Cloud dispersal - setting good weather. The principle of dispersal of clouds, consequences
Clouds over Moscow, if necessary, accelerate up to 12 aircraft of the Air Force (Air Force) of the Russian Federation, equipped with special equipment for influencing clouds. To carry out these works, together with the Agency for Atmospheric Technologies of Roshydromet, the best crews were selected on the An-12, An-26, An-28, An-32, Il-18 and Su-30 planes, who have experience in performing work on influencing clouds.
Their compartments contain systems that include "Dewar vessels" for transporting and spraying liquid nitrogen. On the outside, in the tail section, on some aircraft, special devices are installed, designed to shoot cartridges containing a silver compound.
The work is carried out from the Chkalovsky airfield and about 280 tons of environmentally friendly reagents are dumped in the vicinity of the capital.
The task of exposure operators is to get to the very center of the cloud so that the reagents absorb the maximum amount of moisture and thus provoke rain in the planned area. The clouds are being processed not over Moscow, but around it, within a radius of 300 kilometers. It turns out that a kind of "umbrella" appears over the capital. The efficiency of dispersing clouds is high, but still no one gives a 100% guarantee.
Roshydromet specialists and the military say that they use environmentally friendly substances: carbon dioxide and silver iodide. Cloudless weather in Moscow can last for two or three days after the "impact".
Dmitriy Pichugin - Russian AviaPhoto Team - Antonov An-26
Dmitriy Pichugin - Russian AviaPhoto Team - Antonov An-28
Teemu Tuuri - FAP - Antonov An-32A
Does everyone know about how the clouds are dispersed over Moscow?
We are accustomed to the fact that on the days of big holidays Moscow parades and festivities are not overshadowed bad weather... The technology of local weather improvement is well developed today, although the history of this direction goes back centuries.
Everything depends on the weather!
Any news includes weather forecast, too much depends on it. Our ancestors prayed for rain and tried to make the clouds rain down by ringing bells. With the advent of artillery, they began to shoot at the clouds carrying hail in order to save the harvest. But the success of these attempts was unpredictable: sometimes it worked, sometimes it didn't. Modern science learned to control the weather at least locally. Many are interested in the question of how the clouds are dispersed over Moscow and whether they actually do it? Is cloud dispersal possible anywhere else? Isn't it harmful? Does this not spoil the climate in the neighboring areas?
Ahead of the whole planet!
Russian researchers have learned to manage the weather better than others. Foreign countries only adopt domestic experience. The issue of weather control was closely tackled in the Soviet Union in the 40-50s of the last century. At first, the dispersal of the clouds was of a purely utilitarian nature: in the spirit of that time, they wanted to make the sky spill over agricultural land. The work was going well, and weather management was no longer a utopia. The accumulated knowledge came in handy later in the days of the Chernobyl disaster. The goal of the scientists was to save the Dnieper from radioactive contamination. The attempt was successful. If not for the efforts of scientists and the military, the size of the disaster would have been much larger.
How do the clouds disperse over Moscow today? In general, the same as 60 years ago.
Cloud dispersal technology.
The first step is to determine how far from the desired location the rain clouds are. Needed accurate forecast 48 hours before the estimated time, for example, before the parade. Then the composition and characteristics of the clouds are studied: each of them needs its own reagent. The meaning of the technology lies in the fact that a reagent is placed in the center of the cloud, on which moisture adheres. When the amount of concentrated moisture becomes critical, it starts to rain. The cloud spills before the place where the cloud was directed along the air currents.
The following substances are used as reagents: dry ice (carbon dioxide) in granules; iodide silver; a liquid nitrogen; cement.
How do the clouds disperse over Moscow?
For this, clouds are processed at a distance of 50 or 100 km from the place where rain is not needed. Dry ice is used for stratus clouds closest to the earth. This composition is poured onto clouds at an altitude of several thousand meters. Special navigation is applied, the processed clouds are marked so that there is no repeated exposure. Nimbostratus clouds, located above, get liquid nitrogen, or rather crystals of its soaring. Special large-capacity Dewars are installed on airplanes, and liquid nitrogen is sprayed over the cloud. This is how the clouds in Moscow are dispersed with the help of chemistry known to all.
Silver iodide is placed in special meteo cartridges and shot at high rain clouds. These dense clouds are composed of ice crystals, and their lifetime does not exceed 4 hours. The chemical structure of silver iodide is very similar to ice crystals. After falling into a rain cloud, condensation centers quickly form around it, and soon it will rain. At the same time, there may be a thunderstorm or even hail, such is the property of these clouds.
However, this is an incomplete answer to the question of how the clouds are dispersed over Moscow. Sometimes dry cement is also used. The cement package (standard paper bag) is hooked onto the hook. The exposure to the air flow gradually tears the paper apart and the cement is gradually blown out. It connects with water and drops fall to the ground. Cement is used to treat updrafts to stop cloud formation.
Is it harmful to disperse the clouds?
This issue is constantly discussed by residents of the regions bordering the Moscow region, especially the Smolensk region. The logic is simple: as the clouds disperse over Moscow on May 9, it rains endlessly. It would seem that the reagents can not bring much harm, these substances have been well studied for a long time. However, to disperse the clouds, up to 50 tons of reagents are used at a time. To date, there are no studies that could prove or disprove the harm caused to nature. Environmentalists argue that the chronology of precipitation is disrupted, and that's all.
Even lawsuits for moral damage have been recorded, but not a single claim has yet been satisfied. The discontent of the residents of the Moscow region can be explained very simply: they feel themselves to be unequal citizens. Residents of cities and towns surrounding Moscow are forced to spend more or less significant holidays with rain, even if no precipitation was predicted. At the same time, people recognize that the dispersal of clouds is simply necessary in the event of a threat to crops or housing, when a hurricane or hail is foreseen. A large number of residents reject how the clouds in Moscow are dispersed on holidays, because they have the same holiday completely ruined.
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Laboratory Before the start of active influence on the clouds from a special aircraft-meteorological laboratory, reconnaissance of the cloudiness is carried out. A measuring and computing complex is installed on board the aircraft, which receives and processes information from a variety of sensors.
Ice torch The photo shows a liquid nitrogen atomizer installed on an An-26 aircraft
General form fine ice particle generator
Shooting at the clouds In the photo - aircraft devices for shooting squibs with silver iodide. Structurally, this "weapon" is similar to installations for shooting false heat targets
Ice-forming aerosol generator GLA-105 - based on 105 mm fireworks
Based on standard launchers - single-barreled
Based on standard launchers - multi-barreled
More precisely, Bernard Vonnegut was just one of the American scientists working in this field. Another researcher, physicist Vincent Schaefer, experimented with an artificially created supercooled cloud (that is, consisting of suspended water at sub-zero temperatures, but not crystalline). To force the water to change the state of aggregation, he "blew" finely dispersed substances (salt, talc, dust) into the cloud, the particles of which could become centers of crystallization. But somehow they didn’t. Finally, Schaefer, deciding that the temperature in the chamber was not low enough, threw a piece of dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide CO2) and ... in the air saturated with moisture, a thick gray fog began to swirl, and then it began to snow. Water droplets crystallized spontaneously and precipitated out. Bernard Vonnegut also achieved an effect with a similar result, but a slightly different nature (we will talk about this later) - albeit with the help of not dry ice, but silver iodide (AgJ). These two laboratory experiments were carried out in 1946 (theoretical work was carried out both in the United States and in other countries since the beginning of the 20th century). On November 13 of that year, six pounds of dry ice was sprayed from an airplane over a cloud floating along the slopes of Mount Greylock in East Massachusetts. The cloud was waking up with snow. So the first step was taken in the field of active influence on atmospheric processes.
From Chernobyl to Venice
"The first practical work on the impact on the weather began in the USSR back in the 1960s, says Viktor Petrovich Korneev, director of the Autonomous Non-Profit Association (ANO) Agency for Atmospheric Technologies, and it has historically developed that technologies for artificially reducing precipitation have been developing most actively in our country. Back in the first half of the 1980s, an experimental production laboratory was created at the Moscow City Executive Committee, which, in particular, was instructed to reduce the amount of snow falling over the capital - the city leaders wanted to save money on cleaning and removal. In addition, on the days of parades and demonstrations on May 1, 9 and November 7, work was organized to improve the weather conditions. To do this, it was necessary to make sure that the clouds "intended" for Moscow would rain somewhere outside the ring road.
A special stage was the elimination of the consequences of the accident at Chernobyl nuclear power plant... Then the task was set to prevent the flushing of radioactive dust into the Dnieper and Pripyat, covering the soil in the disaster zone. With the help of special reagents, it was possible to bind the dust, protecting it from being scattered by the wind. But the torrents of rain were a serious danger. An-12 transport aircraft and even long-range Tu-95 bombers flying to Chernobyl from the Chkalovsky airfield were sent to fight the rain clouds.
In those days, big plans were made. For example, a project was being worked out to restore the water reserves of the Aral Sea by increasing the level of precipitation in the mountains, from where the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers that feed the dying sea originate. But with the collapse of the USSR, research work in this area has sharply decreased. True, as it turned out, Russian technologies turned out to be of great interest to some foreign partners. In the 1990s, work to increase precipitation was carried out in Syria, and in the last decade in Iran. Our experts also took part in the project of dispersing fog on key sections of the Venice-Trieste highway (Italy) and shared their experience with Chinese colleagues on the eve of the Beijing 2008 Olympics.
Fighting clouds and fogs from time to time has to be in Russia. In 1995-1997, the government of Yakutia became interested in the opportunity to increase the amount of precipitation. In a short but hot Siberian summer, this republic experienced a lack of moisture on pastures, which created problems for local livestock breeders. According to V.P. Korneev, the Moscow specialists who arrived in Yakutia were met by a representative of the regional authorities, an employee of the Institute of Northern Problems and a local shaman, who very thoughtfully outlined his own point of view on the water cycle in nature. However, the most famous and most demanded area of work of ANO "Atmospheric Technologies" and their colleagues from the Central Aerological Observatory is still what is popularly called "cloud dispersal" over large cities, and above all over Moscow.
Bringing up the cold
Almost all methods of influencing hydrometeorological processes are based on the use of the unstable state of the cloudy atmosphere. First of all, we are talking about the phase instability of cloudy water - this, as already mentioned, is the presence in clouds that are above the zero isotherm (this is the name of the height where the atmosphere "passes" through a temperature of 0 ° C), small droplets of moisture, which continues to remain liquid , despite the negative temperature (up to -40 ° C) of the ambient air. To cause precipitation, it is necessary to make this water crystallize.
This can be done in two ways: either to sharply cool the cloud by forcing droplets of supercooled moisture to spontaneous crystallization under the action of abrupt cooling (refrigerants are used for this), or to introduce crystallization centers into it.
The most popular refrigerants for many decades have been dry ice, with which Vincent Schaeffer experimented, and liquid nitrogen (N2). The evaporation temperature for solid carbon dioxide is -78 ° C, and for liquid nitrogen -169 ° C. With all its advantages, refrigerants have a number of disadvantages, therefore, a reagent with a different mechanism of action is sometimes used - silver iodide (AgJ). Crystals of this substance are practically isomorphic to ice crystals and perfectly fulfill the function of crystallization centers for water and steam. This effect was just discovered by Bernard Vonnegut, so that silver iodide can be considered a distant prototype of "ice-nine" from the novel "Cat's Cradle".
As soon as crystals appear in a supercooled cloud, they immediately "eat up" the surrounding vapor; the pressure around the surface of the crystal drops, which causes the liquid moisture in the cloud to evaporate; the vapor is again absorbed by the growing crystal, and so on. The heavy crystals are dragged downward by the force of the Earth's gravity. This method can also prevent the formation of large droplets of supercooled water, which sooner or later can turn into a large hail. In addition, the use of reagents that form crystals from a supercooled liquid can not only cause precipitation, but also ... delay them. If the cloud is "re-seated" with reagents, then due to the occurrence of too high concentration of nuclei of crystallization, sedimentation will be slowed down. So “good weather specialists” always have a choice: make the cloud rain before the wind blows it over the protected area, or, conversely, “overseed” it so that the rain will pass after the cloud is gone. As a rule, the second method is applied for frontal clouds.
Each type of reagent has its own dispersion technology, or "seeding". "Dry ice" granules with sizes ranging from 0.2 to 2 cm are obtained directly on board the aircraft by crushing industrial briquettes. This crumb of ice is scattered above the clouds using bunker or auger devices.
For crystallization of cloudy water with liquid nitrogen, liquid nitrogen aircraft generators of fine ice particles HMCHL-A are used. Under pressure, liquid nitrogen is supplied to a sprayer installed outside the aircraft and discharged into the atmosphere, creating there a "torch" of deeply cooled air with a temperature of -90 ° C. Water entering it instantly crystallizes.
For seeding clouds with silver iodide aerosol, squibs are used, which are fired off by special automatic devices.
Cemented sky
Back in the 1950s, at the dawn of Soviet experiments on actively influencing atmospheric processes, researchers faced a problem. Only a few minutes after the spraying of the reagents, the aircraft crew was already having difficulty identifying the processed cloud among many other similar ones. And without that, it was not easy to track the efficiency of the work and prevent re-seeding. The solution was found in one of the numerous kerosene shops at that time. There was bought blue - a powder widely used by housewives for easy tinting of bed linen during boiling and washing. It was assumed that if, together with the reagents, we spray blue over the cloud, then a bluish spot will appear on it, which will play the role of a label. However, when it came to practical experiments, it turned out that the clouds on which the blue was poured, after a while, simply disappeared, dissipated. The disappointment that arose at first was soon replaced by the joy of discovery. After all, as it turned out, was found new way impact on the atmosphere - dynamic.
It is mainly used to combat vertical cumulonimbus clouds (convective clouds). These clouds, growing upward with tall "towers", can be destroyed using the same energy of atmospheric instability, which caused their appearance. Simply put, the ascending air flow, as a result of which the convective cloud grows, must be opposed by the oncoming movement, which is capable of destroying this cloud. This movement can be created by dropping a coarse powder reagent with adsorbent properties. This can be, for example, salt or, which is most often used in domestic practice, cement. Swelling with moisture, the heavy powder will break through the cloud, carrying away the droplets of water. Cement spraying is used not only to combat convective clouds, but also to influence the so-called warm clouds below the zero isotherm. Crystallizing reagents are powerless against them - even liquid nitrogen, which has the highest temperature threshold of activity, can operate at a temperature of a cloudy environment no higher than -0.5 ° C.
The use of cement powder as a reagent raises concerns among the general public - should we all wear respirators when doing good weather? “For the respiratory organs, the spraying of cement does not pose any danger, since after the treatment of the clouds, the concentration of powder particles in the air, which is already supersaturated with aerosols, is negligible - only 1–2 particles per m3,” V.P. Korneev. And yet, this method cannot be recognized as 100% safe. The fact is that the powder reagent is dropped from the aircraft in the form of cardboard and foam containers measuring 26 x 26 x 38 cm and weighing 25-30 kg. The container provides for automatic forced opening, after which it breaks up into fragments that are safe for people and buildings. However, on June 12, 2008, when, on the occasion of the Day of Russia, measures were taken to ensure sunny weather in Moscow, an unopened container with cement broke through the roof of a private house in the Narofominsk district of the Moscow region. Fortunately, no one died, but everyone had to make sure once again that there is no reliable technology.
Nice, sunny weather in last years certainly accompanies all major capital holidays. Now the weather can be "ordered". Clouds easily disperse and unfavorable weather conditions do not spoil the holiday. Today, on May 8, aviation began to form the weather over Moscow: At the Ramenskoye and Chkalovsky airfields near Moscow, specialists of the Russian Air Force and the Agency for Atmospheric Technologies of Roshydromet began loading aircraft with reagents.
The first attempts to make good weather were made back in the Soviet Union, and today the Russian cloud dispersal service is considered the best in the world. Other countries are only adopting our experience so far.
The method of creating favorable weather conditions has been widely used since 1995. In the early morning, aerial reconnaissance clarifies the situation, after which planes take off from one of the airfields near Moscow. Dry ice is sprayed against the layered forms of the lower cloud layer from a height of several thousand meters, and liquid nitrogen is sprayed against the stratus cloudiness. The most powerful rain clouds are bombarded with silver iodide, which is stuffed with meteorological cartridges. Getting into the clouds, the reagent particles concentrate moisture around them, "pulling" water out of the clouds. As a result, over the area where dry ice or silver iodide is sprayed, it almost immediately begins heavy rain... On the way to Moscow, the clouds dissipate.
The cost of such flights can reach several million rubles. It is estimated that one fair weather event costs the city treasury a total of $ 2.5 million.
Nevertheless, Muscovites will most likely celebrate Victory Day under umbrellas: although the forecasters promise warm weather, but do not exclude rain, and sometimes thunderstorms. “On May 9, short-term, local rains are expected in the capital in the afternoon, the dispersal of clouds will not significantly affect the air temperature,” said Dmitry Kiktev, Deputy Director for Science of the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia.
Public environmental organization"Eco-protection" Vladimir Slivyak is sure that "the artificial elimination of natural precipitation over Moscow often leads to the fact that then it can rain like a bucket for a very long time." This happens when the humidity of the air changes sharply, and the direction of movement of the air fronts also changes. Such a picture was observed after the clouds dispersed over Moscow in honor of the Independence Day of Russia - June 12, 2005.
In the opinion of the meteorologists themselves, all the talk about the negative aftereffects of the reagents has no basis at all. Valery Stasenko, the head of the Roshydromet's active influence department, says: "The conclusions of ecologists that the rainy weather is a consequence of our activities is nothing more than speculation. We know the periods of the existence of clouds, we know the patterns of precipitation and precipitation."
The reagent exists in the atmosphere for less than a day. After entering the cloud, it is washed out of it along with precipitation, - meteorologists are sure.
Coordinator of the Climate Program of the Russian Branch of the World Fund wildlife Alexey Kokorin also said that dispersing clouds with the help of reagents does not threaten the environment. "The dispersal of clouds with the help of reagents can affect the weather, but this is a local effect - the rain that will fall on Moscow after the use of reagents will pass somewhere in the region. But for the climate in general, flora and fauna, there is nothing terrible," - said Kokorin.
