What does natural languages mean. Natural and artificial languages
By their origin, languages are natural and artificial. Natural are the languages that people speak. Natural languages develop and evolve. Artificial languages are created in a synthetic way to convey any specific information. Artificial languages include Esperanto, programming languages, musical notation, Morse code, cipher systems, jargon, and others. It would seem that everything is obvious: if a language is created by people, then it is artificial; if it originated and developed independently, and people only recorded this development and formalized it in writing, then it is natural.
But not everything is so simple. Some languages are at the intersection of artificiality and naturalness. An example is one of the four official languages of Switzerland, Retro-Romance. Today it is spoken by about fifty thousand Swiss. The subtlety here lies in the fact that in the middle of the twentieth century, the retro-Romance language did not exist. Instead, five scattered dialects of a related but not unified language of the Romance language family were spoken in various regions of Switzerland. And only in the 1980s, a group of scientists united in order to create a single language based on the most common dialects. Words in this language were selected according to the principle of similarity, that is, the word was taken into the language if it sounded the same in all dialects, or at least close.
For about twenty years now, documents and books have been published in a new, unified retro-Roman language, it has been taught in Swiss schools, and the inhabitants of the country speak it.
Such examples are known from the more distant past. The Czech language can also be called largely artificial. Until the end of the 18th century, everyone in the Czech Republic spoke German, and the Czech language existed in the form of scattered dialects, which were owned only by uneducated villagers.
During the Czech National Revival, Czech patriots literally pieced together the Czech language from rural dialects. Many concepts did not exist in the common language and they simply had to be invented.
The same revived language is Hebrew. When at the end of the 19th century Ben-Yehuda, the man who is called the father of modern Hebrew, began a movement for its revival, books and magazines were published in Hebrew, it was the language of international communication of Jews from different countries, but no one spoke Hebrew in everyday life. In a way, it was a dead language. Ben Yehuda began his transformation with his family. He decided that the first language of his children would certainly be Hebrew. At first, he even had to limit the babies' communication with their mother, who did not speak Hebrew, and hire a nanny for the children who knew enough Hebrew. Fifteen years later, Hebrew was spoken in every tenth house in Jerusalem. At the same time, the ancient language was so archaic that it had to be actively adapted to the realities of modern life, literally inventing new concepts. Hebrew is now the spoken and official language of Israel.
"Natural" and "artificial" is the division of languages by origin.
Natural language- in linguistics and philosophy of language, a language used to communicate between people and not created artificially (as opposed to artificial languages)
Natural languages are sound (speech), and then graphic (writing) information sign systems, historically developed in society. They arose to consolidate and transfer the accumulated information in the process of communication between people. Natural languages are carriers of a centuries-old culture and are inseparable from the history of the people who own it. The vocabulary and grammatical rules of a natural language are determined by the practice of application and are not always formally fixed.
Natural language functions:
- Communicative:
- ? ascertaining (for a neutral statement of fact),
- ? interrogative (for requesting a fact),
- ? appellative (to induce action),
- ? expressive (to express the speaker's mood and emotions),
- ? contact-establishing (to create and maintain contact between interlocutors);
- · Metalanguage (for the interpretation of linguistic facts);
- · Aesthetic (for aesthetic impact);
- · Function of the indicator of belonging to a certain group of people (nation, nationality, profession);
- · Informational;
- · Cognitive;
- · Emotional.
Natural language properties:
- · Unlimited semantic power - the fundamental boundlessness of the noetic field of language, the ability to transmit information regarding any area of observable or imaginary facts;
- · Evolutionary - unlimited ability to endless development and modifications;
- · Manifestability in speech - the manifestation of language in the form of speech, understood as concrete speaking, flowing in time and clothed in sound or written form;
- · Ethnicity - an inalienable and two-way connection between language and ethnicity.
An essential property of language is its duality, which is expressed in the existence of the following linguistic antinomies:
- · Antinomy of objective and subjective in language;
- • antinomy of language as an activity and as a product of activity;
- · Antinomy of stability and variability in language;
- · Antinomy of the ideal and material character of the language;
- · Antinomy of the ontological and epistemological character of language;
- · Antinomy of the continual and discrete nature of language;
- · Antinomy of language as a natural phenomenon and artifact;
- · Antinomy of the individual and the collective in language.
Human everyday reasoning is conducted in natural language. This language was developed with the aim of simplifying the process of communication, exchange of thoughts at the expense of clarity and accuracy. Natural languages have tremendous possibilities of expression - you can express any feelings, experiences, knowledge, emotions.
Natural language performs the main functions - representative and communicative. The representative function is derived from the fact that language is a means of expression using symbols or representations of an abstract nature (for example: knowledge, concepts, thoughts) accessible through thinking to specific intellectual subjects. The communicative function is manifested in the fact that language is the ability to transfer an abstract character from one intellectual person to another. The very symbols, letters, words, sentences form the material basis. It implements the material superstructure of the language, that is, it is a commonality of rules for constructing words, letters and other linguistic symbols, and only with this superstructure does one or another material basis form a specific natural language.
Based on the semantic status of a natural language, we note the following:
Based on the fact that a language is a set of rules, therefore, there are a huge number of natural languages. The material basis of any language of natural origin is multidimensional, which means that it is divided into visual, verbal, tactile varieties of signs. All these varieties are independent of each other, but in a large number of languages existing today, they are inextricably linked, and the main ones are verbal symbols.
The material basis of a language of natural origin is studied only in two dimensions - verbal and visual, otherwise writing.
Due to the differences in the superstructure and the basis, a separate natural language shows the same abstract content as unrepeatable, unique. On the other hand, in any given language, an abstract content is shown that is not shown to us in other languages. However, this does not mean that each separately taken language has its own special sphere of abstract content. For example, “Man”, “Man” explains one abstract content to us, but the content itself does not apply to English or Russian. The scope of abstract content is the same for different natural languages. That is why translation from one to another natural language is possible.
The object of logical analysis of language is abstract content, while natural languages are only a necessary condition for such analysis.
The sphere of abstract content is the structural domain of various objects. Objects create a unique abstract structure. Natural languages show the elements of this structure, as well as some fragments. Any natural language in a sense reflects the structure of objective reality. However, this description shows a superficial and contradictory nature.
During its formation, the natural language changed - this is due to the interaction of cultures of different peoples and technical progress. As a result, some words lose their meanings over time, while others, on the contrary, acquire new ones.
For example, the word “satellite” used to have only one meaning (fellow traveler, comrade on the way.), But today it has one more meaning - a space satellite.
Natural language has a life of its own. It contains many features and nuances that make it difficult to express the idea in words. The presence of a huge number of hyperboles, figurative expressions, archaisms, idioms, metaphors does not help this either. In addition, natural language is full of exclamations, interjections, the meaning of which is difficult to convey.
Natural language- in linguistics and philosophy of language, a language used to communicate between people (as opposed to formal languages and other types of sign systems, also called languages in semiotics) and not artificially created (as opposed to artificial languages).
The vocabulary and grammatical rules of a natural language are determined by the practice of application and are not always formally fixed.
Natural language functions
Natural language as a system of signs
Currently, consistency is considered the most important characteristic of the language. The semiotic essence of natural language consists in establishing a correspondence between the universe of meanings and the universe of sounds.
Based on the nature of the plan of expression in its oral form, human language belongs to auditory sign systems, and in written form - to visual ones.
By the type of genesis natural language is referred to cultural systems, thus it is opposed to both natural and artificial sign systems. The human language as a sign system is characterized by a combination of features of both natural and artificial sign systems.
The natural language system refers to multilevel systems since consists of qualitatively different elements - phonemes, morphemes, words, sentences, the relationship between which is complex and multifaceted.
As for the structural complexity of a natural language, the language is called itself complex of sign systems.
Structurally also distinguish deterministic and probabilistic semiotic systems. Natural language belongs to probabilistic systems in which the order of the elements is not rigid, but is probabilistic in nature.
Semiotic systems are also divided into dynamic, movable and static, fixed... Elements of dynamic systems change their position in relation to each other, while the state of elements in static systems is motionless and stable. Natural language is referred to as dynamic systems, although it also contains static features.
Another structural characteristic of sign systems is their fullness... A complete system can be defined as a system with signs representing all theoretically possible combinations of a certain length from elements of a given set. Accordingly, an incomplete system can be characterized as a system with a certain degree of redundancy, in which not all possible combinations of given elements are used to express signs. Natural language is an incomplete system with a high degree of redundancy.
The differences between sign systems in their ability to change make it possible to classify them into open and closed systems... Open systems in the course of their functioning can include new signs and are characterized by higher adaptability compared to closed systems that are incapable of change. The ability to change is inherent in the human language.
According to V.V. Nalimov, natural language occupies a middle position between "soft" and "hard" systems. Soft systems include ambiguously encoding and ambiguously interpreted sign systems, for example, the language of music, and hard systems - the language of scientific symbols.
The main function of the language - constructing judgments, the possibility of determining the meaning of active reactions, the organization of concepts, which are some symmetric forms that organize the space of relations of "communicators": [source not specified 1041 days]
communicative:
stating(for a neutral message of fact),
interrogative(for requesting a fact),
appellate(to induce action),
expressive(to express the speaker's mood and emotions),
contacting(to create and maintain contact between interlocutors);
metalanguage(for the interpretation of linguistic facts);
aesthetic(for aesthetic impact);
function of the indicator of belonging to a certain group of people(nation, nationality, profession);
informational;
cognitive;
emotional.
Artificial languages- special languages that, unlike natural ones, are purposefully constructed. There are more than a thousand such languages, and more and more are constantly being created.
Classification
There are the following types of artificial languages:
Programming languages and computer languages- languages for automatic processing of information using a computer.
Information languages- languages used in various information processing systems.
Formalized languages of science- languages intended for symbolic recording of scientific facts and theories of mathematics, logic, chemistry and other sciences.
Languages of non-existent peoples created for fictional or entertainment purposes, for example: Elvish language invented by J. Tolkien, Klingon language invented by Mark Okrand for the fantasy TV series Star Trek (see Fictional Languages), Na vi language created for the movie Avatar.
International auxiliary languages- languages created from elements of natural languages and offered as an aid for interethnic communication.
The idea of creating a new language of international communication was born in the 17th-18th centuries as a result of the gradual decrease in the international role of Latin. Initially, these were mainly projects of a rational language, freed from the logical errors of living languages and based on the logical classification of concepts. Later, projects appeared based on the model and materials of living languages. The first such project was the universalglot, published in 1868 in Paris by Jean Pirrot. Pirro's project, anticipating many of the details of later projects, went unnoticed by the public.
The next project of the international language was Volapuk, created in 1880 by the German linguist I. Schleier. He caused a very large resonance in society.
The most famous artificial language was Esperanto (L. Zamenhof, 1887) - the only artificial language that became widespread and united around itself quite a lot of supporters of the international language.
Of the artificial languages, the most famous are:
basic english
Esperanto
interlingua
latin blue flexione
occidental
solresol
Klingon language
elvish languages
There are also languages that have been specifically designed to communicate with extraterrestrial intelligence. For example - linkos.
By the purpose of creation artificial languages can be divided into the following groups:
Philosophical and logical languages- languages that have a clear logical structure of word formation and syntax: Lojban, Tokipona, Ifkuil, Ilaksh.
Supporting languages- designed for practical communication: Esperanto, Interlingua, Slovio, Slavonic.
Artistic or aesthetic languages- created for creative and aesthetic pleasure: Quenya.
Also, the language is created for setting up an experiment, for example, to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (that the language spoken by a person limits consciousness, drives it into a certain framework).
By its structure artificial language projects can be divided into the following groups:
A priori languages- based on logical or empirical classifications of concepts: loglan, Lojban, ro, solresol, ifkuil, ilaksh.
A posteriori languages- languages built mainly on the basis of international vocabulary: interlingua, occidental
Mixed languages- words and word formation are partly borrowed from non-artificial languages, partly created on the basis of artificially invented words and word-building elements: volapuk, ido, esperanto, neo.
The number of speakers of artificial languages can be named only approximately, since there is no systematic registration of speakers.
By the degree of practical use artificial languages are divided into widespread projects: ido, interlingua, and esperanto. Such languages, like national languages, are called "socialized"; among the artificial ones they are united under the term planned languages. An intermediate position is occupied by such projects of an artificial language that have a certain number of supporters, for example, Loglan (and his descendant Lojban), Slovio and others. Most artificial languages have a single carrier - the author of the language (for this reason, it is more correct to call them "linguistic projects" rather than languages).
Hierarchy of communication goals
Language functions
Basic functions:
Cognitive(cognitive) function consists in the accumulation of knowledge, their ordering, systematization.
Communicative the function is to provide interaction between the sender of the verbal message and its recipient.
Private language features
Contact-establishing (phatic)
Impacts (voluntary)
Reference- a function associated with the subject of thought, with which the given linguistic expression is correlated.
Evaluation
Emotive (emotionally expressive)
Accumulative- that property of the language to accumulate, to accumulate the knowledge of people. Subsequently, this knowledge is perceived by descendants.
Metalanguage
Aesthetic- The ability of language to be a means of research and description in terms of the language itself.
Ritual and etc.
The languages that people use to communicate are called natural languages. There are several thousand of them. The most widespread natural language is Chinese. English is among the most widely spoken in the world. Natural languages are characterized by:
Wide scope of application - natural language is known to the entire national community;
The presence of a large number of rules, some of which are formulated explicitly (grammar rules), others implicitly (rules of meaning and use);
Flexibility - natural language is applicable to describe any, including new, situations;
Openness - natural language allows the speaker to generate new signs (words) that are understandable to the interlocutor, as well as to use existing signs in new meanings;
Dynamism - natural language quickly adapts to the diverse needs of interpersonal interaction of people.
In connection with the development of science and technology, formal languages have emerged that are used by specialists in their professional activities. Moreover, many formal languages are in international use.
A formal language is a language in which the same combinations of signs always have the same meaning. Formal languages include systems of mathematical and chemical symbols, musical notation, Morse code, and many others. The formal language is the ubiquitous decimal number system that allows you to name and write numbers, as well as perform arithmetic operations on them. Formal languages include programming languages that we will get acquainted with in computer science lessons.
A feature of formal languages is that all the rules in them are set explicitly, which ensures the unambiguity of recording and perception of messages in these languages.
1 .2.4. Forms of information presentation
The same information can be expressed in different ways. A person can present information in a symbolic or figurative form (Fig. 1.3).
The presentation of information in one form or another is otherwise called coding.
Representation of information by means of some sign system is discrete (composed of separate values). Figurative presentation of information is continuous.
THE MOST IMPORTANT THING
To save and transmit information to another person, a person fixes it with the help of signs. A sign (a set of signs) is a substitute for an object, which allows the transmitting information to call the image of the object in the mind of the receiving information.
Language is a sign system used by a person to express his thoughts, communicate with other people. Distinguish between natural and formal languages.
A person can present information in natural languages, in formal languages, in various figurative forms.
The presentation of information in any language or in a figurative form is called encoding.
Questions and tasks
1. What is a sign? Give examples of signs used in communication between people.
2. What do a pictogram and a symbol have in common? What is the difference between them?
H. What is a sign system? Try to describe the Russian language as a sign system. Describe the decimal number system as a sign system.
4. What type of writing (alphanumeric, syllabic, ideographic) does the writing of the British belong to; Germans; the French; Spaniards?
5. What languages are currently the most widely spoken in the world? (The answer can be found in encyclopedias or on the Internet.)
b. To what kind of languages (natural or formal) can the naval flag alphabet be attributed?
7. Compare natural and formal languages:
a) by scope;
b) according to the rules of operating with the signs of the language.
8. Why did people need formal languages?
9. In what cases can signs of formal languages be included in natural language texts? Where did you meet with this?
Binary encoding
Keywords:
Discretization alphabet
The power of the alphabet
Binary alphabet
Binary encoding
Bit depth of binary code
| Binary encoding | 5 1.3 |
1 . H. 1. Converting information from continuous
Forms into discrete
To solve his problems, a person often has to transform the available information from one form of presentation to another. For example, when reading aloud, information is converted from a discrete (text) form to a continuous (sound) form. During the dictation in the Russian language lesson, on the contrary, the information is converted from a continuous form (the teacher's voice) to a discrete one (student records).
Information presented in discrete form is much easier for transmission, storage or automatic processing. Therefore, in computer technology, much attention is paid to the methods of converting information from a continuous form to a discrete one.
Discretization of information is the process of converting information from a continuous form of representation to a discrete one,
Let's consider the essence of the information discretization process using an example.
Meteorological stations have recorders for continuous recording of atmospheric pressure. Their work results in curves showing how the pressure has changed over long periods of time (barograms). One of these curves, plotted by the instrument during seven hours of observations, is shown in Fig. 1.4.
Based on the information received, it is possible to build a table in which the readings of the device will be entered at the beginning of measurements and at the end of each hour of observation (Fig. 1.5).
Rice. 1.5. Barogram table
The resulting table does not give a completely complete picture of how the pressure changed during the observation period: for example, the largest pressure value that took place during the fourth hour of observations is not indicated. But if you enter in the table the pressure values observed every half hour or 15 minutes, then the new table will give a more complete picture of how the pressure has changed.
Thus, we converted the information presented in continuous form (barogram, curve) into discrete form (table) with some loss of accuracy.
In the future, you will get acquainted with the methods of discrete presentation of sound and graphic information.
Binary encoding
In general, in order to represent information in a discrete form, it should be expressed using symbols of some natural or formal language. There are thousands of such languages. Each language has its own alphabet.
Alphabet is a set of different symbols (signs) used to represent information. The power of the alphabet is the number of symbols (characters) included in it.
Rice. 1.7. Scheme for translating a character of an arbitrary alphabet into a binary code
If the cardinality of the original alphabet is more than two, then to encode a character of this alphabet, not one, but several binary characters are required. In other words, a string (sequence) of several binary characters will be assigned to the ordinal number of each character in the source alphabet.
The rule for binary encoding of alphabet characters of cardinality greater than two is represented by the diagram in Fig. 1.8.
L L LL
Strings of three binary symbols are obtained by complementing two-digit binary codes on the right with the symbol O or 1. As a result, there are 8 three-digit binary code combinations - twice as many as two-digit ones:
Accordingly, a four-digit binary code allows you to get 16 code combinations, a five-digit one - 32, She (UTIZNACHNY - 64, etc.
Note that 2 = 2 1, 4 2 2, 8 = 23, 16 = 24, 32 = 25 etc. etc.
If the number of code combinations is denoted by the letter N, and the bit width of the binary code by the letter i, then the revealed pattern in general form will be written as follows:
Task... The leader of the Multi tribe instructed his minister to develop a binary code and translate all the important information into it. How large is the binary code required if the alphabet used by the Multi tribe contains 16 characters? Write down all the code combinations.
Solution. Since the alphabet of the Multi tribe consists of 16 characters, they also need 16 code combinations. In this case, the length (width) of the binary code is determined from the ratio: 16 2 i. From here
To write out all the code combinations of four O and 1, we use the circuit in Fig. 1.8: 0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0101,
The site http: //school-collection.eduxu/ hosts a virtual laboratory "Digital scales". With its help, you can independently open the method of differences - one of the ways to obtain a binary code of integer de-
1. Logic and language.The subject of study of logic is the forms and laws of correct thinking. Thinking is a function of the human brain. Labor contributed to the separation of man from the environment of animals, was the foundation in the emergence of consciousness (including thinking) and language in people. Thinking is inextricably linked with language. Language, in the words of K. Marx, is immediate reality of thought... In the course of collective labor activity, people developed a need for communication and transmission of their thoughts to each other, without which the very organization of collective labor processes was impossible.
The functions of natural language are numerous and multifaceted. Language is a means of everyday communication of people, a means of communication in scientific and practical activities. Language allows you to transfer and receive accumulated knowledge, practical skills and life experience from one generation to another, to carry out the process of teaching and educating the younger generation. Language the following functions are also inherent: to store information, to be a means of expressing emotions, to be a means of cognition.
Language is a symbolic information system, a product of human spiritual activity. The accumulated information is transmitted using characters (words) of the language.
Speech can be spoken or written, sound or non-sound (as, for example, among the deaf and dumb), external (for others) or internal, speech expressed using natural or artificial language. With the help of a scientific language, which is based on a natural language, the provisions of philosophy, history, geography, archeology, geology, medicine (using, along with "living" national languages, and now "dead" Latin language) and many other sciences are formulated.
Language is not only a means of communication, but also the most important component of the culture of any nation.
On the basis of natural languages, artificial languages of science arose. These include the languages of mathematics, symbolic logic, chemistry, physics, as well as algorithmic programming languages for computers, which are widely used in modern computers and systems. Sign systems used to describe the processes of solving problems on a computer are called programming languages. Currently, there is a growing tendency to develop the principles of "communication" between a person and a computer in a natural language, so that computers can be used without intermediaries - programmers.
A sign is a material object (phenomenon, event) that acts as a representative of some other object, property or relationship and is used to acquire, store, process and transmit messages (information, knowledge).
Signs are subdivided into linguistic and non-linguistic. Non-linguistic signs include copy signs (for example, photographs, fingerprints, reproductions, etc.), signs-signs, or signs-indicators (for example, smoke is a sign of fire, high body temperature is a sign of illness), signs-signals (for example, a bell is a sign to start or end an activity), symbolic signs (for example, road signs), and other types of signs. There is a special science - semiotics, which is a general theory of signs. Varieties of signs are linguistic signs. One of the most important functions of linguistic signs is to designate objects by them. Names are used to designate objects.
A name is a word or phrase that denotes a specific subject. (The words "designation", "naming", "name" are considered as synonyms.) The subject is understood here in a very broad sense: these are things, properties, relationships, processes, phenomena, etc. of both nature and social life, mental activities of people, products of their imagination and the results of abstract thinking. So, the name is always the name of some object. Although objects are changeable, fluid, they retain a qualitative certainty, which is indicated by the name of the given object.
2. The language of logic and the language of law. The necessary connection between thinking and language, in which language acts as a material shell of thoughts, means that the identification of logical structures is possible only through the analysis of linguistic expressions. Just as the kernel of a nut can be reached only by opening its shell, so logical forms can only be revealed by analyzing the language.
In order to master the logical-linguistic analysis, we will briefly consider the structure and functions of the language, the relationship between logical and grammatical categories, as well as the principles of constructing a special language of logic.
Language is a sign information system that performs the function of forming, storing and transmitting information in the process of cognizing reality and communicating between people.
The main building materials in the design of a language are the signs used in it. A sign is any sensually perceived (visually, aurally or otherwise) object that is a representative of another object. Among the various signs, we distinguish two types: signs-images and signs-symbols.
Signs-images have a certain similarity with the designated objects. Examples of such signs: copies of documents; fingerprints; photographs; some road signs depicting children, pedestrians and other objects. Signs-symbols have no resemblance to the designated objects. For example: musical notes; Morse code characters; letters in the alphabets of national languages.
3. Natural and artificial languages. By origin, languages are natural and artificial.
Natural languages- these are sound (speech), and then graphic (writing) information sign systems, historically developed in society. They arose to consolidate and transfer the accumulated information in the process of communication between people. Natural languages are carriers of the centuries-old culture of peoples. They are distinguished by their rich expressive possibilities and universal coverage of the most diverse areas of life.
Artificial languages Are auxiliary sign systems created on the basis of natural languages for accurate and economical transmission of scientific and other information. They are constructed using natural language or a previously constructed artificial language. A language that acts as a means of constructing or learning another language is called a metalanguage, and the main language is called an object language. The metalanguage, as a rule, has richer expressive possibilities in comparison with the object language.
Artificial languages varying degrees of severity are widely used in modern science and technology: chemistry, mathematics, theoretical physics, computing, cybernetics, communications, stenography.
4. Principles of constructing formalized languages of logic.
Formalized language- an artificial language of logic, designed to reproduce the logical form-contexts of a natural language, as well as the expression of logical laws and methods of correct reasoning in logical theories built in this language.
Building a formalized language begins with specifying it alphabet- a set of original, primitive symbols. The alphabet includes logical symbols (signs of logical operations and relations, for example, propositional connectives and quantifiers), non-logical symbols (parameters of descriptive components of a natural language), and technical symbols (for example, brackets). Then the so-called rules for the formation of complex signs of the language from simple ones are formulated - various types of correctly constructed expressions are set. The most important type of them are formulas - analogs of natural language statements.
A distinctive feature of a formalized language is the effectiveness of the definitions of all its syntactic categories: the question of whether an arbitrary character or sequence of alphabet characters belongs to one or another class of linguistic expressions is solved algorithmically, in a finite number of steps.
Sometimes formalized languages, along with the alphabet and the rules of education, include the so-called rules of transformation - deduction procedures, exact rules for transitions from one sequence of characters to another. In this case, the formalized language is essentially identified with the logical calculus. Another interpretation of a formalized language involves the adoption of rules for the interpretation of its expressions, allowing each syntactic category of signs to match the semantic one, which is essential for identifying logical forms.
Formalized languages can have a variety of expressive capabilities. Thus, propositional languages allow one to study the logical form only at the level of complex statements, without taking into account the internal structure of simple statements. Syllogistic languages allow you to fix the logical forms of attributive statements. First-order languages reproduce the structure of both simple (both attributive and relational) and complex statements, but they only allow quantification by individuals. In richer languages - languages of higher orders - quantification is also allowed by properties, relations, and functions.
The principles of constructing formalized languages can also be used when defining the languages of non-logical, applied theories. In this case, instead of abstract non-logical symbols (parameters), the names of specific objects of the subject area of the theory, signs of certain functions, properties, relations, etc. are introduced into the alphabet of the language.
