external bleeding.

So, whether the overall blood test is determined. This survey contributes to the diagnosis of infection, changes in indicators. It is impossible to identify the most causative agent. Bad results will be the basis for further direction, more accurate diagnostics.

General blood analysis

Thanks to the analyzes, the doctor conducts permanent patient control, considers changes, appoints an effective course of therapy.

Patterns in general blood test in HIV-infected

In suspected HIV prescribe and general analysis in the blood. Depending on the results, the doctor sends a patient for additional procedures.

Violations in leukocyte indicators, against the background of changes in normal blood reducing indicates anomalous development.

In the absence of symptoms of infectious disease and monitoring of the ESP in an enlarged amount, it is possible to draw conclusions about infection.

Indications

For a long time the virus is not manifested in the human body. This analysis is a kind of prophylactic safety measure. When a diagnosis is confirmed, early diagnosis will have a positive effect on further well-being.

• In addition to the signs of the disease, they assume analysis to people before planned operations. With this measure, the specialist fully estimates the condition of blood coagulation. It helps minimize the risk of bleeding, both during and after surgery.
• In the case of planning, or the past state of pregnancy is needed to surrender. In the future, when feeding a child, when HIV confirms, the fruit is infected. When passing by generic paths, there is a high probability of baby infection.
• When obtaining blood from another person, you are prescribed a general blood test.
• This procedure is necessary after the tattoo made, piercing in a place with non-sterile conditions.
• Most often, the examination is necessary after unprotected sexual contact with an unfamiliar person.
• Employees in the field of medicine are in the zone of increased risk, because they are constantly working with surgical objects.
• With certain signals of the body, pathologies, specialists are recommended to take a common blood test.

Symptoms

Symptoms of the disease resembles the beginning of a conventional cold infection. For this state, it is characterized by an increase in body temperature, strong headaches, fatigue and indisposition. After a short time, the symptomtics time passes, a person forgets about recent manifestations.

There are disorders in HIV - infection in the work of the immune system:

• the development of tuberculosis, herpes, or, for example, pneumonia. Most often, the course of therapy does not help;
• raising temperature, diarrhea for a long period of time;
• one of the signs of the disease is excessive sweating night;
• violations in the field of exchange processes. Because of this, the patient observes a sharp weight loss. Among other manifestations, apathy and chronic fatigue are distinguished.

In order to test your health, suspicions need to pass a common blood test. With a negative result, you can seek another reason for such symptoms. In confirming the infection, a person not only diagnoses the disease on time, but also will extend his life.

Modern medicine shows progress in the treatment of manifestations of HIV.

Rules for the procedure for HIV-infected

When infected, it is important to remember the periodicity of the surrender of the analysis. Once a quarter, a person passes this procedure. It helps to keep track of the dynamics of the development of the disease, to make adjustments to the medical process, depending on its effectiveness.

If necessary, not only the overall analysis of blood, but also other analyzes is possible one blood fence, for example, from veins. With this alignment it is important to clearly decide on the place of blood intake. Either from veins, or from a finger.

In order for the performance of the analysis to be accurate, it is necessary to refrain from taking food 12 hours before delivery. The laboratory institution in which the procedure passes is of great importance. It is best to take the analysis in one place, with the same conditions. Thus, the specialist will receive more correct data. The conditions of blood delivery are also time. Choose a specific period when the procedure goes.

When passing the capillary blood from the finger it is worth using lancet. His advantage consists in a rather acute, thin needle. Using a scarifier, the patient feels pain. This condition is characteristic, because at the end of the finger there are nervous endings. The cost of lancet is more from the scarifier.

conclusions

In cases of HIV, early diagnosis is important. Common blood test is a way to hold it.

This procedure is distinguished by its availability, high performance, speed. This measure of prevention will help control the state of his health, to detect the disease in time.

How to get rid of varicose

The World Health Organization officially declared varicose veins from the most oparate maccasy bullies. According to the provisions for the provider of 20 years - 57% of the boiling varieties are lazy in the first 7 years, there are 29% of them in the first 3.5 do. The reasons for Cemerty are divided - from the trofext of the Torphic ulcers and caused by their cancerous opium.

About how to save your life, if you were diagnosed with Varikoz, the head of the Research Institute Phlebology and Academician of RAMS said in an interview. See full interview here.

Does HIV mean an increased level of leukocytes?

Hello, I had an unprotected connection with my boyfriend, whom I was the first, as he claims. But there is a suspicion that his father is HIV-infected. I currently have a problem with health and doctors cannot determine what is with me. I sinned on inflammation of the lungs, but this diagnosis was not confirmed. I have a high temperature that is quite difficult to knock with the help of the antipyretic, antibiotics for 10 days help frankly bad, especially considering that I use two types of antibiotic. I have increased levels of leukocytes in my blood to 13.5. Having read the article, I worried, could you help me in this matter?

Alexander Konev Therapist is replied

Your guy, claiming that you have the first, can tell anything. The current generation of the Promomiscite passes the infection with sexual ways at such a speed that can still be surprised. Any sexual intercourse is out of normal marriage gives a guarantee of interest into 90 of the fact that a person will become a carrier of a venereal disease, or get sick himself. This is nowhere to write and say, but everywhere there is a propaganda of sexual promiscuity. My advice is less to believe "guys." Examine, treated. What you can't know. The temperature to shoot down is to harm yourself. Temperature is a protective reaction of the body for a pathogenic external agent (micromanism, virus, etc.) The protection system starts working. The unreasonable use of antipyretic leads to the fact that immunity ceases to work and the disease smoothly goes into chronic. That's what I can report on your state.

Leukocytes in the blood are lowered: what it means and how to increase

Leukocytes are white blood cells that play an important role in the work of the whole human body. Their main function is to combat infection. This is a kind of barrier that prevents the spread of alien cells. White calves are capable of overcome bacteria, even being outside the blood system. While their quantity is normal, the body functions smoothly, but if the level of leukocytes in the blood is reduced, measures must be taken. To determine the problem, it is enough to pass the overall blood test.

Norma

The composition of human blood includes leukocytes of different types:

• neutrophils from 40 to 75%;
• lymphocytes from 20 to 45%;
• monocytes from 3 to 8%;
• eosinophils up to 5%;
• basophiles 1%.

Blood Taurus Conditions for Age and Semi: Table

Causes of Leukocyte Leukocyte

The level of leukocytes in the blood is influenced by many factors. Low indicators are less than 4 * 109 / l, and this suggests such serious problems as:

• brain disorder due to injuries;
• depression;
• strong exhaustion;
• lack of group vitamins B;
• radiation sickness;
• viral infection (HIV, rubella, hepatitis, etc.);
• reception of potent drugs;
• bone marrow diseases.

A similar phenomenon is called leukopenia and in some cases it is congenital.

Among women

In women, the decrease in leukocytes can be caused by physiological reasons:

• climate change;
• starvation or diet;
• stress;
• menstruation;
• lack of vitamins;
• hormonal changes.

• anemia;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• autochemny diseases;
• blood pathology;
• inflammatory process.

During pregnancy

In pregnant women, the reduced level of leukocytes is less common than increased, but it is not worth ignoring it. In some cases, leukopenia may carry a serious threat to the child's life. The reason is weakened immunity, namely:

• disorders of the endocrine system;
• renal failure;
• problems with digestive tract.

During this period, the likelihood of infection with any infection is high.

In men

Men leukopenia occurs much less frequently than in women, but the reasons are absolutely identical: autochemny diseases, lack of vitamins, stress.

In children

In children, leukocyte levels directly depending on age. The pathology is considered indicators below 30%. The disease can be both congenital and acquired and proceeds in the same way as adults. Reduce the number of leukocytes in the blood can a long intake of drug drugs, radiation disease or viral infection (rubella, measles, flu, etc.)

Traditional treatment

Treatment of leukopenia depends on the severity of the disease. For example, if it is caused by a bacterial or viral infection and proceeds in severe, the patient will have to be isolated in a separate room. Treatment methods need the most diverse, first of all it is:

• compliance with beddown;
• hormonal therapy;
• power Correction;
• possible transfusion of leukocyte mass.

Patients with a less pronounced form of leukopenia will be enough to adjust the nutrition, abandon some medicines, increase the reception of vitamins. More accurate recommendations will be able to give only a doctor after a proper survey.

There is also medication treatment. Here is the list of the most common of them:

Diet with reduced blood leukocytes

In the diet, it is necessary to include all vitamin products that directly affect the increase in leukocytes. Power must be balanced and contain enough proteins, carbohydrates and not too much fats. Animal food is recommended to eat as little as possible, but not excluding dairy products. Food should be diverse, the main thing is to follow the number of food eaten and the time of its reception.

The main products that increase leukocytes at home:

• citrus;
• various berries;
• milk and other fermented milk products;
• additives with vitamins C, B9;
• vegetables and legumes in boiled or in raw form, in them a large content of fiber;
• a decoction of barley that insists for half an hour on fire to increase the concentration of grain. To do this, it is necessary to fall asleep in a glasses of barley
• two-liter dishes and pour water. Boil on fire up to half of the wounded water, and then the withdrawn liquid to drink 200 grams twice a day;
• bee royal milk. The number of reception is regulated by the attending physician.
• seafood;
• oatmeal cereals, rice, buckwheat;
• low-fat varieties of meat and fish, as well as by-products;
• nuts.

Folk remedies

There are also folk treatment for leukopenia. These include all sorts of infusions and juices. Here are some recipes:

1. Juice from immature beans. Take three times a day, two tablespoons diluted in warm water.
2. Infusion of bitter wormwood. Three tablespoons of crushed grass pour 0.6 liters of boiling water and leave for several hours. Then strain and take three times a day before meals.
3. Decoration from oats. Pour 40 gr. oats 0.4 l warm water. Put on a slow fire for fifteen minutes. It is insisted within 12 hours and then strain. Take three times a day at 0.1 liters every day. Every day you need to prepare fresh decoction.
4. Kvass from beet. Purified root root cut, put in the jar and pour water. Add a bit of salt and honey there (a tablespoon per liter of water). Then closed and remove into a warm place for three days. The finished drink is filtered and drove throughout the day.
5. Rho rosehip. Berries pour boiling water and put on fire for about twenty minutes. After pouring into the thermos and insist during the day. Rosehip is needed at the rate of 50 gr. on a glass of boiling water. The decoction drink with honey three times a day before meals.

Video: how to raise leukocytes after chemotherapy

If you have reduced blood leukocytes, this is not a reason for panic. You may just need to relax and adjust your food. Remember also that self-examination rarely brings a positive result, so do not risk your health and clearly comply with the recommendations of the doctor.

Material is supplemented and updated 28.02.2018

Elevated or lowered Leukocyte levels in HIV

Leukocytes in HIV significantly change their level - this is due to the fact that cells and proteins responsible for the fight against disease are first affected. It is due to these changes that it becomes possible to calculate the immunodeficiency virus at the very beginning of its development, without waiting for the appearance of characteristic features.

It is extremely important: only if the disease was calculated at an early stage, it is possible to fight it and make the child's further life of a longer and comfortable. Common blood test is able to help.

Total blood test parameters

Common blood test is a common analysis that is taken from the finger and considers the following parameters:

1. Leukocyte levels.
2. The level of erythrocytes and ESO.
3. Hemoglobin level.

Leukocytes are white blood cells that protect the body from diseases, developing tumors and other similar problems. They are responsible for the level of immunity.

As a rule, people suffering from HIV infection possess the following features:

The second stage of the development of the disease - lymphopia, or a decrease in the level of lymphocytes. The natural resistance of the body is overcome by the virus.

Leukocyte level changes - ambiguous sign of HIV infection

Leukocyte fluctuations can occur for various reasons. The reasons that cause such changes are divided into pathological and physiological.

Pathological processes causing an increase in leukocytes:

1. Inflammatory diseases during which purulent processes go.
2. Diseases that cause tissue necrosis: heart attacks, strokes, burns.
3. Intoxication.
4. Hypoonsemic diseases.
5. Development of malignant tumors.
6. Development of leukemia.
7. Diseases causeing immune responses.

Physiological processes causing an increase in leukocytes:

1. Adopting protein food in large quantities.
2. Strong physical stress.
3. Strong emotional stress.
4. Overheating or supercooling of the body.

Pathological processes causing a decrease in leukocytes:

1. Viral infections.
2. Bacterial and protozoa infections.
3. Generalized infections.
4. Autoimmune diseases.
5. Alecemic leukemia.
6. Diseases of the endocrine system.
7. Hyperplane syndrome.

Analysis on the level of CD4. Viral load analysis

Leukocytes in HIV suffer from the first, since the immunodeficiency virus affects cells containing a protein receptor of type CD4 - and the main amount of such cells relates to lymphocytes.

Analysis on CD4.

CD4 is a sufficiently difficult indicator for analysis. Nevertheless, its level determination is considered an integral part of the diagnosis of HIV.

Analyzing CD4, it is important to take into account the following features:

• the presence of physical and emotional stresses in the patient;
• its nutrition;
• blood fence time.

Causes of increasing and lowering leukocytes in HIV infection, and other pathological conditions

HIV primarily affects the body's protective cells that are part of the blood, as a result of which the leukocyte levels should be changed in the direction of increasing, then in the direction of the decrease, depending on the stage of the disease. It turns out that the exacerbation of HIV can be warned in advance, extending life to a patient for several decades.

Oak parameters

General blood test (OAK) is one of the common analyzes, which reflects the indicators of all blood cells (leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, platelets and erythrocytes), the level of hemoglobin in humans. In the study, the blood is taken from the patient's capillaries (from the finger), since the venous blood for the UAC does not fit.

When considering blood, the doctor gives the priority to leukocytes, since when infected with HIV body is the first to suffer these protective cells. The leukocytes themselves are divided into several types of cells and proteins, each of which has characteristic indicators in the human immunodeficiency virus.

Change of indicators of proteins and leukocyte cells in HIV

The first group of cells belonging to leukocytes is lymphocytes. In case of primary contact infection in the blood, these cells tend to highlights, which indicates the struggle of the body with infection. However, in most cases, such resistance of protective cells does not give results, and HIV is quietly developed in the human body. If you do not undertake therapeutic measures at the initial stage of infection, then the lymphocytes go to a decrease, which will be an alarm signal.

The second group of leukocytes - neutrophils, the main task of which is concluded in the protection of the body from viruses and immunodeficiency (and HIV). When a virus hit the blood of a patient, neutrophils strive towards low levels, as a result of which their activity in the bone marrow will decrease. In medicine, the lowered cell data indicator is called neutropenia and indicates detrimental processes in the body.

The third group of cells included in leukocytes is platelets that provide normal blood coagulation in humans. In people infected with immunodeficiency, these cell data indicators are reduced, which becomes the cause of sudden bleeding. With reduced platelet indicators, the bleeding is difficult to stop, and some cases are impossible.

When HIV cells are found in the blood, even in a small amount, an infected person must regularly attend the doctors (the number of hikes to the hospital at least 4 times a year) and undergo a general blood test, in order to track the development of the disease in the body. Such therapy will give a patient a chance to prolong life not one dozen years. Otherwise, HIV will end with a fatal outcome 1-2 years after primary getting into the blood.

Factors provoking a decrease or increase in blood leukocytes in HIV

In some cases, a decrease or increase in the number of protective cells provoke different physiological and pathological processes occurring in the human body:

The number of pathologies in which leukocytes are elevated or lowered, as in the virus of immunodeficiency, a lot, and for accurate diagnosis with such violations of the level of protective cells, the patient must pass a number of additional tests associated with blood and with the diagnosis of internal organs.

In rare cases, the cause of a reduced or elevated level of protective cells in the blood will serve the aboolness of the body or strong overheating. Therefore, one by one only increase the level of leukocytes to diagnose the human immunodeficiency virus will not work.

Blood test for viral load when HIV suspected (CD4)

CD-4 is a kind of protein receptor, which is part of some leukocyte cells. And since the cells of leukocytes in HIV suffer the first, then the calculation of this indicator occupies almost the first place. Compared with the overall blood test, the analysis of the viral load is considered heavier according to the technique. But he is considered a more informative study.

The analysis on CD-4 will not give the right results when exposed to the patient of the following factors:

• Recently suffered strong stress.
• Droide diet.

However, there is another criterion affecting the results of the analysis of CD-4, which depends not on the patient, and from the doctor - the time of blood collection. If an infected person gives blood after dinner, then with a high probability of decryption of the results will be false, and the ultimate blood fence is almost with one hundred percent probability will show the correct result.

As for the norm of the CD-4 indicator, it can be considered in the form of the table below:

Changes in blood with HIV: Leukocyte level

The natural outcome of HIV infection is an enzyme-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. With proper treatment and proper reception of antiretroviral drugs, decades may pass before AIDS. Therefore, one of the important components of the disease control is regular monitoring of leukocyte levels. When HIV is a necessary measure.

Leukocytes are the main weapon of the immune system in the struggle not only with viruses and bacteria, as well as with malignant tumors. White blood cells also protect the organism from the introduction of alien proteins - allergens, fungi and simplest.

What leukocytes for HIV are amazed more than others?

The human immunodeficiency virus selectively affects the cells of the immune system, which have protein receptors called CD4 on the surface of their cell membrane. Most of these receptors in the membrane of T-lymphocyte-helpers, which, by activating other cells of the lymphocytic series, repeatedly enhance the immune response to various infectious agents. Also, CD4 proteins are inherent in monocytes, Langerhans cells, macrophages and some others.

What cells in the blood test during immunodeficiency to pay attention?

For the first time to suspect the presence of a retrovirus in the body in the body when performing a general blood test. In the earliest phase of the disease, leukocytosis can be seen, that is, the overall increase in the number of these cells. With the further development of the disease, lymphopia and neutropenia are found, which, accordingly, means a decrease in the number of lymphocytes and neutrophils. The reduced indicator of leukocytes in HIV may indicate the progression of the disease and a significant weakening of immunity. Obviously, a general blood test is not specific, since at different stages leukocytes with HIV reduced or elevated.

CD4 with HIV

Counting the number of leukocytes with HIV in the blood can give more information along with the analysis of the concentration of CD4. The number of CD4 is a very popular indicator for AIDS. During the day, it changes repeatedly under the action of external factors. Therefore, when blood is fenced to the amount of CD4, it is necessary to take into account the stress load of the patient, the nature of nutrition and even the time of day.

In 1 ml of the blood of a healthy person, it is always contained 5 - 12 * 100 specific cells. If their number is less than five hundred, then this indicates the possible death of T-helpers and other cells of this link under the influence of viral invasion. The reduced leukocyte indicator in HIV, when the amount of CD4 decreases from 350 to zero, is considered an incentive to start correction of antiretroviral therapy.

For a more accurate determination of CD4 in the blood of patients, as well as to eliminate the influence of external and internal factors for this indicator, another analysis is used - counting the ratio of these cells to CD8. CD8 is another of leukocyte receptors, only it is already contained in the cells of another row that can not hit the retrovirus. The CD4 / CD8 ratio should be more than one.

Leukocytes and viral load

The normal number of leukocytes in HIV-infected people does not yet indicate a complete remission of the disease. Therefore, one more important blood indicator should be taken into account - the load with viral fragments. Viral load is the number of HIV RNA fragments in the volume of blood. Based on this indicator, you can make a forecast for the further course of the disease. A good viral load is good when the latter becomes indefinite for diagnostic tests.

Leukocytes in HIV infection is a mirror reflecting the course of the disease. An indicator of how many leukocytes with HIV infection in a patient is important for the forecast and timely prevention of complications.

Common blood test with HIV

HIV infection - the disease caused by the immunodeficiency virus. For pathology, the development of various secondary infections and all sorts of malignant neoplasms is characterized. These violations occur as a result of large-scale dysfunction of the immune system. HIV infection can last from several months and even weeks to dozen years. The disease takes the form of AIDS - immediately acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Father outcome in the absence of AIDS therapy occurs within 1-5 years.

The disease at different stages is diagnosed with several studies:

• screening test - detection of antibodies to a virus in the blood of a patient using an enzyme immunoassay;
• polymerase chain reaction;
• analyzes for immune status;
• analyzes for viral load - this procedure is carried out with a positive screening test.

Common blood test with HIV

In addition, the immunodeficiency virus adversely affects the work of all organism systems. As a result, the development of the patient infections indicate, for example, the results of a clinical study of blood.

Attention! Clinical blood test does not allow to identify the presence of HIV or AIDS in a patient. Nevertheless, if a person has multiple deviations from the norm during diagnostics, it is recommended to undergo a survey for the presence of antibodies to the virus.

Features of the course of pathology

The human immunodeficiency virus is included in the family of retroviruses. Finding into the patient's body, he provokes the development of a slowly progressive disease of HIV infection, which gradually takes more severe and difficult to treat form-AIDS.

Attention! AIDS is a complex of diseases arising from people with positive HIV status. The pathological process develops as a result of violations in the work of the immune system.

After penetration into the body, the causative agent of infection is introduced into the vessels. At the same time, the virus is attached to blood cells responsible for the reactive function, that is, the work of immunity. Inside these uniform elements, HIV breeds and applies to all organs and human systems. Limphocytes suffer from the attack of the pathogen. That is why one of the characteristic signs of the disease is a long-lasting lymphadenitis and lymphadenopathy.

Penetration of the virus in the cage

Infectious agents over time are able to change its structure, which does not allow the patient immunity to identify the presence of a virus and destroy it. Gradually, the functioning of the immune system is increasingly oppressing, as a result of which a person loses the ability to defend against various infections and various pathological processes in the body. The patient develops various violations, there are complications of even the easiest diseases, for example, ORZ.

Attention! In the absence of secondary therapy, that is, opportunistic, diseases are able to lead to death in 8-10 years after the penetration of the virus into the human body. Correctly selected treatment can extend the life of the patient.

HIV infection pathways

Symptoms HIV

In the development of the patient's HIV infection, the following symptoms begin to disturb:

• rashes on skin, stomatitis, inflammation of epithelial shells;
• lymphadenitis, during the transition of HIV in AIDS, lymphadenopathy develops - the defeat of the majority of lymph nodes in the patient's body;
• nausea and vomiting;
• decline in appetite and weight, anorexia;
• malgy and Cefalgia;
• sore throat, angina;
• cough, shortness of breath;
• the appearance of plaque in the tongue and in the throat;
• chair disorders, tenesms - painful urges for defecation;
• increased sweating;
• reducing vision.

The first signals of the organism about HIV infection

Initially, the patient may have only one of the above symptoms. As the pathological process develops, the number of characteristic features of HIV infection is increasing.

Common blood test with HIV infection

In some cases, patients seek help from a specialist with complaints about frequent colds, weakness and drowsiness, general deterioration of well-being, etc. In this case, the doctor appoints various studies, including a general blood test. The identification of significant deviations from the norm at the same time is a reason for the compulsory screening test for HIV.

Clinical blood test

Common or clinical blood test is a diagnostic procedure performed in laboratory conditions. This study allows you to obtain information about various blood indicators: the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets; The speed of sedimentation of erythrocytes, hemoglobin content, etc.

Why pass a clinical blood test

Clinical study of blood indicators (norm)

Attention! Clinical analysis is one of the most commonly used. It is appointed both to assess the general condition of the patient in a preventive examination, and to confirm or eliminate the preliminary diagnosis.

Clinical blood test

With this study, it is possible to identify a number of pathologies: diseases of bacterial, fungal and viral nature, inflammatory processes in the body of the patient, malignant tumors, anemia and other disorders in the functioning of blood formation organs, helminthoses, etc. When conducting a general study of blood, the specialist has the ability to obtain information on the following indicators:

1. Erythrocytes - red uniform blood elements. Their essential function is to transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide. An increased number of erythrocytes may indicate the formation of carcinoma, kidney polycysticity, Cushing's disease, etc. The lack of blood taurus is a sign of hyperhydration, pregnancy or anemia.

When making the diagnosis and appointment of further surveys, the doctor takes into account both the blood test indicators and the results of the physical examination of the patient, its complaints and anamnesis.

Blood indicators for HIV infection

Clinical analysis makes it possible to see the following changes in blood indicators at a HIV-infected person:

1. Leukocytosis is an increase in leukocyte levels in blood plasma. At the same time, the specialist draws attention not only to the indicator of the absolute number of leukocytes, but also to the ratio of all their species. Most often in people in HIV infection there are lymphocytosis. This pathology, in which the content of lymphocytes in peripheral blood flow increases. Such a violation is celebrated in patients in the early stages of infection. Generating more white blood cells, the body is trying to stop the spread of the virus on various systems. Leukocytosis may also testify to the development of various infectious and inflammatory processes. To accurately establish the cause of this violation, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive examination.
2. Limphopal is a decrease in the level of lymphocytes in the patient's blood. In patients with HIV infection, the causative agent affects CD4 T cells - one of the types of lymphocytes. Limphopal can also develop as a result of reduced lymphocyte products due to the patient dysfunction of lymphatic nodes. If the virus spread throughout the body, then the patient has acute peasia. This state leads to the accelerated destruction of lymphocytes and their excretion into the respiratory tract.

How HIV affects the cells of the body

Blood composition with anemia

Attention! Diagnosis in the analyzes of the patient, atypical mononuclears - lymphocytes, which the patient's body produces to combat various viruses, including HIV infection can be revealed.

It is worth considering that these violations of blood indicators may indicate the presence of not only HIV infection, but also a number of other pathologies. Therefore, a clinical study of blood is not a specific method of identifying the immunodeficiency virus. For diagnosis, a specialist must assign additional analyzes.

How to prepare for analysis

Blood fence for clinical research is carried out mainly from 7 to 10 am. Before analysis of approximately 8 hours before the diagnosis, it is necessary to refuse food, eliminate coffee, tea and alcohol from the ration. It is permitted immediately before the study of drinking non-carbonated water. Excessive physical and mental loads are also capable of negatively affect the results of the study.

How to prepare for blood analysis

Attention! If you take any pharmacological preparations, you must report this to a specialist. Many medicines are able to influence blood indicators.

If the patient does not comply with the rules for preparing for the analysis, the results of the study may be unreliable. If the obtained indicators are deviated from the norm, the doctor prescribes a re-diagnosis.

General analysis gives an idea of \u200b\u200bvarious blood parameters. It does not allow to accurately identify HIV infection in humans. However, deviations in the indicators indicate the development of a patient of a pathological process in the body of a patient and are an indication for the specific analysis of the screening test for HIV.

With HIV leukocytes lowered

Leukocytes 5.34 thousand / μl 4..00

Monocytes 7.3% 3.0 - 11.0

Eosinophils 1.9% 1.0 - 5.0

Basophiles 0.6%< 1.0

EE (for Westergren) 2 mm / h< 15

It will be more precise))

And the dynamics was traced? Or is it the first of your common blood test?

Added (12.01.11, 22:39)

so, Va is normal, except lymphocytes and neutrophils. Tuberculosis, sorry, no?

Here, with the analyzes, the inficiousist sent to HIV, Gepa, Syphilis, and Other. Gugen came negative, syphilis and HIV should come. But the doctor began to intimidate me, they say bad tests for me, although from all the only 2 indicators go beyond values \u200b\u200band how I I understood not a lot.

Added (12.01.11, 22:41)

According to tuberculosis, everything is clean, recently did Flyukhu, the conclusion is healthy.

mowgli has enough spinners in the skin in order to stick in the skin to each red ps

And the teacher's old doctor.

mowgli has enough spinners in the skin in order to stick in the skin to each red ps

Leukocytes 5.34 thousand / μl 4..00

Neutrophils (total) 42.4 *% 48.0 - 78.0

Lymphocytes 47.8 *% 19.0 - 37.0

Monocytes 7.3% 3.0 - 11.0

Eosinophils 1.9% 1.0 - 5.0

Basophiles 0.6%< 1.0

EE (for Westergren) 2 mm / h< 15

There are no deviations, lymphocytes and neutrophils in terms of absolute values \u200b\u200b- within the normal range.

The hemoglobin level does not appear - they forgotten, probably, indicate.

Changes in clinical analysis of blood quite rarely carry any specific (i.e., characteristic only or mainly for this disease).

In HIV infection, there are no special changes in the wedge. Analysis.

Wait for the antibodies to HIV.

In general, we will seem to see

Old grandmothers in the leather vessel dispensary they are

Hemoglobin is normal, noble changes 15.7 \\ 13.2-17.3

The only thing that creatine is still slightly lowered 73 \\

Well, lowered not increased - worse when the opposite.

Infectiousist asks - a messy ties lead?

I-No, they say on youth once it was and it's difficult to have sex, they say a trial sunset.

Infectious player, well, they say, in your case, the risk is great, since sex without a condom is 100 percent of themselves that they will catch no HIV so sif or hepatitis.

And then came home, read, it dismisses himself a little with his words

January 2010 IP 24 VN

May 2016. IP 1130 VN N / 0

A decrease in the number of neutrophils in the blood is observed in viral infections (flu, cortex, rubella, chickenpox, hepatitis, HIV), malaria, toxoplasmosis. Less often causes drugs (cytostatic, anticonvulsant, painful drugs), radiation therapy, anaphylactic shock.

The increase in the number of lymphocytes is observed most often in viral infections (influenza, paragripp, adenoviral infection), tuberculosis, less often in brucellosis, typhoid title, with thyroid hyperfunction (hyperthyroidism). To a significant increase in lymphocytes (more than 10.0 x 109 / l) leads lympholoicosis - the tumor disease of the bone marrow, which is characterized by weakness, increase in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bleeding of mucous membranes, hemorrhage, bone soreness.

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Calculators

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Low leukocytes

Hello. With HIV I live for 6 years, it is recommended to start therapy, the number of CD cells. But the question in the other, I would like to know your opinion: for several years, the blood test shows the low number of leukocytes on average 2.5 (at a rate of 4.0), With angina and ORVI, the maximum increased to 3.4-3.7, there is also a slight decrease in platelets, and hemoglobin. Therapist says that blood drops due to the main disease, i.e. From HIV, an infectiousness of the same opinion. But how do they know my underlying disease, and suddenly it is some kind of bone marrow pathology. And therefore, I would like to know accurately to know the reason for such test indicators before I start therapy, because When taking ARVT, blood indicators may fall even more, but I really want to live. Do you make sense to pass additionally analyzes or bone marrow puncture from the sternum? And if so, please tell me what else to pass the tests. Thank you in advance for the answer!

What else suddenly? No need to be old. 200 cells - pronounced immunodeficiency, HIV devoured your leukocytes, he, you know, it always does. I want to live - start the ART immediately, it is impossible to postpone at all.

If leukocytes are lowered by an adult - what does it mean? What causes could be?

Frequent colds, exacerbation of chronic diseases, weakness and just poor well-being with a reduced number of leukocytes suggest that human immunity does not protect the body in full force, something affected the production of blood cells - defenders from foreign microorganisms.

What does it say about?

Reducing the number of leukocytes indicates a serious suppression of immunity and need to take urgent measures in order to avoid complications. After all, the reduced level of these blood cells always signals the pathological processes.

A failure can occur at the time of the production of leukocytes in the bone marrow, which has ceased to produce normal full-fledged white tales capable of protecting the body. But healthy leukocytes can die, trying to overcome the disease.

The body exhausted by the fight against influenza is not able to cope with diseases, the pathogens of which attack almost all the organs, precisely because the main part of leukocytes is destroyed in the "War" with a cunning virus, because they say that the flu itself is dangerous, and its complications are dangerous In the form of bronchitis, pneumonia, meningitis.

But not only the flu and its consequences are terrible for the body, the critical reduction of leukocytes kills in HIV infection, increasing the risk of AIDS development, during oncology, when leukocytes are destroyed by chemotherapy and any infection becomes deadly.

The irreparable damage can cause organisms and diets, starvation, excessive physical exertion in case of insufficient nutrition, when the bone marrow does not receive in sufficient amounts necessary for the production of white blood tauros.

It is impossible to leave this indicator and people of middle and older, in a timely manner, the treatment will help to support weakened immunity, will save from the development of dangerous diseases.

Causes of lowered leukocytes

Lakeing - Rather, the state of a person who warns about him threatening danger, is not called the disease.

After all, the deficit of white blood cells may arise for a variety of reasons, the task of doctors is to understand what the insufficient production of healthy cells of the bone marrow is connected.

1. Avitaminosis: the body lacks vitamin V.
2. Infections: Recently transferred or actively developing viral and bacterial diseases in the body serve as the cause of the death of a large number of blood cells.
3. Chronic diseases: arthritis, rheumatism, systemic autoimmune diseases (red lupus) often ruin a huge number of leukocytes.
4. Diseases of the spleen, liver: as a rule, a large number of leukocytes collapses for diseases of these organs.
5. Raduing disease: with radiation damage, irradiation bone marrow does not produce enough mature and healthy blood cells.
6. Oncological diseases: in metastases in the bone marrow, the defeat of its malignant tumors, the function of generating white blood cells is depressing, the body ceases to produce cells necessary for its protection.
7. HIV: Infection oppresses almost all the blood-forming functions of the body.

The reduced content of leukocytes can also talk about congenital pathologies, exhaustion, uncontrolled reception of medicines such as analgin, antibiotics.

Drug Agranulocytosis (Reducing the number of leukocytes) is often detected on or after chemotherapy, but it may appear after the course of treatment not by chemotherapeutic drugs.

A serious observation of blood condition requires treatment with some analgesics, sedative, anti-rapid, antihistamine agents, drugs, which include heavy metals, glucocorticoids, sulfanylomides.

More often, the decrease in leukocytes against the background of drug intake occurs in people older than middle age, and women among them are 30% more.

So the reasons for the reduction of leukocyte levels are quite a lot, it is important to determine in time what is happening to begin treatment. Especially dangerous leukopenia for pregnant women, in the normal number of which should observe an increased number of these cells.

The exacerbation of chronic liver diseases, kidneys, and even more so viral infections can adversely affect the baby, so the reason for the reason for not very good indicators should be sought with a double care.

Treatment of disease

The reduced content of leukocytes, which arose due to serious bone marrow lesions, severe infections, are trying to return to the norm only with the treatment of root causes.

Human immunity is powerless before their attacks. Vitamin therapy with folic acid, iron preparations turn out to be sufficiently effective to increase the indicators.

• Philgrantim, Lekukovax, leucogen are prescribed with critical exponents with patients with cancer, these drugs are administered intravenously to enhance the production of white blood cells.
• In virus lesion, immunostimulators are prescribed: comaon, immunol and others.
• Methyluracil of tablets are prescribed under radiation lesions, after chemotherapy, with a low level of white Taurus after inflammation and infections as a stimulator of growth of tissues and leukocyte formation.

Folk Medicine offers its treatment methods.

1. Decractions of the donon, rosehip, oats with a repeated daily reception help to restore heaver after severe diseases, support immunity.
2. Infusions of wormwood and chamomile have anti-inflammatory properties, so not only help return indicators to normal, but also help with inflammatory processes.
3. Beck-rolled kvass: the miraculous properties of this drink are actively used in our day. To increase the level of leukocytes with its help, you need to cut into any balloon with large beets, add 3 spoons of salt and honey, mix and cover with a towel or gauze. Three days, the mixture, which is obtained when the juice is isolated, you can drink, it is brown, strengthens the body and improves well-being. Kvass from beets are poured into the glass container and stored in the refrigerator.

Sometimes they advise to drink a drink that gets, mixing fresh beer with a fat sour cream: on 1 cup of liquid you need 3 spoons of sour cream or freshly sudden cream.

Drink daily for 7 days, during this time leukocytes rise to normal. But any of the means, drug or folk, it is permissible to apply only after consultation with physicians and a comprehensive survey.

Is it possible to learn about the presence of HIV infection in the body for blood test? As part of early diagnostics, the overall analysis of the blood in the presence of HIV allows you to detect the patient's blood virus before the period of the first symptoms of infection, i.e., until the moment when HIV significantly affects the immunity of the patient.

As a result of the study affects the further outcome of the events, as well as other questions within the topic will be covered in this review.

Blood research is the main test when dealing with blood infection, such as HIV

What does the overall blood test show when diagnosing HIV? Blood indicators in this case make it possible to conclude: if HIV has HIV, which caused a parable (if it is). In addition, with this form of research, it is possible to expect a source of infection (reason), to determine the viral load, as well as to evaluate the patient immunity.

In other words, a general blood test and a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have a direct relationship, the specific manifestations of which can show a true clinical picture, help put an accurate diagnosis.

Among the obvious advantages of a similar diagnostic measure:

• low cost of analysis;
• the efficiency of the research result;
• the indication of changes in biological material (the picture clearly changes - the changes indicate the presence of the disease);
• the ability to determine not only the fact of infection, but also the source of infection, which may have been indicated earlier;
• the study is carried out easily, does not cause additional inconvenience.

It is at the expense of these advantages that this type of study is the first measure to which the alend is diagnosed. Does the overall blood test identify viral particles with a high degree of accuracy? According to the general blood test, it is practically with 100% accuracy to determine, a man or healthy is sick, just what exactly does not say to us about this.

The doctor makes a decision on continuing research in the presence of deviations from the norm when analyzing blood

Thus, we are talking about one of the first and best ways to diagnose AIDS (HIV), which can be equally successfully applied in the case of young people, persons of the middle age group, elderly patients, pregnant women.

The main rules of procedure

Very often, the overall blood test is prescribed as a precautionary measure. Taking into account the likelihood of a long asymptomatic course of the disease at various stages, specialists are very often reinsured. Early diagnosis of HIV will not only confirm or refute the presence of a human immunodeficiency virus in the blood (will show whether the individual is sick), but also warns the progression of symptoms.

If the first analysis showed you have HIV infection, re-analyze to eliminate false options.

Regarding the general analysis of blood during the diagnosis of pathology, doctors have a number of tips.

1. If a person knows about his illness, in this case it is necessary to donate blood regularly - 1 time per quarter. To the same extent, they resort to the specialist to control the course of the course of the ailment: if something changes, correct the therapeutic course.
2. The urgent question is infected: if the patient is sick and the overall analysis of blood for HIV must be passed in combination with other studies, can biological material be taken from Vienna in all cases? Capillary and venous blood is different in composition, however, in the case of a general analysis, the assessment of both materials is possible. Therefore, blood from the vein can also be used for a general study.
3. To avoid any inaccuracies or inaccurate deviations in the results of the analysis, the fence of the material and the study of blood at various periods should be carried out at the same conditions (in one medical institution).
4. In the case of a general analysis, it can be checked both venous and capillary blood, so the procedure should be carried out in the morning.
5. Early morning - time when the main indicators change in the human body: the level of leukocytes, erythrocytes, etc. Therefore, it is better to resort to the procedure at the same time.
6. If a man or woman prefers to surrender blood from a finger, it is recommended to purchase a lanceset.

Attention! The overall blood test gives a dynamic picture of the parameters of biological material. It does not remnarimately determine the virus in the blood. However, deviations in the indicators may indicate the development of any diseases in the body of a patient who do not have anything in common with HIV. So leukocyte insufficiency itself does not indicate the presence of a virus in the blood. Therefore, it is resorted to the appointment of antiretroviral therapy only after additional research.

Features of the appointment of blood research on HIV

OCA The average person is drawn quite often. However, the purpose of the procedure in order to identify HIV is carried out only with certain provoking factors, which will be discussed below.

Since with the general analysis of blood for HIV, the virus particles can be identified until the first signs of the disease are manifested, to the same extent it is worth resorting in the presence of specific circumstances. We are talking about factors that in certain circumstances are likely to cause infection (unprotected sexual intercourse, contact with the biomaterial of the patient during bleeding, etc.).

Below, let's talk about what reason for passing the biochemical analysis of blood is really good and in what cases the clinical analysis of blood is mandatory.

When blood tests are prescribed

With a person's immunodeficiency virus in the patient's blood, the development of HIV infection may not produce itself for 10 years. And only under the following circumstances, you can identify infected people in characteristic changes in the blood.

1. Pass the overall blood test and determine the human HIV status before the upcoming surgical intervention. This is necessary to reduce the likelihood of complications due to possible deviations from regulatory indicators, platelets including.
2. A pregnant woman must donate analyzes on HIV infection, including OAK. Similarly resort due to the possibility of transferring the virus to the child vertical path: in the womb, in the process of childbirth, during breastfeeding.
3. After unprotected sex contact with a random sexual partner, you should also pass blood for analysis. This must be done, even if the signs of HIV, the potential patient in itself does not observe and the disease does not appear in any way.
4. It is quite explained by the desire of a person who has recently stuffed a tattoo or punching navel, to be measured for the presence of a human immunodeficiency virus.
5. The risk group also provides donors and employees of medical institutions that are regularly in contact with the biomaterial. In this case, it is necessary to hand over blood to identify the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

In a conventional laboratory, blood for research is taken from the finger. Is it possible to identify the virus with the overall analysis of venous blood? This question was indirectly given for this question: yes, both types of biological materials can be used for such purposes.

After determining the results of the study, the doctor decides whether the patient requires a number of additional surveys, during which not only the fact of the presence of HIV is determined, but also the degree of viral load, the cause of the ailment (if any).

HIV analysis techniques

In all cases described above, regardless of the results of general analysis, doctors recommend a couple of specific studies on HIV infection: IFA or immunoblot.

ELISA (enzyme immunoassay analysis) is an immunological response. The essence of the method consists in the addition of a specific antibody to biological material (most often in venous blood taken from Vienna). Then the level of formed complexes (reactions) of antigen antibody is determined. At the concentration of such complexes in the patient's blood, conclusions are made regarding the activity of a certain type of compounds in the material.

This diagnostic method allows not only to determine the content of viral particles in the human body, but also to estimate the state of the immune system of the latter.

If the result of the ELISA turned out to be positive, the patient needs to take blood on immunoblot - a more reliable examination method.

Immune blotting is a combination of immunoassimal analysis and electrophoresis. With the help of this method, antibodies are detected to certain antigens through the formulation of ELISA on nitrocellulose membranes. On the latter in the form of strips, specific proteins with gel electrophoresis are placed. In the case of detection of the antibody, a dark band is manifested to a specific antigen.

In addition to the overall blood test, there are specific analyzes for HIV infection

Can a general blood test show a picture of HIV characteristic of specific research? Obviously, no. HIV developing in human body is a consequence of the gradual destruction of immune cells of the organism and all organ systems. How many times it will take time to explicitly identify signs of illness and the disturbance of the patient for the state of their health is unknown.

One regularity is still present: after the end of the incubation period (when antibodies begin to produce antibodies in the body), the number of certain enzymes in the blood changes (some can be increased, others are lowered). Such "jumps" (decrease and increase) of leukocytes, red blood cells and other components can be observed when taking overall blood test.

Below in the table, we give the decryption of key indicators that become the base for further research and therapy.

Deciphering HIV Analysis

Usually, the blood test is not resorted directly to detect the pathogen, the study is carried out for the diagnosis of the general picture of the ailment, which the body of the infected has already managed to react in its own way.

Indicators

Below will be the "first symptoms" in the clinical analysis of the blood of the patient or we will decipher the results of the overall analysis of the blood infected.

View of cells	Explanation
Lymphocytes	At the initial stage of illness, the level of lymphocytes in the blood increases somewhat - the human body is actively fighting with an "enemy". With the progression of the disease and the complete damage to the immunity of the infected level of these cells in the blood decrease sharply and reaches almost the minimum mark. Such a phenomenon is called lymphopenia and with HIV infection concerns mainly T-lymphocyte fractions
Neutrophila	We are talking about white blood tales. Their activity increases dramatically at the time of the virus in the human body. This process is accompanied by phagocytosis, which over time leads to a reduction in the number of calorie. However, a decrease in the concentration of neutrophils in the blood cannot be called specific on HIV, since this may be observed in various types of other inflammatory ailments.
Mononucleara	Atypical cells relate to leukocyte species. In their structure, they are similar to lymphocytes, only have one core. These cells appear in the patient's biomaterial with a virus or bacteria in the body. Patient tests will be normal if mononuclears in the blood will be absent at all
Thrombocytes	These elements are responsible for blood clotting. In case of infection, the number of platelets in the blood of the patient is significantly reduced. This is usually manifested by bleeding (internal and outer), skin on the skin, hemorrhages on the mucous membrane
Erythrocytes	Assessment of the content of this indicator in human blood is not as specific to HIV. In the development of the ailment under consideration, the concentration of red blood cells is usually reduced. The reason for this becomes the effect of viral particles on the bone marrow, which is responsible for the process of blood building If, in the study of blood, an increased amount of erythrocytes is observed, it comes to immunodeficiency. There is a similar clinical picture in the case of lung diseases provoking HIV development. These ailments include: pneumonia, tuberculosis
Hemoglobin	Usually, an infected person has a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin, which indicates the development of anemia. Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein located on the surface of the erythrocytes. It is responsible for the transfer of oxygen to all organs. With a deficiency of cells in the blood of tissue and organ systems, they suffer from lack of oxygen. Manifies anemia dizziness, pallor of skin, increased fatigue

EE and HIV infection

The rate of sedimentation of red blood cells depends on the set of factors and various diseases, not only with HIV the rate of sedimentation increases

Under the ESO implies the rate of settlement of red blood cells. If the disease began to develop in the patient's body, this figure is significantly increased, i.e., with the beginning of the development of the infectious process, the erythrocytes are minimized faster. SE indicator is specific to AIDS, subject to the lack of other symptoms of infectious inflammatory ailments. The speed value increases due to increasing the viscosity of the biological material and the increased content of mercated erythrocytes in the blood.

As we can see, a general blood test is not able to reliably identify the provocateur of the ailment and determine the stage of development of infection. However, the described diagnostic method is a real assistant for physicians during the primary detection of viral particles in the patient's blood.

What values \u200b\u200bare considered normal

There are certain regulatory indicators for each of the types of cells. For clarity, we give them in the table below.

HIV indicators may be normal in a certain period of the disease

Changes in indicators of blood or other calves in the patient's biological material with a general blood test (as well as at biochemistry) may indicate other occupational processes in human system systems. For example, when taking samples in pregnant women, the cell content may be shifted in one direction or another due to the hormonal restructuring of the body of the future mother. Other reasons can also lead to such shifts. We are talking about such developing pathologies as pneumonia, tuberculosis, etc.

Where you can pass the blood test for HIV

You can donate blood test on HIV in a medical institution or in the center of AIDS. For citizens of the country, this procedure is carried out for free and confidentially. Also, an anonymous material is not excluded. In this case, the patient receives an individual number and does not report any information about himself.

If for any reason a person cannot appeal to the appropriate institution for passing a general blood test, he will have to find out where you can buy an express test for self-detection of the virus in the blood.

The procedure for HIV-infected or healthy patients in this case takes no more than half an hour. In addition, HIV analysis is made at home and does not require special training.

Such a test can be bought in any pharmacy of the city or order on the Internet - it will be sent by mail or deliver it to the house. In addition to the explicit advantages of this method of diagnosis (anonymity, speed, saving of funds), it is worth mentioning and the accuracy of the result is 99.6%. This is a pretty good indicator for diagnosis at home.

Conclusion

In the case of HIV infection, early diagnosis of the disease is extremely important. Common blood test is one of the ways to conduct it. Among the explicit advantages of the method: low cost, ease of carrying out, accuracy of the results. The UAC will not reveal the provocateur HIV in the blood (in contrast to specialized studies), but with a high degree of probability it determines that an infectious-inflammatory process develops in the patient's body. In the case of HIV, such a measure plays a key role in determining the correct tactics of therapy. If the analysis does not demonstrate any deviations, the study will help the patient to control the current state of health, configuring itself from unpleasant consequences.

Children are the most complex patients, they have not yet formed immunity, and HIV has already begun to destroy it. During the examination of children, extended diagnosis is required in different periods of life of a small patient.