Plants and animals of the natural zones of Australia. Natural zones of Australia

The characteristic feature of Australia is the originality of the organic world, which consists in large endemic species. At the same time, it should be noted that the wild vegetation of Australia did not give any plants that would have played a prominent role in agriculture. Among plants, the share of endemics reaches 75%. It is a casuarina with light-free filamentous branches, and herbal wood, and tree ferns, there are also many types of acacia, palm trees, various herbs and shrubs.

Australia is completely unthinkable without evergreen giants - eucalyptus, which are more than 300 species - from gigantic (up to 150 m height) to low-speed and shrub. Eucalyptus grow very quickly. At 20, one hectare of the eucalyptus forest can give up to 800 m3 of valuable wood. For comparison, no one of the well-known wood species can give such a quantity of wood and for 120 years. Despite the paradox - Eucalyptus grows on the most arid mainland, the most important property of this tree is his amazing ability to dry the soil, so the eucalyptus is called the "tree-pump". It is not surprising that under the eucalyptus, not the fact that the other tree does not meet, there they will not see the blade.

Among the animals, the share of endemics is even more - about 90%. This is a symbol of Australia Kangaroo, others' sampling: an extraordinarily pretty Summer Teddy bear - Koala, Wombat, Mole, Summer Wolf, etc. Such ancient animals are well known as primitive egg-adhesive mammals: WKONKOS and Echidna. Very many diverse birds: Ostrich Emeu, Paradise birds, Casual, Larochvost, Black Swans, Weed Chicters, Parrots, and others. Rich and Australian world of reptiles: especially many poisonous snakes and lizards.

On the mainland natural zones are distributed by concentric circles. In the center - the deserts and semi-deserts, they are surrounded by tropical forest-steppe - savanna and gentlemen. For the northern and northeastern parts, the mainland is characteristic wet and variable-wet forests. Different types of palm trees, laurels, ficuses and tree-like ferns, sent by Liana, grow here on red ferrollic soils. On the eastern slopes of the waterproof ridge are common eucalyptus forests. Above 1000 m, you can meet individual arrays of ancient coniferous species - araucarium.

AT Savannahordinary species - eucalyptus, acacia and casuarines on red-brown and red-brown soils. Kangaroo dwells here, Ostrich Emeu. In the eldest southwest shrub steppes are replaced by severe forests and shrubs, in the south-east - subtropical wet mixed forests with evergreen beats on red-yellow ferallotic soils.

In semi-deserts and deserts you can meet completely impassable thickets, consisting of severe prickly, thick intertwined shrubs (shrub forms of eucalyptus and acacia) - scrabs. In the western and central parts of the mainland, large areas occupy sandy desert - Big, Victoria, Simpson. They are characterized by long ridges engaged in places with high rigid cereals ("Cane Grass"). From animals there are giant kangaroo, harvesting, emu and Dingo dog, which is a wild pet. In the deserts, the soil cover is poorly developed, some of the special desert soils are formed, painted in red.

High resistance You can meet only in the Australian Alps, where the alpine-type meadows are replaced on the tops of the forest.

Due to the arid climate in Australia, plowed plots are much less than pastures. However, pasture loads in many areas of the mainland are so large and intense that they led to a noticeable change in its flora and fauna. A lot in Australia is brought from other continents of different types of trees, shrubs and herbs. Many brought animals (foxes, rats, rabbits) pushed out or strongly destroyed local animals. Almost every year Australian forests suffer from numerous fires.

Natural zone	Climate type	Features of climate	Vegetation	The soil	Animal world
T.jan.	T.july	The amount of precipitation
Constantly wet forests	Tropical wet continental and subtropical monsoon				Eucalyptus, palm trees, tree ferns, Pandanus, Flinders, Orchids, Araucaria.	Red-yellow ferry	koala , kuskus. , woody kangaroo, champion: Vombat, Padmellones, sampling tiger cats and dwarf poses.
Savanns, gentlemen and shrubs	Subscance Continental and Tropical Continental				Eucalyptus gentlemen, cereals, acacia, Kazaurines	Brown, red-brown and brown savannas	Summer, Echidna, Kangaroic Mice, Giant Kangaroo, Vombat, Summer Mole, Ostrich Emu.
Desert and semi-subsidy	Tropical continental				grass Mitchell, triodia, plexrad, Chenoborodnik	Deserted sandy and stony	Ostrich emu, sideways Lizard, snake, kangaroo, Dingo dog
Tighted evergreen forests and shrubs	Subtropical Mediterranean climate				Little types of eucalyptus, thickets of barbed acacia, Solyanka, Selitryanka, Swan	Brown

Lecture Added 07/03/2014 at 15:02:07

At the location of Natural Areas of Australia there is a pronounced latitudinal zone, which is disturbed by the eastern and western edges due to an increase in the amount of precipitation.

Savannah and forests correspond to the subcontoral climatic zone. Eucalyptus, acacia, throat with naked filamentous branches, bottle is grown on red ferrite and red-brown soil between herbs.

Wet and variable wet rain forests are widespread in the eastern belt in conditions of homogeneous moisture, where palm trees, ficus and ferns appear during eucalyptus.

In this area, Kangaroo live, the homes, the silent machines; On the shores of the reservoir a lot of birds.

Tropical deserts and semi-deserts are the largest area in the area. Tropical little meadows grow in the desert, there are bushes of dried shrubs from curved acacia, eucalyptus.

Such bushes are called shrubs. Pasture uses desert areas covered with solid grass with spinofax and shrubs. In the deserts there are big kangaroo, echo, many reptiles.

Subtropical forests in which Eucalyptus predominate, evergreen beech and others, grow in the south-east and southwestern part of the continent.

Topic: Natural Areas of Australia.

Goal: Formation of scientific worldview of students in the process of studying the natural zones of Australia and identifying their dependence on the climatic features of the mainland through the activation of mental and creative activities.

Tasks lesson:

Educational:

deepen the knowledge of the student on the features of the animal world of Australia, through interprecote control;
develop interest in learning: biology, geography, English;
improve the ability to establish links between natural components;
Explain the patterns of placement of natural zones.
develop the communicative abilities of students through the game.
Forming the ability to briefly outline the material under study in the form of a travel sheet.

Educational:

Rail confidence.
Easify respectful attitude to the opinion of others.
Development of a creative initiative when searching for the right decisions.

Developing:

Expand the horizon of students.
Develop the mental activity of students through the use of various types of partially search assignments.
Develop the ability to competently formulate their thoughts when answering the question.

Type of lesson:

Equipment:

physical map of Australia;
multimedia presentation and video to the lesson;
atlas of grade 7;
travel sheet "Natural zones of Australia".

Teacher's introductory word:

Hello guys! I am very pleased to see you all. Sit down please.

Today we have an unusual lesson, and a lesson of geography and English.

The appearance of Sherlock Holmes. Knock on the door.

Hello, I am the famous Sherlock Holmes Detective. The fact is that I made a bet with my friend Dr. Watsan.

We argued that I would find it in any part of the world. Dr. Watson flew away from England on a balloon. I have a letter in which Watson left me tips. I ask you to make travel with me and find Dr. Watson.

This is the smallest mainland on Earth, but, despite this, its size is impressive.

It is also the most dry mainland of the world.40% of its area occupy desert, although not ordinary. Through their prickly thickets need to be made with an ax.

It is sometimes called "mainland, on the contrary." Not all trees here give a shadow. Animals grown their cub in the bag. It is mainland secrets and surprises.

Geography teacher: As I understood, we have the famous Sherlock Holmes detective. He speaks only in English. And in order to understand him, I need your help guys, since all you are learning English. I think we need help and teachers of the English language.

Eleanor Viktorovna, we need as an expert to help Sherlock Holmes, as well as check the correctness of the answers of the guys from the point of view of English.

English teacher: Of course, I will try to help you. And what happened?

Geography teacher: Guys, I studied English very long ago and I don't remember much.

Help me explain what the problem is from Sherlock Holmes.

Student: Marina Anatolyevna, the problem is that Sherlock Holmes made a bet with his friend Dr. Watson. They argued that Sherlock Holmes would find it in any part of the world. Dr. Watson flew away from England on a balloon. Sherlock Holmes has a letter from Watson. He asks us to help him find his friend.

Driving a letter from Dr. Watson.

English teacher: Now we will try to analyze the information and create a portrait of this country.

In the course of our journey, we will lead a track list (it lies with you on the tables)

Sherlock Holmes: I think this is Australia, but I still doubt Dr. Watson sent me these numbers in his letter. It may be code.

1 group

km2 - The area of \u200b\u200bthe mainland

2.2 — Washed by two oceans

3.2228m. kosyushko High Point of Mainland

16m - The lowest point from the sea level (Oz. Air)

Geography teacher: Guys, let's help Sherlock Holmes to work with a card.

2 groups

The game "Do you know the card." Pupils are offered a map of Australia with unknown objects (presentation slides). It is necessary to determine what kind of objects.

Bay
Island
River
Peninsula
Desert
Lake

3 Group

In missed places insert words.

Mainland Australia from the Equator is in ________ hemisphere.

Almost in the middle it crosses ______ tropic. The northernmost point of the mainland is ________. From the south in the mainland deeply goes _______ bay. From the north - Bay _______. South of the continent is the island of ________, who used to be part of Australia. A mountain range of _________ is running around the east coast. Here is the highest vertex _________, the height of which reaches ________ meters.

The largest river Australia is __________, and the longest ________.

For Australia, drying rivers _______ are characteristic. Most salty and dried lakes. The largest is the lake ________. The state that occupies the whole mainland is called _______.

Geography teacher:The guys Sherlock said that there is a unique vegetable and animal world.

Let's make sure of it.

Using the atlas map (p. 29), let's, we define, through which natural zones our path will be in search of Dr. Watson.

Name the natural zones of the mainland:

wet and variable - wet forests;
savanna and gentlemen;
semi-deserts and deserts;
tighted evergreen forests and shrubs.

In mountainous areas there are areas of high resistance.

(Slide with a map of natural zones) We write them into our travel sheet.

What natural area takes the greatest area?

What do you think, why? (emphasize it)

Compare the map of natural zones and climatic cards. Set the main reason for changing natural zones.

(the main reason for changing natural zones: Change the number of precipitation). Write it down in the waypad.

We still have a long journey, let's break a little.

Fizkultminutka.

It is called "side of the horizon." I will call the geographical objects of Australia, if it is located on the northern part, then you will pull out if in the south - do the tilt forward, if in the West - turn to the left, and if in the east - turn right.

So, we start: m. South - East - Point, m. York, m. Snipa - Point, m. Byron.

We abandoned and now we can continue the journey.

Australia is the most amazing and unique mainland of the Earth. In the organic world, the mainland 75% of plant species and 95% of animal species are endemics.

Endemics - These are plants and animals living in limited areas of the Earth.

Let's get acquainted S. australia's plants, (Record them into the way leaf)

View video lesson about natural zones of Australia

Tree fern The most ancient plants on earth.

Sometimes they reach a height of up to 20 m. The tops of their trunks do not have branches and are crowned with groups of large leaves.

Eucalyptus - distinguish many of their species. Many of the height of 100 m.

Their roots leave 30 m to the ground. Absorb a lot of moisture. They have solid wood, the leaves are rich in essential oils.

Bottle tree - The trunk at the base is fat narrowed up.

He has a dense bark, sets a lot of moisture. A crowned crown consisting of narrow leaves 8 cm long.

Casuarina - A strange view of a tree with thin falling shoots without leaves.

It seems to be reminded by a hand. It has very dense wood, so it is called "iron tree".

In a letter, Dr. Watson had very incomprehensible photos.

We think this joke. Under the image stood a mammal signature, but in the nest we see eggs and a ridiculous body, connected of three animals.

Now let's look at animal world mainland, (write them down in the way leaf)

There are primitive mammals here:

Echidna: It is reminded of hedgehog, the body is covered with needles.

Leads a nightlife. It feeds on ants, termites, worms. The female annually postpones one egg and drives it in the bag. Cubs, hatching out of the egg, is very long in the bag and feeds on maternal milk.

Platypuslooks like a bold puppy. Between the fingers of the paws - the membrane, on the head duck beak. The tail is like a beaver, front paws of a barzuccus.

The male has spurs on the hind legs that poison poison. Leads a nightlife, food finds in water. Just like the echidon, the cub is born out of the egg and faded with maternal milk.

A large group of animals is about 125 kinds of compliant. These include:

Kangaroo - Curious with the original body of the body are able to perform unusually high and long jumps. Their growth of 23 cm to 2 m. Weighing up to 20 kg. Cubs are born a very small magnitude with walnut.

Long live in a bag, feeding by maternal milk.

In the thickets of eucalyptus are found koala. Their growth on average is up to 50 cm, weight up to 10 kg.

Very lazy. Sit on eucalyptus and eat their leaves. There are many moisture in the leaves, so you don't need to drink to the coal. Young, like all the silent animals, shelters in a bag of 7-8 months.

Then he is chosen from the bag and sits on the back of the mother. Only from year of the cubs become independent.

Wild dog Dingo. In its appearance, this is a cross between a wolf and a dog. Leads mainly a night lifestyle. Numerous scenarial, reptiles and birds serve as numerous silent pins. Many scientists believe that Dingo contemporary of an ancient man on continent - more than 6 thousand has already lived in Australia.

years ago.

Ostrich Emu - A large running bird, weighing up to 50 kg. Feed on plant seeds and small animals. It can rush on its long legs at a speed of 50 km / h.

Bird Larohvost. - You can only see it in Australia. Feathers of this bird appreciate the most expensive, so many lovers have appeared.

Casual - Lucky birds with long strong legs and powerful sharp claws, which, if necessary, they are protected.

Duck Bill (Platypus) -Tonosos

Koala - Koala

Kangaroo- Kangaru

Dingo (Wild Dog) - Dingo

Echidna- Echidna

Wombat-Vombat

EMY - Ostrich Emu.

Geography teacher:You guys have envelopes on the tables, in which there are photos of representatives of the plant and animal world of Australia, your task is to distribute them in the natural zones of the mainland.

catalogue of articles

1 Group: Desert

Group 2: Savanns and Raddaretia

3 Group: Monsoon and subequatorial forests, wet tropical evergreen forests

Execution with one student task using an interactive module on a computer

http://learningapps.org/index.php?page\u003d4&s\u003d&category\u003d6.

Australians love their unique flora and fauna very much and therefore perpetuate them on government symbols and monetary signs.

(Slide: The emblem of the Australian Union with the image of the Kangaroo and Ostrich EMU).

On the coins of 5 cents depicts the echidna, 10 cents - a bird - a liohvost, 20 cents - WKONKOS.

To preserve representatives of unique fauna Australians

established a ban on the export of animals;
established a ban on the maintenance in captivity;
restriction or a complete ban of hunting for some animal species.

On this, our journey approached the end, and we return home.

Let's remember that we learned today.

Assignment tasks:

"Find too much":

A) Kangaroo, Koala, Vombat, Elephant.

B) Eucalyptus, Acacia, Baobab, Kazaurin.

2. "Classification of objects".Before you, the list of objects: tropical, savanna and gentlemen, darling, kangaroo, desert, subequatorial, murray, lyroid, subtropical, variable - wet forests.

choose from it

natural zones -

climatic belts -

3. "Find errors"

"Most of Australia is in an equatorial climatic belt, so a dry climate prevails. In the subequatorial forests among high grasses, together with other trees (palm trees, fakes), peculiar trees of baobabe with thick at the base with trunks are growing, sharply narrowing to the top. The largest river system of Australia is Darling with a major influx of Murray.

Temporary drying rivers on this mainland are called Wadi. The relief of Australia, like Africa, is relatively simple. Based on it is a folding, in the east, the mainland is the Australian platform.

The animal world is peculiar. It is inhabited by Echidna, the WLACKOS, which remove cubs from eggs. Frequently found hippopotamus, elephant, other large animals. Many complicated. "

4. Use the Australian animal description.

1. Losing a silent mammal, eating leaves eucalyptus ... _________________________________________

2. Summer rodent, the inhabitant of Australian savannas ... ________________________

3. Fighting bird, relative Emu, feeds on fruits and seeds of trees ... ___________________________________

Output: Thus, we met with the natural zones of Australia, with the peculiarities of the organic world of the mainland

Letter with errors

"Most of Australia is in an equatorial climatic belt, so a dry climate prevails.

In the subequatorial forests among high grasses, together with other trees (palm trees, fakes), peculiar trees of baobabe with thick at the base with trunks are growing, sharply narrowing to the top.

The largest river system of Australia is Darling with a major influx of Murray. Temporary drying rivers on this mainland are called Wadi. The relief of Australia, like Africa, is relatively simple. Based on it is a folding, in the east, the mainland is the Australian platform. The animal world is peculiar. It is inhabited by Echidna, the WLACKOS, which remove cubs from eggs. Frequently found hippopotamus, elephant, other large animals. Many complicated. "

Introduction

Australia is the only state in the world who occupies the whole continent. This is the most dry continent on Earth, one third of the entire territory is a desert. Length (from north to south) is approximately 3700 km, width - 4000 km.

In the east, the mainland is divided into a large waterproof ridge, which extends from the Eastern Coast, Cape York Peninsula (Cape York Peninsula) of Queensland to Melbourne, Victoria.

The highest point of Australia is Mount Kostyusko (Mount Kosciusko) with a height of 2229 meters, which is located next to the state border New South Wales and Victoria in the snow-covered alpine region of a large waterproof ridge.

To the west of the waterproof ridge lies, mainly flat terrain with several low mountain ridges, like Flinders (Flinders) in South Australia and MacDonell (MacDonnell) near Alice Springs. Australia is a relatively incomplete continent (only 18 million people). But paradoxically, the fact that Australia is one of the most urbanized countries of the world. Two thirds of the population live in administrative centers, states and on the coast.

§ 37. Australia: Natural Zones

Extensive central districts that have once been in almost complete isolation, with which they managed to end due to radio and aviation, are almost not populated by people.

Australia is the largest island and the smallest continent on the planet.

On the main continent there is 5 states and 2 territories.

The sixth state, Tasmania, is located 200 km south of Victoria, and is separated from the Bass Strait Strait (Bass Strait).

Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island are located in the east (Lord Howe Island), as well as the Antarctic plot around Mosoon Station (Mawson).

This is the most dry continent on Earth, one third of the entire territory is a desert. Length (from north to south) is approximately 3700 km, width - 4000 km.

In the east, the mainland is divided into a large waterproof ridge, which extends from the Eastern Coast, Cape York Peninsula (Cape York Peninsula) of Queensland to Melbourne, Victoria. The highest point of Australia is Mount Kostyusko (Mount Kosciusko) with a height of 2229 meters, which is located next to the state border New South Wales and Victoria in the snow-covered alpine region of a large waterproof ridge.

To the west of the waterproof ridge lies, mainly flat terrain with several low mountain ridges, like Flinders (Flinders) in South Australia and MacDonell (MacDonnell) near Alice Springs.

The center of the continent is mainly the unclosed desert. About 80% of the total population of Australia lives on the east coast or along the coastline.

The extensive system of rivers nourishes its waters for hundreds of kilometers to fill salt lakes located in the north of South Australia. These lakes often dry out for a long time: the largest of them, Lake Ire (Lake Eyre), 9475 square meters.

km, filled in 1994 for the first time in the previous decade. Water from these lakes, besides the one that evaporates, nourishes the Central Australian Artesian Basin (Central Australian Artesian Basin), a huge natural underground aquifer. This water gives life a variety of sources in the most distant areas of the desert (these sources for centuries allow you to survive a person in the most "dead" areas of the desert); The same system provides water to Alice Spring.

An object Course work - Mainland Australia.

goal Course work to consider the natural complexes of Australia.
Based on the target, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

give overall reduction of natural complex;
consider the features of the geographical position of Australia;
consider the geological development and the modern composition of the specific natural components of the mainland.

I general reduction of natural complex

1.1 Natural complexes

Natural complex is a territory, homogeneous by origin, the history of geological development and the modern composition of specific natural components.

It has a single geological foundation, the same type and amount of surface and groundwater, homogeneous soil and vegetation cover and a single biocenosis (combination of microorganisms and characteristic animals). In the natural complex of the same type also interaction and metabolism between the components components.

The interaction of components and leads to the formation of specific natural complexes.

The level of interaction of components in the composition of the natural complex is determined primarily by the amount and rhythms of solar energy (solar radiation).

Knowing the quantitative expression of the energy potential of the natural complex and its rhythm, modern geographers can determine the annual performance of its natural resources and the optimal duration of their renewability.

This allows us to objectively predict the use of natural resources of natural territorial complexes (PTK) in the interests of man's economic activity.

Currently, most of the natural complexes of land in one degree or another is changed by a person, or even re-created on a natural basis.

For example, oases in the desert, reservoirs, plantations of crops. Such natural complexes are named anthropogenic. In its proposal, anthropogenic complexes can be industrial, agricultural, urban, etc. According to the degree of changing human economic activity - compared with the initial natural state, they are divided into weakly modified, modified and highly modified.

Natural complexes can be of different sizes - a different rank, as scientists say.

The largest natural complex is the geographical shell of the Earth. The continents and oceans are natural complexes of the next rank.

Inside the mainland, physico-geographical countries are highlighted - natural complexes of the third level. Such, for example, like Eastern European Plain, Ural Mountains, Amazonian Lowland, Sugar Desert and others. Examples of natural complexes can serve and all well-known natural zones: Tundra, Taiga, Lessess Forest Belt, Steppe, Desert, etc.

The smallest natural complexes (terrain, tract, fauna) occupy limited territories. These are hilly ridges, individual hills, their slopes; Or the lowland valley of the river and its separate sites: the river, the floodplain, the insertion terraces. Interestingly, the smaller the size of the natural complex, the more unity of its natural conditions.

However, the natural complexes of significant sizes remain uniformity of natural components and basic physical and geographic processes. Thus, the nature of Australia is not at all like the nature of North America, the Amazonian lowland is noticeably different from the Andes adjacent from the West, the doodles (deserts of a moderate belt) an experimental geographer does not confuse with sugar (tropical belt desert), etc.

Thus, the entire geographical shell of our planet consists of a complex mosaic of natural complexes of different rank.

Natural complexes formed on land are now called natural-territorial (PTK); Formed in the ocean and other reservoir (in the lake, river) - natural aqualical (pack); Natural and anthropogenic landscapes (fell) are created by the economic activity of a person on a natural basis.

1.2 Geographic Shell - the largest
Natural complex

The geographical envelope is a continuous and holistic sheath of the Earth, which includes in a vertical section the upper part of the earth's crust (lithosphere), the lower atmosphere, the entire hydrosphere and the entire biosphere of our planet.

What unites, at first glance, the heterogeneous components of the natural environment in a single material system? It is within the geographical shell that a continuous exchange of substance and energy occurs, complex interaction between the specified component shells of the Earth.

The boundaries of the geographic shell are still not clearly defined. For the upper border, scientists usually take the ozone screen in the atmosphere, beyond which life does not come out on our planet. The lower boundary is most often carried out in a lithosphere at depths of no more than 1000 m.

This is the upper part of the earth's crust, which is formed under strong joint impact of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and living organisms. The whole thickness of the world's ocean is inhabitable, therefore, if we talk about the lower border of the geographic shell in the ocean, it should be carried out according to the oceanic day. In general, the geographical shell of our planet has a total capacity of about 30 km.

As we see, the geographical envelope in volume and geographically coincides with the spread of living organisms on Earth.

However, there is still no single point of view regarding the balance between the biosphere and the geographical shell. Some scientists believe that the concepts of "geographic shell" and "biosphere" are very close, even identical, and the indicated terms are syntonym. Other researchers consider the biosphere only as a certain step in the development of the geographic shell. In this case, in the history of the development of the geographic shell, three stages are distinguished: prodependent, biogenic and anthropogenic (modern).

The biosphere, according to this point of view, comprises a biogenic stage of the development of our planet. According to the third, the terms "geographic shell" and "biosphere" are not identical, as they reflect different qualitative essence. The concept of "biosphere" focuses on the active and determining role of a living agent in the development of the geographic shell.

What point of view to give preference?

It should be borne in mind that a number of specific features are characteristic of the geographic shell. It is characterized primarily by a large variety of real composition and types of energy characteristic of all component shells - lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Through the general (global) cyphans of the substance and energy, they are combined into a holistic material system.

To know the laws of the development of this unified system - one of the most important tasks of modern geographic science.
Thus, the integrity of the geographic shell is the most important pattern, the knowledge of which is based on the theory and practice of modern rational environmental management.

Accounting for this pattern allows you to anticipate possible changes in the nature of the Earth (a change in one of the components of the geographic shell will necessarily cause a change in other); give a geographical forecast of possible results of human impact on nature; Implement the geographical examination of various projects related to the economic use of certain territories.

The geographical shell is inherent in the other characteristic pattern - the rhythm of development, i.e.

repeatability in the time of certain phenomena. In the nature of the Earth, the rhythms of different duration - daily and annual, intravenous and over-old rhythms are revealed. The daily rhythmic, as is known, is due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis. The daily rhythm is manifested in changes in temperature, pressure and humidity, cloudiness, wind power; In the phenomena of tides and ties in the seas and oceans, the circulation of breezes, photosynthesis processes in plants, daily biorhythms of animals and humans.

Annual rhythm - the result of the movement of the Earth in orbit around the Sun.

This is a change of seasons, changes in the intensity of the soil formation and the destruction of rocks, seasonal features in the development of vegetation and human economic activities. Interestingly, different landscapes of the planet have different daily and annual rhythm. So, the annual rhythm is best expressed in moderate latitudes and is very weak - in the equatorial belt.

1.3 Natural zones of the globe, their brief description

Great Russian scientist V.V.

Dokuchaev, at the end of the last century, substantiated the general stabilization law of geographic zonality - a natural change in the components of nature and natural complexes when driving from the equator to the poles. The zonality is due primarily to a different (latitudinal) distribution over the surface of solar energy (radiation) associated with the shag-like form of our planet, as well as different amounts of precipitation.

Depending on the latitudinal ratio of heat and moisture, the processes of weathering and exogenous relief processes are subject to geographic zonality. Zonal climate, sushi and ocean surface water, soil cover, vegetation and animal world.

The largest zonal departments of the geographic shell are geographical belts.

They are stretched, as a rule, in the latitudinal direction and, in essence, coincide with climatic belts. Geographical belts differ from each other by temperature characteristics, as well as the common features of the atmosphere circulation. The following geographic belts are distinguished on land:

equatorial - common for the Northern and South Hemispheres;
subequatorial, tropical, subtropical and moderate -

the subnutrctic and Antarctic belt is in the southern hemisphere.

Similar to the names of the belt are revealed in the World Ocean.

The explanation (zonality) in the ocean is reflected in the change from the equator to the poles of the properties of surface water (temperature, salinity, transparency, intensity of excitement and other), as well as in changing the composition of flora and fauna.

Inside geographical belts, natural zones are highlighted in the ratio of heat and moisture. The names of the zones are given to the prevailing type of vegetation.

For example, in the subarctic belt it is the tundra and forest tundra zones; In moderate - forest zones (taiga, mixed coniferous and broad-sized forests), forest-steppe zones and steppes, semi-deserts and deserts.

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Continental Australia: Natural Territories and their brief description

Emus is the largest bird of the Australian continent. It has undeveloped, very small, compressed wings close to the body. Given the scale, the Australian ostrich is a little worse than the African colleague. Emu is an excellent sprinter that works fast enough. Unlike the African loop, this bird flies perfectly, and he likes to do it for fun.

In the Environment, Eme is the islands of Tasmania and Australia.

However, now the bird is grown in China, Peru, North America and other countries that go beyond the natural habitat of a large scale, although not so common.

Scientists have found that the earlier living space of these knives was much wider - from modern Egypt to Morocco, as well as from ancient Persia and Mesopotamia through the Middle East to South Africa.

habitat

These birds are actively deposited on dry and open biotopes.

Such in Australia is herbal sabers and shrubs. On a strange periphery, you can also observe nails, but they do not penetrate deep into the sand. They lead a rather calm life, for example, in the west of the continent, regular seasonal movement: in the winter they are approaching south, and in the summer - to the north.

What nourishes, natural enemies

Fruit, seeds and roots of plants, the smallest animals are used as food nutrition.

lizards;
beetles;
ants;
caterpillars;
keel.

Food for birds comes from vegetable stems and from the soil.

Emu is well tolerated drought, although it is very convenient to absorb moisture from the puddles at the right moment and try to attend small reservoirs.

Dust baths, in contrast to the water, nightmares do not like EMU.

There are no federal night sleep in these birds, but shorter.

The life expectancy of individuals ranges from ten to twenty years - if they do not die because of the persecution of hawks, Orlov and Dingo.

Danger for people

This bird is great for people.

In addition, Omus Emus is very friendly if they feel good about themselves. They quickly adapt to the owners and become very hidden.

Ecology is a widespread concept and an integral part of the planet as a whole and its parts separately. Ecology includes such a factor as environmental problems that are slow disrupts of the planet. Our planet is divided into two hemispheres, and at different continents that have different conditions.

Green Continent - Green Policy

Australia is both one of the continents with a sufficiently specific environment, climatic conditions, nature and unique animal and plants.

However, this uniqueness and uniqueness can be easily lost due to serious and very dangerous ecological news from Australia: increasingly active human intervention into the life of a green continent is destructive on the flora and the Fauna of the mainland country.

The ecological problems of Australia is, without exaggeration, the problems of the entire population of the planet. This continent is very rich in resources, such as precious metals.

Naturally, it is support for the Australian economy, and people get them tirelessly. Thus, when mining, the land is depleted, the subsoil cannot restore these resources. In addition, there is a strongest destruction of the soil during excavations.

In order to find ways to solve the environmental problems of Australia, it is necessary to call their main causes.

The main environmental problems of Australia can be attributed:

soil erosion;
exhausting land stocks.

Maintaining an economic situation, producing coal, iron, expensive metals, people do not realize that they are slowly killed and destroy the land, mistakenly believing that it is not exhaust.

This problem could be corrected if people in pursuit of money and benefits, however, realized that it would be necessary to give some time that resources could recover, for example, as a population of fish, increases in rivers and lakes by reproduction.

Therefore, catching it does not bring tremendous damage to the continent. Instead, the miners take fossils so quickly, completely devastating these golden veins without longing the time healing.

By the way, forest and water resources are renewable.

But if they are consumed, exceeding all possible measures, they can disappear. This, actually begins to occur. People do not know the measures. They enjoy natural gifts, as if these are their property and they do not live more on this planet. And between the case, it is already suffocating from the exhaustion of resources.

It is noted that the natural resources of the Australian continent are also used intensively, as is the mining of coal, iron and other minerals.

Due to its compactness, Australia is very easy to analyze from the point of view of expensive minerals, the economy, the dynamics of natural resources.

This is because the Australian system is not so large and complex as the structures of other countries. In addition, the population of the continent does not differ in its numerous.

However, due to its uniqueness, Australia is more noticeable and vulnerable, along with Iceland, from the point of view of ecology.

Australia is striving for many due to the high standard of living, well-educated cultural people. Unfortunately, this section of the planet threaten the problems characteristic of poor plots of land. For example, the lack of water resources required for life.

After all, this is due precisely by human life. And this threat is the crown of not only developed Australia, but also other rich countries that "live on the whole coil", diluating their resources as if this trouble, never threatened to humanity.

As if in the media in the news on the ecology of Australia constantly do not shout about deaths of people and animals from drought. And the lack of water is not all!

Human civilized livelihood destroys the land and sues the soil to such an extent that they can no longer grow juicy long green plants, processing carbon dioxide into oxygen so that we can breathe fresh and clean air.

About this Australians should think at least because the larger area of \u200b\u200bthe continent occupies a dry desert.

The consequence of such climatic conditions for which this desert affects its low soil fertility.

Australia: Natural Zones

They are not saturated with a large number of nutrients. It is because of this soil country bring a large number of problems and are one of the reasons for the environmental problems of Australia and Oceania as a whole.

This can be explained by the fact that Australia is a very ancient continent, its soil corresponds to its antiquity. Over time, it could have happened so that together with the rains all nutrients could simply be washed with water.

Unfortunately, this factor is practically not subject to restore for many reasons, but it becomes a consequence of many other problems, for example, the exhaustion of almost all natural resources. This led to both economic and agricultural issues in the country.

Of course, the planet is divided into many small parts, but it will not be stupid that environmental problems in one earth hemisphere will not touch the other.

After all, everything in life is interconnected. Nature can give, but can select and cruelly punish. It should be remembered!

Despite the fact that Australia is the smallest continent on the planet, it surprises the variety of nature. The latitude of the area depends on the change in the balance of moisture and heat. This is manifested in the conditional division of the mainland in the territory with characteristic types of soils, animals and plants - natural zones of Australia.

Division of continent on natural complexes

Australia is divided into four belts that replace each other depending on the ratio of humidity and heat. A pronounced latitudinal zonality is due to the predominant flat relief, which only in the east goes into the mountainside.

The central position on the Australian continent covers the desert zone and semi-desert, located in a tropical belt. It is she who takes half of all Australian lands.

Table Natural Areas of Australia

*Natural zones*	*Climate type*	*Typical representatives of Flora*	*Typical representatives of fauna*
Constantly wet forests	tropical musonna	eucalyptus fern	tiger Cat
Evergreen Tighted Forests	Subtropical (Mediterranean)	little eucalyptus	ding Dingo diverse types of lizards and snakes
Savannah and edging	Sub-screen and tropical	kazuarian	ostrich Emu
Desert and semi-deserts	Tropical (continental)	grass and grass chernobogornik	snakes and lizards ostrich Emu

A characteristic feature of Australia is an amazing peculiarity of nature, which lies in a large number of endemic species, both among plants and among animals. Only on this continent can be found unusual representatives of flora and fauna, not found anywhere else in the world.

Features of natural complexes

In Australia, the most impressive is the desert zone and semi-desert - it takes the greatest territory and is located in a tropical belt.

For this natural complex, very poor precipitates are characterized, which are very quickly evaporated in a hot climate. It is not surprising that Australia is often referred to as the continent of the desert, because there are 5 large deserted territories here:

What did we know?

We learned what natural zone is dominant on the mainland - these are tropical deserts and semi-deserts. It is replaced by savannahs and a parel, which smoothly go to the area of \u200b\u200bevergreens and constantly wet forests. The characteristic feature of the nature of Australia is the presence of a large number of endemics among plants and animals.

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The presence of natural zones on the mainland and their placement directly depend on climatic belts. Based on the fact that Australia is considered the most arid continent, it becomes clear that there can be no longer a wide variety here. But in Australia, Australia has the extraordinary uniqueness of the plant and animal world.

Many deserts and few forests

In well traced zonality. This is due to the prevailing flat nature of the relief. Australian natural zones gradually replace each other in a meridional direction after changing the temperature and amount of precipitation.

Crossing the mainland is almost in the middle, and most of its territory is in a hot tropical climatic belt, which makes the climate arid. By the number of drop-down annual precipitation, Australia is among all the continents in the last place. Most of its territory during the year receives only 250 mm precipitation. In many areas of the continent, no rain drops for several years.

Australia, whose natural zones share the continent into three parts, in the east and west has several zones stretched along the coast, where the amount of precipitation is noticeably more. The mainland is in the first place in the relative area of \u200b\u200bthe desert areas and in the last place on the forest area. In addition, only 2% of forests of Australia has an industrial importance.

Features of natural zones

Located in a subequatorial climatic belt. Grass predominate in vegetation, among which acacia, eucalyptus, bottle trees grow.

In the east of the continent, in conditions of sufficient moisture, there are such natural zones of Australia as wet-neutropic forests. Among the palm trees, ficuses and tree ferns are inhabited by the behavings, kangaroo.

The natural zones of Australia differ from similar territories on other continents. For example, semi-deserts and occupy huge areas on the mainland - almost 44% of its territory. In the Australian deserts you can meet unusual thickets of dry barbed shrubs called scrubs. Plots of semi-deserts, crouched cereal plants and shrubs, are used as sheep pastures. There are large sandy deserts that differ from the deserts of other continents in that there are no oasis.

In the south-eastern part and in the south-west of the continent there are subtropical forests in which eucalyptus and evergreen beech are growing.

Originality of organic world

Flora Australia, thanks to long-term isolation from other continents, has a large number of endemics plants. Almost 75% of them can be seen only here and anywhere else. More than 600 types of eucalyptus, 490 types of acacia and 25 types of Kazaurins are found on the mainland.

Animal world is even more peculiar. Among the animals endemics make up almost 90%. Only in Australia can be found mammals, which in other continents disappeared a long time ago, for example, the echidna and water - ancient primitive animals.

Wet and variable-wet equatorial forest zone

The zone of wet and variable-wet equatorial forests is north of 20 ° C. sh. Thick tropical forests are typical for the entire Eastern region of the mainland. Here is characterized by a tropical monsoon climate.

In the equatorial forest zone, the soil cover is represented by red-yellow ferallot and red latice soils. In these soils, laurels, palm trees, ficuses, pandanuses, tree ferns are growing. The most common gigantic eucalyptus and palm trees.

Note 1.

Eucalyptus is a symbol of Australia, there are more than 300 species in the country. The trees of the Great Waterproof Ridge reach a huge height. Eucalyptus grows quickly and after 35 years can reach a height of 200-year oak. Sometimes the eucalyptus reach a height of 150 m. Trees have powerful roots, get moisture from the depths.

The lower tier is represented by orchids and ferns.

Figure 1. Eucalyptus forests of Australia. Author24 - Student Internet Exchange

Fauna is diverse. Many climbing animals: Koala (Summer Bear), Woody Kangaroo, Vombat, Tiger Cat. Along the rivers inhabit the clocks, black swans. A variety of ornithofauna: Casual, wavy parrots, lyroids, parrots, paradise birds. For Australia endemic weed chickens.

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South of 20º sh. There are evergreen tropical forests. They are characterized by yellow-beemen and reds, which are formed in a wet tropical climate. Evergreen trees (palm trees, ficuses, silver wood, Australian cedar) are wrapped with epiphyts and liaans. There are Australian Araucaria and Australian cedar.

In the southeastern regions of the continent and in the north of Tasmania Islands there are subtropical variable-wet forests. Soil Mountain brown forests. Southern beats, eucalyptus, agatis, gumcarpuses, araucaria grow on them.

The forests of moderate belt are only in the extreme south of Tasmania Island.

Zone of severe forests

The tight forests of the subtropical belt grow in the southwestern regions of Australia. Mediterranean climate. The soil is predominantly red and red-brown. Typical natural zone plants are low-spirited eucalyptus, Solyanka, cereals, acacia. Eucalyptus forests are common with XanToreree, scraps come to the center of the mainland.

In severe forests live: Dingo dog, Vombat, various types of snakes and lizards. This is the kingdom of the stems: a sample protein, a woody kangaroo, a short bear, a silent cunnant. Many birds: Paradise bird, lyroid, parrots Cockada, Kukabara, weed chickens. Giant Varan, Amethyst Python inhabit. In rivers there are narrow crocodiles.

Zone Savannan and Tropical Starts

Savanns and tropical parels occupy a large area on the continent and resemble parks. Savanns and gentlemen are covered by arc central lowland and plain carpenter.

Climate subequatorial and tropical. Savanns are open spaces having a grassy cover from Alang-Alanga, bearded, individual groves and trees (eucalyptus, casual, acacia, Baobab Gregory). Among the thick high herbs, acacia, eucalyptus, bottlepiece, casuarins are towering. It was the bottle tree that is a distinctive feature of Savannan Australia.

In Australia, the following types of savann are distinguished (depending on the degree of moisture):

wet (red soils);
typical (red-brown soils);
desertified (red-brown soils).

They replace each other in the subequatorial latitudes from the north to south, in tropical latitudes - in the East-Western direction, as moisture decreased.

Note 2.

Scrubs - thickets of prickly, severe, densely intertwined, often absolutely impassable evergreen xerophytic shrubs from acacia, eucalyptus, peace and legumes. Thickets reach a height of 1-2 meters. In the most arid areas, scrabes consists only of shrub eucalyptus. In more wet (tropical) areas, scrubs are common from certificate acacia.

Savannes are the main places in the seeding of wheat on the continent. Large areas are busy pastures.

In places where there are significant food reserves, Kangaroo live (gray, redhead, Wallaby, hare). Temple kangaroo can reach up to 3 m heights. A variety of animal world is small: an ant, wild dog Dingo, Echidna, Ostrich Ema, Vombat, Australian Drof, Kazaire, Wavy Parrots. Many termites.

Desert and semi-deserts

The deserts and semi-deserts occupy significant spaces of the inland areas of Australia (almost 50% of the entire territory of the continent). Tropical climate (continental).

The largest desert areas:

Desert Victoria. The largest desert of the continent is 424 thousand square meters. km.
Tans. It is characterized by a middle level of precipitation. Due to the strong heat, the sediments quickly evaporate. The desert is mined gold.
Sand desert. The second largest desert of the continent. Here is the National Park Aires-Rock.
Desert Simpson. The most arid desert of the continent. Famous with red sands.
Gibson desert. Soil cover is strongly weathered. Rich in iron.

In the conditions of a tropical continental climate on the West-Australian plateau, tropical semi-deserts and deserts dominate. Along the river rivers on sandy and stony semi-deserts, a parel of a casuarine stretched out. In the depressions of clay semi-deserts, saline species of eucalyptus and acacias grow, swans thickets. Characterized by the "pillows" of Cold Spinifex.

Common types of soil semi-deserts and deserts:

serous;
stony;
clay;
sand.

In the south of the continent in the subtropics of semi-desert and the desert occupy the lowland of Murrey Darling and the plain nullarbor. These territories are formed under the conditions of a subtropical continental climate on gray-brown and brown semi-desert soils. Wood-shrub vegetation is absent, against the background of rare dry cereals there are solvents and wormwood.

Animals are adapted to life in conditions of small amounts of moisture and high temperatures. Some ripped under the ground (Summer Tushkhanchchik, Supsome Mole, Kangarur Rat), others can overcome considerable distances (Dingo dog, Kangaroo).

On bulk sands grow fine cereals, a black furniture. Emu, poisonous snakes live here (especially numerous aspid snakes, Tiger Snake and Tipan), lizards, locusts.

Natural zones of Australia.

Objectives:

1. To know students with the peculiarities of the natural zone.

2. Show on the example of the natural zone the relationship of natural components.

3. Wear job skills with sources of geographic knowledge (atlas, cards)

4. Do not love for nature.

Equipment: Atlas, Maps: Physical Australia, Natural Zones Plant and Animal Map.

During the classes.

1. Argmoment:

One of the heroes of Jules Verne in the novel "Children of Captain Grant" described this mainland "... This region is the most curious on the globe! His emergence, plants, climate - all this surprised and will surprise ... the most fancy, the most illogical country of all, ever existed! "

There in the thickets traces of fearless birds,

There cats in food get snakes

Born animals from eggs,

And there the dogs do not know how

Trees themselves climb from the bark,

There rabbits are scary than flooding ...

(Usova).

I want to offer you to go to the correspondence day of Australia.

During which we learn what the organic world of this continent is distinguished from other continents, we will open something new and interesting for yourself. - Nature has created a huge reserve in Australia, where many animals have preserved close to the fact that they inhabited land in distant times. The organic world of Australia is peculiar and unique: 75% of plant species and 95% of animals in Australia are endemics. In Australia there are a short-term - 162 species. But there are no monkeys and hoofs, there are no plants with juicy fruits, there is not a single domesticated plant or an animal. In Australia, they live and do not meet anywhere else on Earth egg-owned and feeding organisms. Why ??

I am sure that the end of the lesson we can resolve this problem.

Theme Natural Areas of Australia

goal

Let's remember the definition of the natural zone?

(The natural zone is a large natural complex with a community of temperature conditions and moisturizing, soil, vegetation and animal world).

Well, we decided to travel ..

What does any journey begins?

With the study of the address of the mainland, where you want to go. Is not it? So tell about the geographical position of Australia?

When we go on a journey, we need to know the weather forecast, as we use the knowledge of the mainland climate, obtained in the previous lesson. You already know what climatic belts are Australia (students call them) and you can independently characterize each of these belts.

(Characteristic of climatic conditions).

Discover the atlases, and try to determine which natural zones can be located in a particular climate zone?

(In the course of work, they reveal causal relations between the climate and the placement of natural zones).

The teacher then asks to open the atlases and compare the maps: the climatic and natural zones of Australia.

As a result of comparison, students come to the conclusion that precipitation is primarily affected by the placement of natural zones. The boundaries of natural zones are almost completely coincide with the boundaries of the average annual amount of precipitation. This suggests that there is a close relationship between climatic regions and natural zones.

At the request of the teacher, list all the natural zones of Australia.

Apply the boundaries of natural zones on the contour card

See what we see a pattern: the location of natural zones in Australia is subject to the law of latitudency?

What natural zone takes a large area?

Check front.

The student at the request of the teacher sums up: "Tropical deserts and savanna are held most of the mainland; Within Australia, the change of natural zones is subject to the law of latitudinal explanation. "

Traveling in Australia begins. We will eat with you in different natural areas

We will fix your observations in our notebooks,

who will serve as onboard magazines.

Well what are you ready? Then way!

1. South of the South-East of Australia, which is located in the zone of severe evergreen forests and shrubs.

Before you are atlases, open them look, in which climatic belt is this zone, and what soils are common in it? (Data is written in the table).

Teacher's story

So, we found out that in the south-east of the mainland the most favorable climate and enough fertile soils that is why this area of \u200b\u200bthe mainland is most populated and mastered. Eucalyptus forests are dominated here, an everrodine beech is found in the extreme south. But most of these forests are reduced with the arrival of Europeans and now grow there: fruit trees, oaks, poplar, bread cereals and other species. Many forests died from fires that often happen here in dry periods. Animals are delivered here: rabbits, foxes, rats pushed or destroyed local species of animals. In general, Flora and the fauna of Australia are strongly changed by a person, especially in the most oblivious areas. The forests of Australia - the birthplace of green parrots, the number of which also decreased strongly after it became fashionable to have them in European homes.Student Eucalyptus

Viewing the movie.

Filling the table.

Rainy Tropical Forest Australia:

1. This forest is somewhat different from other forests. Trees with a height of 40-50 meters, they grow so close to each other that their foliage forms a dense canopy closing access to the sun rays. Therefore, herbal covers here are soothed here, and instead of him on the ground there is a thick layer of rotting leaves, branches, trees.

2. The creeping plants wrap the branches and trunks of trees, powerful Lians hang from them. Amazes an abundance of epiphytic, fern, orchids, lichens. The fallen trees would be shrouded in woolen cover. Humidity is very high.

3. Here we grow pine Kauri, Araucaria, Red Cedar, Clane, Australian Walnut, Eucalyptus, Casual. The most interesting tree here is Banyan. His seeds scatter the birds, and they shoot in the branches germinate and put the roots that gossy excavated their owner and stalk, occupying his place.

4. Here are also koalas. Koala is a remote relative of Vombata, even more far - Kangaroo and Oposatum: all of them are silent animals. Koalas do not drink at all, so the name of this animal is translated as non-drinking water. They feed on exclusively by the foliage of certain types of eucalyptus. Their life is mainly in suspended state, they are lazy enough and only occasionally descend to Earth. Koala is thick, warm and very wearing fur, because of which a huge number of individuals were exterminated, and now they are under the protection of the state.

Students in the course of the story fill the table

Teacher's story:

3. Imagine that the next natural zone Savannan and the edge of the bus will pass by bus, and I will spend the role of a guide and briefly tell about her. And at home you consider it in more detail using the atlas. You can close your eyes, sit comfortably and dream a little, relax while I tell you what we could see from the bus window.

Evergreen eucalyptuses play the main role in the gentlemen, in more dry places they are mixed with Acacia and Kazuarian. Trees are standing at a great distance from each other and therefore do not shade a thick green carpet from local herbs: "Blue Grass", "Mitchellic Grass", "Kangurova Grass", "Flinders Grass". The general view of Savannan changes the seasons. In a dry season, life is loaded here, the soil dries and cracks, the leaves are covered with dust, acquiring a deadly shade. And with the first rains, juicy grass and bright colors appear. A thick grass grows up to 1.5 meters and serves as nutritious animal feed. The main representative of the animal of the world Savannan and the eddy iskangaroo.

koala

4.. and now, finally we got to the most sultry and lifeless zone of Australia - the desert zones and semi-deserts. Alone, taking advantage of the text and atlas fill in the table ..

3/4 of the mainland square are deserted. What is it connected with? (Students associate it with a dry climate, find out how much precipitation falls within this zone). There are no deserts like Australian. Especially peculiar sandy deserts formed as a result of the destruction of an ancient burning mother breed. Therefore, they are red-brown the slopes and the peaks of the sandy varnishes onto the sternifex curtains - an ostroilt creek, somewhere there are spiny bushes of acacias, eucalyptus, Kazaarine. The surface of the same rocky deserts cover specific Australian types of swans and soyanoks, alternating with dense impassive thickets of shrubs -scrabami . (For a more inquisitive teacher, it records the name of scrabs from eucalyptus and acacia on the board). The vegetation of semi-deserts is somewhat richer: rigid turf cereals, wormwood and saltwood, solid thickets of shrub acacia and eucalyptus. Animal world deserts are poor. There are only there are poisonous snakes, a sideline lizard, insects, in semi-deserts inhabit various typeskangaroo , Ostrich Ema, wild Dingo dog, which significantly influenced the reduction of Kangaroo population, as well as a person.

6. Fastening the knowledge obtained in the lesson.

Teacher: And now I suggest you listen to the text and find mistakes in it.

Forests are located mainly onwest Australia, many species live in themmonkeys. that feed on the leaves of numerous eucalyptus andbread trees. Parrots live in the forests of Australia. A completely small area on the mainland is occupied by savannahs,semi-desert and desert. Among the solid thickets of shrubs slowly sneakkoala . The deserts seem not so lifeless, soas oases There are found at every step.

Test:

1. On the mainland, Australia live monkeys and unfortunate animals.

2. The koala is powered only by the leaves of eucalyptus.

3. Scraper - a forest consisting of tall trees.

4. Eucalyptus forests are light, as the leaves are turned to the sun by the rib.

5. Airplant mammals, waterproof and echidna.

6. The largest area in Australia is occupied by forests.

7. Dingo dog benefits agriculture.

8. Kangaroo is depicted on the state flag of Australia.

9. In Australia, many endemics.

10. Australia has long separated from other continents, its organic world has developed isolated.

Teacher's word:

Finishing our journey, please pay attention to how a person influenced and changed the nature of Australia. First of all, forest area is rapidly reduced. Secondly, 75% of the mainland territory is now exposed to desertification. Thirdly, some species of animals are completely exterminated, and others are on the verge of extinction. The plant world also suffered from economic activities and the introduction of a person into the wild nature of this unique part of the world. And despite all this, only about 2% of the land foundation of the country occupy protected areas. Until now, the efforts of the defenders of nature in this country are in a constant conflict with the interests of monopolies, and scientists of Australia express concerns that the nature of the continent can be sacrificed!

D. Z.Pragraf

Estimates

Natural zone	Climate type	Features of climate			Vegetation	The soil	Animal world
Natural zone	Climate type	Tyant.	Tyul	The amount of precipitation	Vegetation	The soil	Animal world
Constantly wet forests FILM	Tropical wet continental and subtropical monsoon			1000	Eucalyptus , palm trees, tree fern, Pandanus, Flinderscia, orchids, Araucaria.	Red-yellow ferry	koala, Kuskus, woody kangaroo, champion: Vombat, Padmellones, sampling tiger cats and dwarf poses.
Savanns, gentlemen and shrubs	Subscance Continental and Tropical Continental				Eucalyptus gentlemen, cereals, acacia, Kazaurina	Brown, red-brown and brown savannas	Summer, Echidna, Kangaroic Mice, Giantkangaroo , Vombat, Cormo Mole, Ostrich Emu.
Desert and semi-subsidy Self	Tropical continental				grass Mitchell, triodia, plexrad, Chenoborodnik	Deserted sandy and stony	Ostrich Emu, sideways lizard, snakes,kangaroo, Dingo Dog
Tighted evergreen forests and shrubs I + scientist	Subtropical Mediterranean climate				Little types of eucalyptus, thickets of barbed acacia, Solyanka, Selitryanka, Swan	Brown

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