Alma mater of Russian military engineers. From the cannon hut to the cannon order What did the cannon order do

7. The Order of the Grand Palace and the Monastic Order Based on the Code of 1649, a new institution was created, the so-called Monastic Order, which in reality did not have much importance in deciding the question of monastic possessions, and in fact it did not

In the first place among the production workers of the Moscow Cannon Yard in the late 16th - early 17th centuries were cannon and bell litters. They were experts and technical managers of the production process at all its stages.

In the mid-1610s, the position of a cannon and bell master appeared in the state, which he held until the end of the 1620s Andrey Chokhov, while all the other foundry workers were called litz. They were the main specialists in the manufacture of cannons and bells. Each of them had to know the casting technique of both those and others, so the amount of their knowledge was very extensive. Until the end of the 1620s, at the Moscow Cannon Yard, only highly qualified specialists or foreign foundry workers were awarded the title of master, who headed a group of foundry workers and supervised the entire casting process.

In addition to production workers, the staff of the Cannon Yard consisted of a kind of "scientist" - gunnery master ... This position was held in the 1620s Anisim Mikhailov Radishevsky , origin from the service people of the Pushkar order. Anisim Mikhailov compiled the "War Book" ("Charter of military cannon and other matters concerning military science"). Information about this interesting person is quite diverse. So, in 1620 in Pushkarskaya Sloboda there was a courtyard of the "bell-maker Onisim Radushevsky". From the archives we learn that in 1622, when the fortifications in Putivl were renewed, the cache and the well were arranged by the "cannon master" Anisim Radishevsky. In 1623 - he also supervised the construction of ponds in the palace village of Rubtsovo, moreover, in the record of the award for this business, he was named "book publishing master Onisim". After 1629, there was no other "gunnery master" in the Order.

After the death of A. Chokhov (1630) and A. Radishevsky (1631) for several years the position of the bell and cannon master remained vacant, and the position of the cannon master was completely abolished. Not finding a replacement for A. Chokhov among compatriots, Moscow decided to invite a foreigner to replace him. In the literature, various assumptions have been expressed more than once why this happened, since by the beginning of the 1630s, the staff of the Cannon Yard consisted of quite mature foundry workers who had sufficient experience in casting both cannons and bells. Their professional activities fully met the needs of the Russian army for artillery and the needs of Orthodox monasteries and churches in bells. Most likely, the main reason for inviting foreign foundry specialists to the Russian service was deliberately feeding the domestic craft with European technical experience.

So, around 1630, a cannon master came to Moscow from Sweden Julius Coyet with his son Anton, who were instructed to make "copper and leather cannons" at the Cannon Yard, i.e. folding - a novelty introduced into the artillery by the Swedish king Gustav Adolf. However, according to Kilburger, out of 104 guns cast by J. Coyet, only 32 remained after the tests, the rest "exploded on the first test." These setbacks appear to have prompted the Russian government to seek more experienced craftsmen abroad. This time the choice fell on the Nuremberg master Hans Falk, which was not accidental, since Germany possessed the most advanced technologies in the production of weapons at that time, and German cannon masters succeeded in this art most of all. Nuremberg in medieval Germany was the center of the metallurgical industry and in terms of its importance was the second city after Munich. G. Falk arrived in Russia already not young, at the beginning of the 1630s he was about 55 years old. Possessing rich experience, primarily in the casting of artillery pieces, by this time he was famous and famous not only in his homeland. The surviving documents do not indicate the exact day of G. Falk's arrival in Russia. The earliest date under which his name is mentioned in the country is April 1636. Apparently, G. Falk was the first among the foundry specialists of the Cannon Yard, who was called a cannon and bell master in the second half of the 1630s.

Among Russian foundry workers, the first after A. Chokhov was awarded the title of master Danila Matveev... In this regard, it is interesting to note that until the middle of the 17th century, the production of artillery pieces and bells at the Moscow Cannon Yard was carried out by the same foundry workers. The division into cannon and bell litters existed only on paper. For example, Andrei Chokhov, Rusin Evseev and Semyon Dubinin, who were listed as cannon litters at the end of the 16th century, also cast bells. A similar practice was observed, according to surviving documentary sources, throughout the first half of the 17th century. In this sense, generalists were Ignatiy Maksimov, Kondraty Mikhailov, Grigory Naumov, Alexei Nikiforov, Kirill Samoilov, Danila Matveev, Nikifor Baranov, etc.

With the growth of productive forces in the foundry industry, of course, the personnel of Cannon Yard also grew. Gradually, their differentiation began to manifest itself more and more clearly. As before, it was the responsibility of each caster to guide the preparatory, foundry and finishing work for the manufacture of the product he had begun.

At the end of the 1630s, there were already 5 cannon masters at the Cannon Yard (37 apprentices); bell litters - 2 (students - 14). The maximum number of cannon and bell-makers at the Moscow Cannon Yard was registered in 1683. The "expense book" of the order for this year lists them by name: "Cannon masters Martyan Osipov, Yakov Osipov Dubinin, Khariton Ivanov, Panteley Yakovlev, Osip Ivanov, Evseviy Danilov, Prokhor Ivanov, Yakov Levontiev; ... bell makers Fedor Dmitriev,

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PUSHKAR ORDER

PUSHKAR ORDER , a central government agency. He supervised the production, accounting and distribution of artillery pieces and ammunition, supervised the state of fortresses in most cities. The gunmen and state blacksmiths were subordinate to the P. n. It was first mentioned in 1577. In 1678-82 it was a member of the Reitarsky Prikaz. In 1701, an Artillery Order was created on the basis of the Petrograd Regiment.

A source: Encyclopedia "Fatherland"

A source: Encyclopedia "Russian Civilization"

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Central State Institution 2nd floor 16 early. 18th century in Russia. He supervised the production, accounting and distribution of artillery pieces and ammunition, gunners, state blacksmiths, controlled the state of fortresses in most cities ... Political science. Dictionary.

The central state institution of the second half of the 16th and early 18th centuries. in Russia. He supervised the production, accounting and distribution of artillery pieces and ammunition, gunners, state blacksmiths, controlled the state of fortresses in ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Central military establishment of Russia 16-17 centuries. It was first mentioned in 1577. Pushkars, state blacksmiths of Russian cities (excluding cities on the southern zasechnye line (see Zasechnye lines), Pomor and Siberian cities) were subordinate to the Pushkars. P. and. knew ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Centre. military institution of Russia 16-17 centuries. For the first time it was mentioned in 1577. The P. n. Were subordinated to gunners, zatinschiki, collars and state blacksmiths of Russian. cities (excluding the lower, Pomor and Siberian). The item was in charge of manufacturing, distribution and accounting ... Soviet Historical Encyclopedia

PUSHKAR ORDER- main artillery control; first mentioned in 1577, Vedal, in addition to the firearms "outfit" - artillery - the construction of border towns and fortifications. Subsequently, the construction was carried out by the Order of Stone Affairs, organized in ... ... Russian statehood in terms. IX - early XX century