What is the difference between animate and inanimate nouns. Lesson plan in Russian on the topic: Animate and inanimate nouns
This is an independent part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? What?
The meaning of an object expressed nouns, combines the names of a wide variety of objects and phenomena, namely: 1) the names of specific cabbage soup and objects (house, tree, notebook, book, briefcase, bed, lamp); 2) names of living beings (man, engineer, girl, boy, deer, mosquito); 3) names of various substances (oxygen, gasoline, lead, sugar, salt); 4) names of various natural and social phenomena (storm, frost, rain, holiday, war); 5) names of abstract properties and signs, actions and states (freshness, whiteness, blueness, illness, expectation, murder).
Initial form noun- nominative singular.
Nouns There are: proper (Moscow, Rus', Sputnik) and common nouns (country, dream, night), animate (horse, elk, brother) and inanimate (table, field, dacha).
Nouns belong to the masculine (friend, youth, deer), feminine (girlfriend, grass, land) and neuter (window, sea, field) gender. Names nouns change according to cases and numbers, that is, they decline. Nouns have three declension (aunt, uncle, Maria - I declension; horse, gorge, genius - II declension; mother, night, quiet - III declension).
In a sentence nouns usually act as a subject or object, but can also be any other part of a sentence. For example: When the soul in chains, screams in my heart yearning, and the heart longs for boundless freedom (K. Balmont). I lay in the scent of azaleas (V. Bryusov)
Proper and common nouns
Proper nouns- these are the names of individuals, individual objects. Proper nouns include: 1) first names, surnames, nicknames, nicknames (Peter, Ivanov, Sharik); 2) geographical names (Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia); 3) astronomical names (Jupiter, Venus, Saturn); 4) names of holidays (New Year, Teacher's Day, Defender of the Fatherland Day); 5) names of newspapers, magazines, works of art, enterprises (the newspaper “Trud”, the novel “Resurrection”, the publishing house “Prosveshchenie”), etc.
Common nouns They call homogeneous objects that have something in common, the same, some kind of similarity (person, bird, furniture).
All names own are written with a capital letter (Moscow, Arctic), some are also placed in quotation marks (the Cosmos cinema, the Evening Moscow newspaper).
In addition to differences in meaning and spelling proper nouns have a number of grammatical features: 1) are not used in the plural (except in cases of designating different objects and persons with the same name: We have two Ira and three Olya in our class); 2) cannot be combined with numerals.
Proper nouns can turn into common nouns, and common nouns- V own, for example: Narcissus (the name of a handsome young man in ancient Greek mythology) - narcissus (flower); Boston (city in the USA) - boston (woolen fabric), boston (slow waltz), boston (card game); labor - newspaper "Trud".
Animate and inanimate nouns
Animate nouns serve as names of living beings (people, animals, birds); answer the question who?
Inanimate nouns serve as names for inanimate objects, as well as objects of the plant world; answer the question what? Initially, in the Russian language, the category of animate-inanimate was formed as a semantic one. Gradually, with the development of language, this category became grammatical, therefore the division of nouns into animate And inanimate does not always coincide with the division of everything that exists in nature into living and nonliving.
An indicator of the animation or inanimateness of a noun is the coincidence of a number of grammatical forms. Animated and inanimate nouns differ from each other in the accusative plural form. U animate nouns this form coincides with the genitive case form, and inanimate nouns- with the nominative case form, for example: no friends - I see friends (but: no tables - I see tables), no brothers - I see brothers (but: no lights - I see lights), no horses - I see horses (but: no shadows - I see shadows), no children - I see children (but: no seas - I see seas).
For masculine nouns (except for nouns ending in -a, -я), this difference is preserved in the singular, for example: no friend - I see a friend (but: no house - I see a house).
TO animate noun may include nouns that, according to their meaning, should be considered inanimate, for example: “our nets brought in a dead man”; discard the trump ace, sacrifice the queen, buy dolls, paint nesting dolls.
TO inanimate noun may include nouns that, according to the meaning they express, should be classified as animated, for example: study pathogenic microbes; neutralize typhus bacilli; observe the embryo in its development; collect silkworm larvae, believe in your people; gather huge crowds, arm armies.
Concrete, abstract, collective, real, singular nouns
According to the characteristics of the expressed meaning, nouns can be divided into several groups: 1) concrete nouns(chair, suit, room, roof), 2) abstract, or abstract, nouns(struggle, joy, good, evil, morality, whiteness), 3) collective nouns(animal, fool, foliage, linen, furniture); 4) real nouns(cycle: gold, milk, sugar, honey); 5) singular nouns(pea, grain of sand, straw, pearl).
Specific are nouns that denote phenomena or objects of reality. They can be combined with cardinal, ordinal and collective numbers and form plural forms. For example: boy - boys, two boys, second boy, two boys; table - tables, two tables, second table.
Abstract, or abstract, are nouns that denote any abstract action, state, quality, property or concept. Abstract nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with the words many, few, how many, etc. For example: grief - a lot of grief, little grief. How much grief!
Collective are called nouns that denote a collection of persons or objects as an indivisible whole. Collective nouns have only the singular form and are not combined with numerals, for example: youth, old man, foliage, birch forest, aspen forest. Wed: Old people gossiped for a long time about the lives of young people and the interests of youth. - Whose are you, old man? Peasants, in essence, have always remained owners. - In no country in the world has the peasantry ever been truly free. On the first of September all children will go to school. - The children gathered in the yard and waited for the adults to arrive. All students successfully passed state exams. - Students take an active part in the work of charitable foundations. The nouns old people, peasantry, children, students are collective, the formation of plural forms from them is impossible.
Real are nouns that denote a substance that cannot be divided into its component parts. These words can name chemical elements, their compounds, alloys, medicines, various materials, types of food products and agricultural crops, etc. Real nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with words naming units of measure kilogram, liter, ton. For example: sugar - a kilogram of sugar, milk - two liters of milk, wheat - a ton of wheat.
Singular nouns are a type real nouns. These nouns name one instance of those objects that make up the set. Wed: pearl - pearl, potato - potato, sand - grain of sand, pea - pea, snow - snowflake, straw - straw.
Gender of nouns
Genus- this is the ability of nouns to be combined with forms of compatible words specific for each generic variety: my house, my hat, my window.
Based on gender nouns are divided into three groups: 1) masculine nouns(house, horse, sparrow, uncle), 2) feminine nouns(water, earth, dust, rye), 3) neuter nouns(face, sea, tribe, gorge).
In addition, there is a small group common nouns, which can serve as expressive names for both male and female persons (crybaby, touchy-feely, youngster, upstart, grabber).
The grammatical meaning of gender is created by the system of case endings of a given noun in the singular (thus gender of nouns distinguished only in the singular).
Masculine, feminine and neuter gender of nouns
TO masculine include: 1) nouns with a base on a hard or soft consonant and a zero ending in the nominative case (table, horse, reed, knife, cry); 2) some nouns with the ending -а (я) such as grandfather, uncle; 3) some nouns with endings -о, -е such as saraishko, bread, little house; 4) noun journeyman.
TO feminine refers to: 1) most nouns with the ending -a (ya) (grass, aunt, earth) in the nominative case; 2) part of the nouns with a base on a soft consonant, as well as on zh and sh and a zero ending in the nominative case (laziness, rye, quiet).
TO neuter include: 1) nouns ending in -о, -е in the nominative case (window, field); 2) ten nouns starting with -mya (burden, time, tribe, flame, stirrup, etc.); 3) noun “child”.
The nouns doctor, professor, architect, deputy, guide, author, etc., naming a person by profession, type of activity, are classified as masculine. However, they can also refer to females. Coordination of definitions in this case is subject to the following rules: 1) a non-separate definition must be put in the masculine form, for example: A young doctor Sergeeva appeared at our site. A new version of the article of the law was proposed by the young deputy Petrova; 2) a separate definition after the proper name should be placed in the feminine form, for example: Professor Petrova, already known to the trainees, successfully operated on the patient. The predicate must be put in the feminine form if: 1) the sentence contains a proper noun standing before the predicate, for example: Director Sidorova received a prize. Tour guide Petrova took the students through the oldest streets of Moscow; 2) the form of the predicate is the only indicator that we are talking about a woman, and it is important for the writer to emphasize this, for example: The school director turned out to be a good mother. Note. Such constructions should be used with great caution, since not all of them correspond to the norms of book and written speech. Common nouns Some nouns with endings -а (я) can serve as expressive names for both male and female persons. These are nouns of a general gender, for example: crybaby, touchy, sneak, slob, quiet. Depending on the gender of the person they denote, these nouns can be classified as either feminine or masculine: a little crybaby is a little crybaby, such a mischief is such a mischief, a terrible slob is a terrible slob. In addition to similar words, common nouns may include: 1) unchangeable surnames: Makarenko, Malykh, Defieux, Michon, Hugo, etc.; 2) colloquial forms of some proper names: Sasha, Valya, Zhenya. The words doctor, professor, architect, deputy, tour guide, author, which name a person by profession or type of activity, do not belong to the general nouns. They are masculine nouns. Common nouns are emotionally charged words, have a pronounced evaluative meaning, are used mainly in colloquial speech, and therefore are not characteristic of scientific and official business styles of speech. By using them in a work of art, the author seeks to emphasize the conversational nature of the statement. For example: - You see how it is, on someone else’s side. Everything turns out hateful for her. No matter what you see, it’s not the same, it’s not like mom’s. Right? - Oh, I don’t know! She's a crybaby, that's all! Aunt Enya laughed a little. Such a kind laugh, light sounds and leisurely, like her gait. - Well, yes! You are our man, a knight. You won't shed tears. And she's a girl. Tender. Mom and Dad (T. Polikarpova). Gender of indeclinable nouns Foreign language common nouns are distributed by gender as follows: The masculine gender includes: 1) names of male persons (dandy, maestro, porter); 2) names of animals and birds (chimpanzees, cockatoos, hummingbirds, kangaroos, ponies, flamingos); 3) the words coffee, penalty, etc. The feminine gender includes the names of female persons (Miss, Frau, Lady). The neuter gender includes the names of inanimate objects (coat, muffler, neckline, depot, subway). Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin denoting animals and birds are usually masculine (flamingos, kangaroos, cockatoos, chimpanzees, ponies). If, according to the conditions of the context, it is necessary to indicate a female animal, the agreement is carried out using the feminine gender. The nouns kangaroo, chimpanzee, pony are combined with a past tense verb in the feminine form. For example: The kangaroo was carrying a baby kangaroo in her bag. The chimpanzee, apparently a female, fed the baby a banana. The mother pony was standing in a stall with a small foal. The noun tsetse is an exception. Its gender is determined by the gender of the word mukha (feminine). For example: Tsetse bit a tourist. If determining the gender of an indeclinable noun is difficult, it is advisable to consult a spelling dictionary. For example: haiku (Japanese tercet) - s.r., takku (Japanese quintet) - s.r., su (coin) - s.r., flamenco (dance) - s.r., taboo (prohibition) - s.r. .R. Some indeclinable nouns are recorded only in dictionaries of new words. For example: sushi (Japanese dish) - sr., tarot (cards) - plural. (genus is not determined). The gender of indeclinable foreign-language geographical names, as well as names of newspapers and magazines, is determined by the generic common noun, for example: Pau (river), Bordeaux (city), Mississippi (river), Erie (lake), Congo (river), Ontario (lake), "Humanité" (newspaper). The gender of indeclinable compound words is in most cases determined by the gender of the core word of the phrase, for example: MSU (university - m.r.) MFA (academy - zh.r.). The gender of compound nouns written with a hyphen The gender of compound nouns written with a hyphen is usually determined: 1) by the first part, if both parts change: my chair-bed - my chair-bed (cf. ), new amphibious aircraft - new amphibious aircraft (m.r.); 2) according to the second part, if the first does not change: sparkling firebird - sparkling firebird (g.r.), huge swordfish - huge swordfish (g.r.). In some cases, the gender is not determined, since the compound word is used only in the plural: fairy-tale boots-runners - fairy-tale boots-runners (plural). Number of nouns Nouns are used in the singular when talking about one object (horse, stream, crevice, field). Nouns are used in the plural when talking about two or more objects (horses, streams, cracks, fields). According to the characteristics of the forms and meanings of the singular and plural, the following are distinguished: 1) nouns that have both singular and plural forms; 2) nouns that have only a singular form; 3) nouns that have only a plural form. The first group includes nouns with a concrete object meaning, denoting countable objects and phenomena, for example: house - houses; street - streets; person people; city dweller - city dwellers. The nouns of the second group include: 1) names of many identical objects (children, teachers, raw materials, spruce forest, foliage); 2) names of objects with real meaning (peas, milk, raspberries, porcelain, kerosene, chalk); 3) names of quality or attribute (freshness, whiteness, dexterity, melancholy, courage); 4) names of actions or states (mowing, chopping, delivery, running, surprise, reading); 5) proper names as names of individual objects (Moscow, Tambov, St. Petersburg, Tbilisi); 6) words burden, udder, flame, crown. The nouns of the third group include: 1) names of composite and paired objects (scissors, glasses, watches, abacus, jeans, trousers); 2) names of materials or waste, residues (bran, cream, perfume, wallpaper, sawdust, ink, 3) names of periods of time (vacations, days, weekdays); 4) names of actions and states of nature (troubles, negotiations, frosts, sunrises, twilight); 5) some geographical names (Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Sochi, Carpathians, Sokolniki); 6) the names of some games (blind man's buff, hide and seek, chess, backgammon, grandma). The formation of plural forms of nouns is mainly done with the help of endings. In some cases, some changes in the base of the word may also be observed, namely: 1) softening of the final consonant of the base (neighbor - neighbors, devil - devils, knee - knees); 2) alternation of the final consonants of the stem (ear - ears, eye - eyes); 3) adding a suffix to the plural stem (husband - husband\j\a], chair - chair\j\a], sky - heaven, miracle - miracle-es-a, son - son-ov\j\a]) ; 4) loss or replacement of formative suffixes of the singular (mister - gentlemen, chicken - hens, calf - tel-yat-a, bear cub - bear cubs). For some nouns, plural forms are formed by changing the stem, for example: person (singular) - people (plural), child (singular) - children (plural). In indeclinable nouns, number is determined syntactically: young chimpanzee (singular) - many chimpanzees (plural). Case of nouns Case is an expression of the relationship of an object called by a noun to other objects. Russian grammar distinguishes six cases of nouns, the meanings of which are generally expressed using case questions: The nominative case is considered direct, and all others are indirect. To determine the case of a noun in a sentence, you need to: 1) find the word to which the noun refers; 2) put a question from this word to the noun: see (who? what?) brother, be proud of (what?) successes. Among the case endings of nouns, homonym endings are often found. For example, in the forms of the genitive case from the door, the dative case to the door, and the prepositional case about the door, there is not the same ending -i, but three different homonym endings. The same homonyms are the endings of the dative and prepositional cases in the forms by country and about country-e. Types of declension of nouns Declension is the change of a noun by case and number. This change is expressed using a system of case endings and shows the grammatical relationship of the given noun to other words in the phrase and sentence, for example: School\a\ is open. Construction of schools has been completed. Graduates send greetings to schools\e\ According to the peculiarities of case endings in the singular, a noun has three declensions. The type of declination can only be determined in the singular. Nouns of the first declension The first declension includes: 1) feminine nouns with the ending -а (-я) in the nominative singular (country, land, army); 2) masculine nouns denote people with the ending -a (ya) in the nominative singular case (uncle, young man, Petya). 3) nouns of the general gender with endings -а (я) in the nominative case (crybaby, sleepyhead, bully). Nouns of the first declension in the oblique singular cases have the following endings: It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns in -ya and -iya: Marya - Maria, Natalya - Natalia, Daria - Daria, Sophia - Sofia. Nouns of the first declension in -iya (army, guard, biology, line, series, Maria) in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -i. In writing, mistakes are often caused by mixing the endings of nouns of the first declension into -ee and -iya. Words ending in -eya (alley, battery, gallery, idea) have the same endings as feminine nouns with a base on a soft consonant such as earth, will, bathhouse, etc. Nouns of the second declension The second declension includes: 1) nouns masculine with a zero ending in the nominative singular (house, horse, museum); 2) masculine nouns with the ending -о (-е) in the nominative singular (domishko, saraishko); 3) neuter nouns with the ending -о, -е in the nominative singular case (window, sea, gorge); 4) noun journeyman. Masculine nouns of the second declension have the following endings in the oblique singular cases: In the prepositional singular case, the ending -e predominates for masculine nouns. The ending -у (у) is accepted only by inanimate masculine nouns if: a) they are used with the prepositions in and on; b) have (in most cases) the nature of stable combinations denoting a place, state, time of action. For example: eyesore; remain in debt; on the verge of death; grazing; to follow the lead; stew in one's own juices; be in good standing. But: work by the sweat of your brow, in the sunshine; grammatical structure; at a right angle; in some cases, etc. It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns: -ie and -ie: teaching - teaching, treatment - treatment, silence - silence, torment - torment, radiance - radiance. Nouns of the second declension ending in -i, -i in the prepositional case -i. Words ending in -ey (sparrow, museum, mausoleum, frost, lyceum) have the same endings as masculine nouns with a base on a soft consonant such as horse, elk, deer, fight, etc. Nouns of the third declension The third declension includes names feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular (door, night, mother, daughter). Nouns of the third declension in the oblique singular cases have the following endings: The words mother and daughter belonging to the third declension, when changed in all cases except the nominative and accusative, have the suffix -er- at the base: Declension of nouns in the plural In case endings plural differences between individual types of noun declension are insignificant. In the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases, nouns of all three declensions have the same endings. In the nominative case, the endings -и, -ы и|-а(-я) predominate. The ending -e is less common. You should remember the formation of the genitive plural forms of some nouns, where the ending can be zero or -ov. This includes words naming: 1) paired and composite objects: (not) felt boots, boots, stockings, collars, days (but: socks, rails, glasses); 2) some nationalities (in most cases, the stem of the words ends in n and r): (no) English, Bashkirs, Buryats, Georgians, Turkmens, Mordvins, Ossetians, Romanians (but: Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Yakuts); 3) some units of measurement: (five) amperes, watts, volts, arshins, hertz; 4) some vegetables and fruits: (kilogram) apples, raspberries, olives (but: apricots, oranges, bananas, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes). In some cases, plural endings perform a semantic distinguishing function in words. For example: dragon teeth - saw teeth, tree roots - fragrant roots, sheets of paper - tree leaves, scratched knees (knee - “joint”) - complex knees (knee - “dance move”) - trumpet knees (knee - “ joint at the pipe"). Indeclinable nouns Indeclinable nouns include: 1) ten nouns ending in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown); 2) noun path; 3) noun child. Diversified nouns have the following features: 1) ending - both in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular - as in the III declension; 2) the ending -еm in the instrumental case of the singular as in the 2nd declension; 3) the suffix -en- in all forms, except for the nominative and accusative cases of the singular (only for nouns ending in -mya). The word path has case forms of the third declension, with the exception of the instrumental case of the singular, which is characterized by the form of the second declension. Wed: night - nights, path - paths (in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases); steering wheel - steering wheel, path - path (in the instrumental case). The noun child in the singular retains the archaic declension, which is currently not actually used, but in the plural it has the usual forms, except for the instrumental case, which is characterized by the ending -mi (the same ending is characteristic of the form by people). Indeclinable nouns Indeclinable nouns do not have case forms, these words do not have endings. The grammatical meanings of individual cases in relation to such nouns are expressed syntactically, for example: drink coffee, buy cashews, novels by Dumas. Indeclinable nouns include: 1) many nouns of foreign origin with final vowels -о, -е, -и, -у, -у, -а (solo, coffee, hobby, zebu, cashew, bra, Dumas, Zola); 2) foreign-language surnames denoting female persons ending in a consonant (Michon, Sagan); 3) Russian and Ukrainian surnames with -o, -ih, -yh (Durnovo, Krutykh, Sedykh); 4) complex abbreviated words of alphabetic and mixed nature (Moscow State University, Ministry of Internal Affairs, head of department). The syntactic function of indeclinable nouns is determined only in context. For example: The Walrus asked the Kangaroo (RP): How can you stand the heat? I'm shaking from the cold! - Kangaroo (I.p.) said to Walrus. (B. Zakhoder) Kangaroo is an indeclinable noun, denotes an animal, masculine, in a sentence it is the object and subject. Morphological analysis of a noun Morphological analysis of a noun includes the identification of four constant characteristics (proper-common noun, animate-inanimate, gender, declension) and two inconsistent ones (case and number). The number of constant features of a noun can be increased by including features such as concrete and abstract, as well as real and collective nouns. Scheme of morphological analysis of a noun.
Nouns are divided into two large groups: animate and inanimate. The main difference between the words included in them lies in the names of these communities of nouns. Let's get to know highlights related to this topic (categories, rules, examples).
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Animate and inanimate objects
Animate objects are part of living nature, something that lives, breathes, moves, grows, reproduces and develops, etc. And inanimate are objects of inanimate nature, that is, the antonym to the previous concept.
What are animate and inanimate nouns? In order to designate objects endowed with life, nouns of the first type are used.
They answer the question “who?” and designate those objects that possess its characteristics (breathe, feed, reproduce, move, etc.). For example: student, Petya, mother, kitten, etc.
To designate objects that belong to the second category, that is, those that do not have signs of life, inanimate nouns are used. For example: table, sofa, road, stone, jacket, etc.
Note! Animate nouns answer the question “who?”, and those belonging to the category of inanimate nouns answer the question “what?”.
Category of animate and inanimate nouns
But, for example, during the game the doll is assigned the properties and qualities of a child or an adult. In this case, you can consider the doll as an animated creature (Nutcracker, Steadfast Tin Soldier, etc.). Therefore, in order to determine the category of animation, should be based on context.
What about “tree”? From a biological point of view, a tree is part of living nature. But wood can also mean a material for construction (wood), and this is inanimate nature. Sometimes in fairy tales a tree is a character; it can think, speak, even move, that is, it becomes animated. To correctly determine the category, you need to carefully read the text.
What category does the word “herd” belong to? Based on the data indicated above, we will analyze this problem.
A herd is a community, a collection of living organisms, is part of living nature. Therefore, this word belongs to the animate. noun names
Another word that causes difficulty in defining the category is youth. Based on the previous paragraph, we can conclude that this word also refers to animate.
After all, the word “youth” means a group of young people, the younger generation, etc.
Let's summarize. Animating nouns - part of living nature, and inanimate. - vice versa. Words belonging to the first group answer the question “who?”, and those belonging to the second answer the auxiliary question “what?”.
- animate (groups of living and inanimate beings that attributed to the qualities of living organisms);
- inanimate.
In order to correctly identify a group, it is necessary to rely on context. It is worth remembering a rule that will help you avoid mistakes in declension of words by case.
Types of nouns, learning Russian
Animate and inanimate nouns in Russian
Nouns have a constant morphological sign of animation.
The sign of animacy of nouns is closely related to the concept of living / inanimate. Nevertheless, animacy is not a category of meaning, but a morphological feature itself.
All morphological features are characterized by the fact that they have a typified formal expression - they are expressed by formative morphemes (endings or formative suffixes - see morphemics). Morphological features of words can be expressed
1) intra-word - formative morphemes of the word itself ( table-Ø - tables),
2) extra-wordly - form-building morphemes of agreed words ( new coat - new coat),
Both of these means of expression can be presented together. In this case, one grammatical meaning is expressed several times in a sentence - both intra-word and extra-word ( new table-Ø - new tables).
Animacy as a morphological feature also has formal means of expression. Firstly, animateness/inanimateness is expressed by the endings of the noun itself:
1) animate nouns have the same plural endings. numbers V. p. and R. p., and for nouns husband. This also applies to units. number;
2) inanimate nouns have the same plural endings. numbers V. p. and I. p., and for nouns husband. This also applies to units. number.
Nouns are represented in the Russian language with fluctuations in animation: their V. p. can coincide with both I. p. and R. p., for example, (I see) microbes / microbes, describe characters / characters, creatures / creatures-Ø;
In feminine and neuter nouns that have only singular forms, animation is not formally expressed ( youth, students), they are not formally characterized by their animation.
Animacy has non-verbal expression: the ending of an adjective or participle that agrees with a noun in a v. p. differs depending on the animate or inanimate nature of the noun, cf.: (I see) new students, But new tables.
The extra-verbal expression of the animacy of nouns is more universal than the intra-verbal one: it expresses animacy even in the case of the immutability of the noun: (I see) beautiful madam, But beautiful coats.
The animacy of most nouns reflects a certain state of affairs in extra-linguistic reality: animate nouns are mainly called living beings, and inanimate are inanimate objects, but there are cases of violation of this pattern:
Animation, as already mentioned, is a constant feature of a noun. At the same time, it is necessary to keep in mind that different meanings of one word can be differently framed in terms of animation, for example: I see genius(person) - I appreciate it genius-Ø (mind).
Gender as a morphological feature of a noun
Nouns have a constant morphological gender marker and are classified as masculine, feminine or neuter.
The main expression of morphological gender is extra-verbal - the endings of adjectives, participles in the position of the attribute that agree with the noun, and words with an inconstant gender marker in the position of the predicate, primarily a verb in the past tense or conditional mood, as well as a short adjective or participle.
Masculine, feminine and neuter gender include words with the following compatibility:
Male
new student has arrived-Ø
Female
new student has arrived
Average
the big window is open
Some nouns ending - A, denoting signs, properties of persons, in I. p. have a double characterization by gender depending on the gender of the designated person:
is yours-Ø the ignoramus has come-Ø,
your ignoramus came.
Such nouns are classified as general family
There are nouns in the Russian language that denote the name of a person by profession, which, when denoting a male person, act as words of the masculine gender, that is, they attach agreed words with masculine endings; when they denote a female person, the definition is used in the masculine gender, and the predicate is used in the feminine gender (mainly in colloquial speech):
the new doctor has arrived-Ø (male),
a new doctor has arrived(woman).
These words are “candidates” for the general gender; their gender is sometimes called transitional to the general, but in dictionaries they are characterized as words of the masculine gender.
There are about 150 words in the Russian language that vary in gender, for example: coffee- masculine/neuter gender, shampoo- masculine/feminine.
Nouns are plural only ( cream, scissors) do not belong to any of the genders, since in the plural the formal differences between nouns of different genders are not expressed (cf.: desks - tables).
Thus, the main expression of gender is non-verbal. Intra-word gender is consistently expressed only in nouns - substantivized adjectives and participles: sentry, ice cream, dining room: in singular forms these words have endings that clearly indicate their gender. For nouns of the 2nd declension masculine and 3rd declension feminine, the entire system of their endings is specific; as for the endings of individual case forms, they may not be indicative, cf. table-Ø - night-Ø.
For all inanimate nouns (and there are about 80% of such nouns in the language), the gender is conditional and is in no way connected with extra-linguistic reality.
Among animate nouns - names of persons or animals, gender is often associated with the gender of the designated creature, cf.: mom - dad, son - daughter, cow - bull. However, it is necessary to understand the difference between grammatical gender and ungrammatical gender. Thus, in the Russian language there are animate neuter nouns ( child, animal), in nouns - names of animals, male and female individuals are often called the same ( dragonfly, crocodile), among words - names of persons there is also not always a correspondence between gender and gender. Yes, word individual feminine, although it can mean both a woman and a man (see, for example, A.S. Pushkin: Someone wrote to him from Moscow that a famous person would soon enter into legal marriage with a young and beautiful girl).
Determining the gender of compound words (abbreviations) and indeclinable nouns presents a certain difficulty. The following rules apply to them.
Generic characteristics abbreviations depends on what type the given compound word belongs to.
A type of abbreviation formed by adding the initial parts ( caretaker), the initial part of the first word with the second unabridged ( Sberbank) and the beginning of the first word with the beginning and/or end of the second ( trade mission → trade mission), is determined by the gender of the main word in the original phrase: good organizational work, Russian trade mission, new Sberbank.
A type of abbreviation consisting of initial sounds ( GUM) or letters ( Moscow State University), as well as mixed abbreviations in which the initial part of the first word is combined with the first letters or sounds of other words ( Glavk), is defined ambiguously. Initially, they also acquire the gender of the main word in the original phrase, for example, Bratsk hydroelectric power station. However, during the process of use, the original generic characteristic is consistently retained only by abbreviations from the first letters of the original phrase. Abbreviations consisting of the first sounds behave differently. Some of them acquire a generic characteristic in accordance with the appearance of the word. Yes, words BAM, university, MFA, NEP, registry office and some others became masculine words and acquired the ability to decline in the second declension, like nouns like house. Other abbreviations ending in a consonant with a neuter and feminine stem word may have hesitation: they may have a gender characteristic in accordance with the gender of the main word and not be inflected ( in our housing office) or, when inclined, used as masculine words ( in our housing office). Abbreviations ending in a vowel are not inflected and are predominantly neuter ( our RONO - district department of public education).
Indeclinable nouns, getting into the Russian language or being formed in it, must acquire a generic characteristic, which will manifest itself only when choosing adjectives, participles and verbs that agree with the noun.
There are the following patterns in the choice of gender characteristics by such nouns: gender depends either on the meaning of the word or on the gender of another Russian word, which is considered as a synonym or as a generic name for a given unchangeable word. For different groups of nouns, different criteria are leading.
If a noun denotes an object, then it usually acquires a neuter characteristic: coat, muffler, metro. However, feminine Avenue(because Street), kohlrabi(since it's cabbage), coffee- with hesitation - masculine / neuter, masculine - penalty, euro.
If a noun denotes an animal, it is usually masculine: chimpanzee, cockatoo. Exceptions: Iwasi, Tsetse- feminine gender (since herring, fly).
If a noun denotes a person, then its gender depends on the gender of this person: words Monsieur, couturier masculine, as they denote men; words madam, mademoiselle feminine, since they denote women, and the words counterpart, incognito of a general gender, since they can designate both men and women.
If a noun denotes a geographical object, then its gender is determined by the gender of the Russian word that denotes the type of object: Tbilisi masculine, since it is city(masculine), Mississippi feminine, as it is river, Lesotho neuter, since it is state. Everything that has been said applies only to inflexible words, therefore Moscow- a noun is not masculine, but feminine, although it is a city, since it is inflected.
Animated and Mena nouns serve as names of people, animals and answer the question Who?(student, mentor, entertainer, peer).
Inanimate nouns serve as names of inanimate objects, as well as objects of the plant world and answer the question What?(presidium, conference, landscape, mountain ash). This also includes nouns like group, people, crowd, flock, peasantry, youth, children etc.
The division of nouns into animate and inanimate mainly depends on what object this noun denotes - living beings or objects of inanimate nature, but it is impossible to completely identify the concept of animate-inanimate with the concept of living-inanimate. Yes, from a grammatical point of view birch, aspen, elm- nouns are inanimate, but from a scientific point of view they are living organisms. In grammar, the names of deceased people are dead man, deceased- are considered animate, and only a noun dead body- inanimate. Thus, the meaning of animate-inanimate is a purely grammatical category.
- among the animate nouns, the accusative plural form coincides with the genitive plural form:
(c.p. plural = r.p. plural)r.p. (no) people, birds, animals
v.p. (to love) people, birds, animals
- in inanimate nouns, the accusative plural form coincides with the plural nominative form:
In addition, for animate nouns of the masculine gender of the second declension, the accusative case coincides with the genitive also in the singular, for inanimate nouns - with the nominative: I see a student, an elk, a crane, but a detachment, a forest, a regiment.(v.p. plural = im.p. plural)i.p. (there are) forests, mountains, rivers
v.p. (I see) forests, mountains, rivers
Most often, masculine and feminine nouns are animate. Among neuter nouns there are few animate ones. This - child, person (meaning "person"), animal, insect, mammal, creature ("living organism"), monster, monster, monster and some others.
Animate nouns used figuratively are declined: admire "Sleeping Beauty".
Inanimate nouns used figuratively receive the meaning of a person and become animate: the tournament brought together all the table tennis stars.
The names of toys, mechanisms, human images refer to animate nouns: she loved her dolls, nesting dolls, and robots very much.
The names of figures in games (chess, cards) are declined like animate nouns: sacrifice a knight, take an ace.
Name of gods, mythical creatures ( goblin, mermaid, devil, merman) refer to animate nouns, and the names of planets named after gods refer to inanimate nouns: looking at Jupiter, they prayed to Jupiter for help.
A number of nouns exhibit fluctuations in the expression of the animate-inanimate category (in the names of microorganisms, in nouns image, type, character, etc.): consider ciliates And ciliates, kill bacteria And bacteria; create vivid images, special characters.
| Animate and inanimate nouns | |
| Animated | Inanimate |
| names of living things | names of inanimate objects |
| plant names | |
| names of gods | names of planets based on gods |
| names of mythical creatures | |
| names of figures in games | |
| names of toys, mechanisms, human images |
|
| dead man, deceased | dead body |
| names of microorganisms | |
| image, character | |
Lesson type: explanation of new material.
Goals:
- Educational: to familiarize students with the concept of animateness and inanimateness; consolidate the ability to distinguish between animate and inanimate nouns.
- Developmental: give the concept of personification as a technique used in fiction.
- Worldview: students will be convinced that knowledge of the method of determining the animation and inanimateness of nouns will help them in drawing up a “morphological portrait” (morphological analysis) of a noun.
Pedagogical objective of the lesson: create conditions for joint educational modeling activities; to develop students’ communication skills and skills of conducting educational dialogue on a meaningful basis.
Epigraph for the lesson:“Language is a treasury from which we take pearl words that are spoken more than once. Sometimes they give “cracks and dents.”
DURING THE CLASSES
1. Organizational moment
Five-minute warm-up.
A game: Who can remember more in two minutes the names of fairy-tale characters so that their names contain the hissing w, ch, sh, sh with vowels i, u, a? (Cipollino, Miracle Yudo, Jumping Bunny, Shapoklyak, Princess and the Pea, Pike...)
– Who can remember more names of animals and birds that contain a combination of hissing words zh, sh, h, shch with the letters i, a, y? (Giraffe, toad, seagull, siskin, hedgehog, crane, bear cubs, lapwing, etc.)
2. Self-test of homework using the key “Test yourself”
Helpers report homework results to the teacher during recess.
Competition “Who Lives in the Forest?”
– What animal is called this:
Oblique spiny clubfoot
Longhorned gray.
- Who's doing what? Write five sentences with homogeneous members.
3. Entering the learning situation (“inclusion in the lesson”)
"Intrigue"
- Guys, today we have an unusual lesson. Every student seems to dream that the lesson begins with a game. Our game is linguistic.
- What does it mean? (Language)
– What knowledge is required in this game? (Spelling, phonetic, lexical, syntactic)
"Lexical warm-up"
– Let’s read the epigraph to the lesson: “Language is a treasury from which we take pearl words that are spoken more than once. Sometimes they give “cracks and dents.”
– How did you understand this statement? (Language is our wealth. We must treat our language, words, as a treasury with care. We must avoid mistakes in our speech).
4. Spelling workshop
– Let’s write down a short vocabulary dictation for work “Until the first mistake.” (Words chosen to introduce a new topic)
Sunset, dawn, sprout, shoots, rustle, pike, giraffe, miracle, numbers, art, craftswomen, age, bee, quote, acorn, building.
"Entering a learning situation"
– Let’s read words that contain recently learned spellings. (Students name all the words except the word “art.”)
– Let’s designate spelling patterns or “error-dangerous” places graphically.
Nikolai Maksimovich Shansky, a linguist, advises using a “linguistic microscope” to see all spelling patterns.
Vocabulary work
– What is a microscope? Let's look into the explanatory dictionary. Microscope is a device for viewing objects that are indistinguishable to the naked eye).
– Let’s name all the spellings found in the vocabulary dictation:
1. Roots with alternation.
2. I-Y after C.
3. O-Y after hissing ones.
4. Spelling of prefixes.
– What do these words have in common? What part of speech do they represent? (They are all nouns).
– Who can prove it? (They all answer the questions: Who? What?)
– The main goal of our lesson: to find out why we ask the question who? What about others?
5. Topic movement
– Let’s write down the title of our lesson, which contains the main idea of our work, and explain the punctuation marks in this sentence.
Animated means alive... (We will put a dash in the sentence, since a dash is always placed before the words “this”, “here”, “means”).
– Why did they put an ellipsis at the end of the sentence?
“Page of History” (From the history of punctuation marks, the student gives a little information about ellipses).
Student message.
M.V. Lomonosov, the creator of the first Russian grammar, called this sign “ellipsis”. An ellipsis placed at the end of a sentence suggests that the thought is unsaid, unsaid.
– So, in the process of work we must finalize, that is, continue the thought in the form of reflection, reasoning.
Animated means alive... We are surrounded by different objects in the world. Among them there are those who live, breathe, move. This means they are alive or animate.
- Let's go back to our vocabulary dictation and find all the animate nouns. Let's highlight them with one line. Think out loud! Giraffe, pike, craftswomen, bee - these are animate nouns, because they answer the question Who?. They move, they breathe, they live.
Vocabulary work.
– Who are the craftswomen? Let's look into the explanatory dictionary. Craftswomen– these are people who have achieved high art in their field.
– Let’s make a sentence so that it contains a comparison or phraseological turn with the word
Lacemakers work like bees.
– Let us explain the meaning of this phraseological unit. (Very hard).
"Linguistic experiment"
- Let's think and think out loud! Let's look at our words and find out: do linguists and biologists have the same opinion about living things? Let's prove it. (From the point of view of biologists, sprouts and shoots are living organisms, because they live, breathe, grow. Our historical ancestors also considered a tree, a tulip, a stone to be alive).
Conclusion: Linguists now consider as animate only those who... (continue my thought further) know how to move: people, insects, animals.
– What does living, animate mean? Let's highlight the root in the word animate - -shower-
(One who lives, breathes, has spirit, breath, the ability to move).
- Let's name inanimate nouns. What do they mean? (They depict the “inanimate world”: the plant world, the objective world).
6. Consolidation
– Now let’s try to divide the words into two columns.
Young man, fungus, monster, child, face (meaning “part of the body”), violet, slob, moss, feather grass, swallow, swift, hare, goat, bear, bee.
Who? What?
Youth Mushroom
Monster Face
Child Violet
Sloppy Moss
Swallow Feather grass
– What are the names of the words in the first and second columns?
Remember: All nouns are divided into inanimate and animate. Animate nouns denote persons and animals and answer the question WHO?
Inanimate nouns denote objects, plants, and inanimate phenomena. They answer the question WHAT?
– Do you think names are animate or inanimate?
– Name the heroes of literary works (stories, novels, etc.) you have read.
– Do you think THESE proper names are animate and inanimate nouns?
– To what category of nouns (animate or inanimate) do the names of the heroes of Russian fairy tales (Baba Yaga, Koschey the Immortal, Zmey Gorynych) belong?
7. Physical education minute
They stood up together - one, two, three -
We are now heroes.
We'll put our palms to our eyes,
Let's spread our strong legs,
Turning to the right
Let's look around majestically.
And you need to go left too
Look from under your palms,
And to the right. And further
Over the left shoulder.
Bowed left, right
It turns out great!
– Do you think it is easy to distinguish between animate and inanimate nouns? Not always, you can make a mistake. Let's look at this with specific examples.
1. There are no foxes in our zoo. (R.P.)
2. I saw funny little foxes. (V.P.)
3. I picked a basket of chanterelles. (R.P.)
4. Collected red chanterelles. (V.P.)
Conclusion:
Matching plural endings in Gen. and Vin. case is a sign of animation, and discrepancy is a sign of inanimateness.
– How will we recognize animate and inanimate nouns?
"Knot for memory"
Remember: You need to know the gender of nouns in order to:
1. Correctly ask them the question (WHO or WHAT?).
2. Correctly form the Accusative case form of masculine and neuter nouns in the singular and all genders in the plural.
Exercise: Put these nouns into the form Vin. singular and plural: zoo, forest, deer, flock, dream, sparrow.
8. Working with the textbook
Let’s read the additional material in the textbook “Take Note”, page 263 (textbook edited by M.M. Razumovskaya.)
– What new things did you learn from the textbook material? (Animate nouns are mainly masculine and feminine. There are very few animate nouns of the neuter gender: child, animal, mammal, insect, monster, creature, monster. Nouns denoting plurality and answering the question what? are inanimate.)
– Let’s verbally make sentences with the following nouns... (My family consists of three people.) See exercise 673
– The division of nouns into animate and inanimate does not always coincide with the scientific idea of living nature.
– What category of nouns are:
1. Names of figures in checkers, chess ( queen, pawn, knight, queen)?
2. ...names of religious objects (God , angel, saint, brownie, water, goblin)?
3. ...names of microorganisms in professional speech ( ciliate-slipper, microbe)?
4. ...designations (characteristics) of people through the names of objects ( rag, mattress, stump and etc.)
5. ...designations of the dead ( deceased, corpse, corpse).
– In all cases we are talking about animate objects, except for the word corpse!
- We work with text.
Nature is a magician. She not only gives us joy, but also creates amazing things. You just have to bend down and look for them.
Assignment to the text.
1. Let's explain punctuation marks.
2. Let’s name “error-dangerous” places in words.
– What artistic technique does the author use? ? (Personification. The author compares nature with a living wizard.)
– What useful advice can be taken from this text? (The author reminds us that we need to take care of all living things that surround us. We must be attentive and observant to the world around us.)
“Take note!”
In fiction and folklore, the PERSONIFICATION DEVICE is widely used - depicting inanimate beings as living ones. Remember that in fairy tales not only the goldfish and the clattering fly can speak, but also the mirror. Examples: “And the forest stands there, smiling,” “The sky was already breathing in autumn,” “the sensitive reeds are dozing.”
– Orally perform the exercise. 675.
Let's solve a grammar problem.
"Find the odd one out."
1. Cabbage, newspaper, driver.
2. Plant, proposal, doll.
3. Ace, jack, kids.
4. Waterman, water, driver.
Slide show. Frames depicting objects of the living and inanimate world are shown. ( Annex 1 )
9. Let's summarize the lesson
– Let’s summarize our linguistic research (i.e. scientific study) of the topic. Let's draw a scientific conclusion based on the reference words.
The world around us is rich and diverse. We are surrounded by living and inanimate objects. Animated are those that have the ability to move. They answer the question who?
Plants and natural phenomena are the inanimate world. These are inanimate nouns, they answer the question what?
What we learned:
1. We learned that animate nouns answer the question WHO? And inanimate ones - to the question WHAT?
2. Coincidence of plural endings in Gen. and Vin. cases is a sign of animation, and discrepancy is a sign of inanimateness.
3. The words doll, dead, dead, ace, jack, trump refer to animate nouns.
4. Inanimate nouns include the words: people, crowd, platoon, flock, group, youth, peasantry, children, etc. All of them denote plurality.
10. Homework. Add text.
Why do you need to know this?
– The absent-minded person from Basseynaya Street does not understand why it is so important to know whether this noun is animate or not, and does not want to learn the rules.
Please explain to HIM why this is necessary.
11. Grading
Bibliography:
1. Sergey Yesenin. Poems. Moscow. Publishing house "Soviet Russia", 1985
2. M.S. Lapatukhin, E.V.Skorlupovskaya, G.P.Snetova. School explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. M.: Education, 1998, p.179.
3. OK. Skorokhod. Vocabulary work in Russian language lessons. M.: Education, 1990.
4. Russian language. 5th grade. Textbook for general education institutions. Edited by Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences M. M. Razumovskaya, Doctor of Philological Sciences P. A. Lekant. M.: Bustard, 1998, pp. 263-266.
