Formation of the climate of South America. Climatic conditions of south america Temperate climate zone

Climate Yu.A. B1 1. What factors contribute to the formation of warm humid climate on the flat part of the South America mainland? a) relief b) prevailing winds - trade winds c) geographical position 2. For which climatic zone of South America the following climatic indicators correspond: t ° i = + 16 °, t ° u = + 8 °, annual precipitation - from 100 mm to west and up to 1000 mm in the east: a) moderate b) subtropical c) tropical 3. For which climatic zone of South America the following climatic indicators correspond: t ° i = + 24 °, t ° u = + 20 °, annual precipitation is more 1000 mm in the warm season: a) subequatorial b) subtropical c) tropical 4. Moisture is brought to most of South America from the ocean: a) Pacific b) Atlantic c) Indian 5. What type of action atmospheric circulation the territory of South America receives the most atmospheric precipitation: a) Trade wind circulation of both the northern and southern hemispheres b) Western transport c) Southeast trade wind

Climate Yu.A. Q1 1. What factors contribute to the formation of a warm, humid climate on the flat part of the continent of South America? a) relief b) prevailing winds - trade winds c) geographical position 2. For which climatic zone of South America the following climatic indicators correspond: t ° i = + 16 °, t ° u = + 8 °, annual precipitation - from 100 mm to west and up to 1000 mm in the east: a) moderate b) subtropical c) tropical 3. For which climatic zone of South America the following climatic indicators correspond: t ° i = + 24 °, t ° and = + 20 °, annual precipitation is more 1000 mm in the warm season: a) subequatorial b) subtropical c) tropical 4. Moisture is brought to most of South America from the ocean: a) Pacific b) Atlantic c) Indian 5. As a result of what type of atmospheric circulation the territory of South America receives the largest amount of atmospheric precipitation: a) Trade wind circulation of both the northern and southern hemispheres b) Western transport c) Southeast trade wind

B2 1. Moisture is brought to most of South America from the ocean: a) Pacific b) Atlantic c) Indian 2. As a result of what type of atmospheric circulation the territory of South America receives the greatest amount of atmospheric precipitation: a) Tradewind circulation of both the northern and southern hemispheres b) Western transport c) Southeast trade wind 3. What factors contribute to the formation of a warm, humid climate on the flat part of the continent of South America? a) relief b) prevailing winds - trade winds c) geographical position 4. For which climatic zone of South America the following climatic indicators correspond: t ° i = + 16 °, t ° u = + 8 °, annual precipitation - from 100 mm to west and up to 1000 mm in the east: a) moderate b) subtropical c) tropical 5. For which climatic zone of South America the following climatic indicators correspond: t ° i = + 24 °, t ° u = + 20 °, annual precipitation is more 1000 mm in the warm season: a) subequatorial b) subtropical c) tropical

Answers South America Climate

Climatic factors.

but. geographic location, configuration, dismemberment.

b. ocean currents

in. relief

Circulation air masses in July and January.

Distribution of temperatures, precipitation.

Climatic factors.

but. Geographical position, configuration, division of the continent.

Most of South America is located in the equatorial, tropical and subtropical zones. The southern tropic crosses the mainland where it begins to narrow. The mainland lies mainly in the southern hemisphere.

The location of the most extensive part of the continent in equatorial and tropical latitudes determines the receipt of a significant amount of solar radiation - 140-160 kcal / cm per year. Only south of 40 S lat. the total radiation is reduced to 80-120 kcal. The same factor mainly explains the high indicators of the radiation balance, reaching almost 60-85 kcal. Even in Patagonia, the radiation balance is about 40 kcal, i.e. it is in the same conditions as the south of the European part of Russia.

In equatorial latitudes, due to the high heating of the continent, throughout the year, there is a constant rise in air masses and the formation of an area of low pressure, where the trade wind air masses rush from the Atlantic. Hence the predominance of a powerful east-west transport in equatorial latitudes. In subtropical and temperate latitudes ah, the area of the mainland is decreasing, and in this regard, even in winter time continental anticyclones are almost not formed. But over both oceans, subtropical maxima are always very clearly expressed and serve as areas of outflow of trade wind air masses. East of the mainland in tropical and sub tropical belt affected by the western periphery of the Atlantic highs. In the west, the influence of the eastern periphery of the Pacific anticyclone is strong, with a predominance of southerly air currents. In the circulation of temperate latitudes, where the size of the land is small, the west-east transfer of air masses is expressed with active cyclonic activity on the polar front.

b. Ocean currents.

The warm Brazilian current warms and increases the moisture content of the trade wind air masses that irrigate the eastern part of the Brazilian Highlands. The cold Falkland Current increases the aridity of Patagonia on the ocean coast, and the cold Peruvian current largely contributes to the formation of a huge desert belt in the west of the mainland. in.Relief is an important factor in the formation of the climate.

The orographic features of South America contribute to the meridional transport of air masses over the mainland. The Andes, like the Himalayas, are the most important climatic division. The high barrier of the Andes, stretching along the entire western edge of the mainland, limits the influence The Pacific... On the contrary, almost the entire continent is left to the influence of air masses coming from the Atlantic. Continental air masses are formed only in the southern summer in the Gran Chaco region (continental tropical air) and are poorly observed in the winter on the plains of Patagonia (continental air of temperate latitudes).

Air circulation.

July. In July, all baric systems are displaced To north. The northeastern trade wind, coming to the shores of the mainland from the southeastern periphery of the Azores maximum, consists of warm moist sea air masses. These winds and cyclonic rains on the tropical front are responsible for the summer rainy season in northern Colombia and Venezuela and in Guiana. Equatorial humid air from the Amazon spreads to Llanos. The latter is formed in the Amazon due to the Atlantic trade wind air masses. Intense inland convection causes daily afternoon showers associated with cooling of air masses in the high layers of the atmosphere. In the Eastern Amazon, the effect of the southeastern trade wind from the Brazilian Highlands manifests itself in a decrease in rainfall at this time of the year.

In the southern hemisphere, the southeastern trade wind from the northern periphery of the South Atlantic high pressure region approaches the northeastern bulge of Brazil. But, further, as a result of the strike of the coastline to the north-west, it only slides along the coast, without significantly affecting the climate.

The winds of the western periphery of the South Atlantic anticyclone, moving counterclockwise from northeast to southwest, consist of masses of warm tropical air and capture not only the coast of eastern Brazil, but, bypassing the central part of the highlands with a relatively high winter pressure, penetrate to the south - west inland to the eastern foothills of the Andes, where they come into contact with the air masses of temperate latitudes, forming a polar front.

The entire western coast, slopes of the Andes and intermontane plateaus from 30 S lat. to the equator in winter are under the influence of the eastern periphery of the Pacific maximum. South and South easterly winds consist of masses of tropical sea air. These relatively cold and heavy masses are only saturated in the lower layers. The cold Peruvian Current runs in the same direction in these latitudes along the western coast of South America. These phenomena lead to a decrease in the relative humidity of the air. All west between 30 S. turns out to be sharply arid and abnormally cooled. But, north of the equator, where the southeastern trade wind, changing direction, turns into a southwestern monsoon, warm, moisture-saturated Pacific equatorial masses, approaching at an angle to the Andes, abundantly irrigate western Colombia, which receives precipitation and convective rains at these latitudes.

In temperate latitudes, the winter continental anticyclone in Patagonia is weakly expressed due to a sharp narrowing of the continent in temperate latitudes. Air masses of temperate latitudes come to the mainland and from the Pacific Ocean, where there is a constant westerly transport. This Pacific sea air brings huge amounts of rainfall to southern Chile in winter. Middle subtropical Chile also falls into the sphere of moderate circulation due to the displacement of the Pacific anticyclone to the north. Westerly and south-westerly winds irrigate the territory up to 30 S latitude. These rains have a frontal character with the interaction of temperate and tropical air masses.

Thus, in July, the northern edge of the mainland, the eastern coast of Brazil, the western Amazon, southern and central Chile, and western Colombia receive the most moisture.

In January all baric centers occupy their extreme southern position. The Azores anticyclone is as close as possible to the equator, causes the introduction of the North Atlantic sea air masses in the form of a northeastern trade wind, which penetrates into the area of reduced pressure over the Amazonian lowland and the lowland of Paraguay to the eastern slopes of the Andes, where it transforms over land into continental tropical air, also warm and wet. Rising currents of air saturated with moisture give daily rains. Corresponding to the standing of the sun at its zenith, precipitation maxima are observed twice - in spring and autumn.

Moist equatorial air from the northeast also captures the northern, northwestern and western parts of the Brazilian Highlands, including the Paraná Basin and the Gran Chaco region, reaching La Plata, causing the summer rainy season here. The northern edge of the continent is experiencing a winter drought at this time of year, as humid equatorial air masses move south. The South Atlantic Anticyclone (its western periphery) irrigates the southeastern coast of Brazil (northeastern in July) and northeastern Argentina and has a monsoon character.

In temperate latitudes, the western transport of Pacific air masses occurs at higher latitudes than in winter and in a somewhat weakened form, although southern Chile also receives a large number of precipitation. But the plains of Patagonia remain in "dry shadow" throughout the year. The influence of the eastern periphery of the Pacific anticyclone with cold southerly winds in the west of the mainland already affects the subtropical middle of Chile, where dry weather sets in in summer. The entire central part of the west coast is characterized by a lack of rainfall - which is why the Atacama Desert is located here. North of the Gulf of Guayaquil, western Ecuador receives summer rains due to the penetration of equatorial masses from the north.

They, together with the southwestern equatorial monsoon, irrigate western Colombia in January.

THEREFORE, heavy rainfall in January is seen in the Amazon Lowland, but the east is more irrigated than in July. Abundant moisture in the east is experienced by the entire subequatorial belt of the southern hemisphere up to 20 0 S, while the north of the continent is arid. Summer-autumn frontal rains are typical for southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina, southern Chile, as well as western Colombia, are still the "wet corners" of the mainland, but central Chile is experiencing a dry period and, conversely, the coast of Ecuador is wet. Between 28-5 0 S in the west, there is practically no precipitation in summer and winter.

Temperature distribution.

In July the entire Amazonian lowland and the western part of the Brazilian Highlands are very hot, are mainly under the influence of equatorial air masses and lie within the + 25 0 isotherm. On the territory of subtropical and temperate latitudes, the deep penetration of sea air masses of temperate latitudes affects the rapid drop in temperatures, and the isotherms, following from east to west, change from + 18 0 at Asuncion to +2 0 in the south of Tierra del Fuego. But on the high plateaus of Patagonia, negative temperatures down to -5 0 are established. Invasions from the south of temperate air masses cause irregular frosts throughout the central and eastern Brazilian Highlands, in the Chaco and northern Argentina. In the southern Pampa, frosts can last for 2-3 months, in northeastern Patagonia - for 5-6 months, in the central - up to 9 months, and in the southwestern part it is possible even in summer, in winter the temperature sometimes drops to -30 ...

Cold air and sea currents from south to north along the western coast of South America cause the isotherms to abruptly deflect to the north and squeeze them into a tight bundle in western Peru. For example, the July isotherm +20 0 from the latitude of Copiapo (27 0 S) rises along the coast almost to Guayaquil (5 0 S).

In the Andes, the temperature decreases with height, and frosts occur on the high plateaus not only in winter, but also in summer. At an altitude of 2000 m under 40 0 S in the Andes, an absolute minimum was observed - 40 0.

In january e the entire northern half of the mainland in the east to the Andes and 20 0 S lat. lies inside the isotherm +25 0. In the region of Gran Chaco, Mato Grosso and western Bolivia, on both sides of the tropic, a closed ring of the +28 0 isotherm forms.

The warming of the continent and in temperate latitudes causes a bend to the south in the steppes of Argentina and Patagonia, a decrease in temperature to +10 in the south of Tierra del Fuego.

An anomalous jump of isotherms to the north and their compression into a bundle on the west coast is observed.

Climatic zones and regions.

EQUATORIAL - constantly hot and humid climate includes the western part of the Amazonian Plain with the adjacent lower eastern slopes of the Andes. The large heating of the continent at these latitudes causes the development of baric depression and intramass ascending air currents, the Atlantic masses arriving here are transformed into equatorial ones. Moisture is evaporated by gilli forests and waters and returned to the ground in afternoon convective rains. A uniform course of temperatures and very small annual and daily amplitudes are typical. Precipitation decreases from June to October and increases in quantity on the mountain slopes.

SUBEQUATORIAL.

but) subequatorial seasonally humid climate forms north and south of the equatorial climate region and includes the lowlands and plains of Orinoco and Magdalena, coastal regions of Venezuela, the Guiana Highlands, most of the Brazilian Highlands, except for the east and south, and the east of the Amazon. It is characterized by the contrasts of the rainy and dry seasons, caused by the change of summer equatorial air masses to winter tropical ones. When approaching the equator, the long dry period gradually breaks up into two short ones, interspersed with long rainy ones.

b) the north is characterized by sharp dryness Venezuela and the northeastern Brazilian Highlands. The central parts of the latter have a very large amplitude of daily and especially extreme temperatures. With a significant annual amount of precipitation in the winter months, sometimes not a drop of rain falls.

in) the climate of the eastern slopes of the Guiana Highlands and the Guiana Lowland, although it is characterized by subequatorial circulation, is closer to the equatorial type in terms of precipitation and temperature regime. The rainy winter season there is caused by the action of the humid northeastern trade wind, the spring and summer - by the equatorial monsoon, while in the autumn a dry period is expressed due to the penetration of the southeastern trade wind.

TROPICAL BELT.

but) tropical trade wind humid climate the western periphery of oceanic anticyclones is characteristic of the east of the Brazilian Highlands. Abundant rainfall is due to both the Atlantic trade winds and cyclonic rains on the polar fronts, and the relief. The southern part of the highlands is characterized by winter invasions of cold air masses from the south, causing a drop in temperatures with small amplitudes.

b) T ropy continental seasonally humid climate the area of Gran Chaco. It is very similar to the climate of subequatorial monsoons, but differs from it in more different temperature ranges. Precipitation caused by g. transformed equatorial air masses and humid trade winds.

in) T ropy tradewind climate the eastern periphery of oceanic anticyclones (coastal desert climate or “garua” climate) from 4 0 30 / to 28 0 S lat. in Peru and northern Chile. Sharply arid under the influence of the eastern periphery of the anticyclone and constant southeastern trade winds. Annual precipitation is less than 30 mm. Small annual amplitudes of relatively low temperatures and large diurnal, high relative air humidity and anomalous cooling of the coastal strip cause strong cloudiness in winter.

SUBTROPICAL BELT.

but) subtropical evenly humid and warm climate distributed in Uruguay, between the Parana-Uruguay and the eastern Pampa. In summer, humidification occurs due to moisture brought from the northeast by masses of Atlantic tropical air (monsoon winds), in the rest of the year, especially in autumn and spring, due to cyclonic rains on the polar fronts. Summers are hot, winters are mild, but invasions from the south of temperate air can cause a sharp drop in temperature and even snowfall.

b) subtropical continental arid climate to the west and south of the previous one, i.e. in the western and southwestern Pampa and in the Precordillera area up to 41 ° S lat. With distance from the Atlantic Ocean and closer to temperate latitudes, the amount of precipitation decreases, and it falls in the form of summer showers; the temperature amplitudes increase and frosts can be within five months,

with) subtropical Mediterranean »From 28 0 to 37 0 30 / S. with a pronounced seasonality, especially in the course of precipitation. In summer (from November to March) the region is captured by the eastern periphery of the Pacific anticyclone and is devoid of precipitation; in winter (May-August) it is included in the sphere of moderate circulation and is irrigated by cyclonic rains on the polar front. The Peruvian current causes low temperatures for a given latitude in the coastal zone, especially summer and low annual temperatures.

TEMPERATE ZONE.

but) temperate dry semi-desert climate dominates the plains and plateaus of Patagonia. It is characterized by an extremely small amount of precipitation, sharp temperature ranges, very strong westerly and southerly winds, causing temperatures to drop to -32 0 -35 0 in winter. The barrier of the Andes does not allow wet westerly winds to pass to the east, they do not come from the Atlantic due to the westerly transfer in these latitudes, while the flat relief is favorable for the invasion of cold southerly winds. Frosts last for six to seven months,

b) temperate oceanic cool and humid climate south of 42 0 30 / S. Throughout the year, westerly winds of moderate circulation, as well as from the southern periphery of the anticyclone and intense cyclonic activity, bring a huge amount of moisture to southern Chile, the fall of which is facilitated by the rise of sea air masses along the western slopes of the Andes ... The course of temperatures is very even, the amplitudes are small, but the absence of a warm current causes a lack of heat and summer temperatures for a given latitude are very low. Cold and rainy weather with strong westerly winds prevails.

In the Andes. According to the climatic regime, the outer slopes of the Andean system generally belong to neighboring regions, but taking into account the altitudinal zonality, there is a decrease in temperatures with altitude. The inner slopes of the Andean ridges and valleys are more arid and continental than the outer slopes. Ridge strips of high Sierras with eternal snow and ice have a high-altitude climate, dry in the center of the mainland and more humid in the north and especially in the south.

Features of glaciation

Despite the presence in South America of one of the most powerful mountain systems in the world with many peaks exceeding 6,000 m, modern glaciation on the mainland is relatively weak.

The Andes of Colombia, Ecuador and northern Peru lie in equatorial and subequatorial latitudes, where average monthly temperatures at an altitude of 3000 m are +10 0, and heavy rainfall, although it occasionally falls in the form of snow, can maintain constant snow cover only at altitudes above 4600-4800 m Further to the south - in the Central Andes - winter temperatures decrease, but the continentality of the climate causes high summer and especially spring temperatures. Orographic isolation of the continent, fenced off by high ridges from the influence of humid air cause extreme dryness. Such a combination of climatic factors, despite the significant heights, cannot contribute to the development of glaciation and the snow border in Pune rises to the highest position in the world - 6000-6300 m.

Favorable conditions are created in the south - in the Chilean-Argentine Andes and especially in the Patagonian. Here, the Andes reach great heights, which, together with the increasing moisture inflow to the south in the cyclones of the polar front, quickly reduce the snow line and give rise to valley glaciers. The ridges and peaks in Patagonia do not exceed 3500-4000 m, but in temperate latitudes at such an altitude, negative temperatures are observed during the whole year. Constant westerly winds bring a huge amount of moisture, and the mountains are covered with a thick layer of snow and ice, and the snow line goes down to 1200-1000 m.

One zonal phenomenon should be noted that is characteristic of the highlands and on other continents in the equatorial, tropical and subtropical latitudes. On the firn fields one can observe the characteristic phenomenon of “repentant snows”. Under the combined ablative action of insolation, wind, rain, erosion of melt water and some other reasons, regular rows are formed, usually oriented from east to west. These firn pyramids are elongated and inclined towards the sun and have a height of up to 5-6 m. They resemble knee-prone figures, hence the name.

Education local winds associated with the nature of the underlying surface (orography, type of surface - water or land) and temperature. Local winds of thermal origin include breezes. They are better expressed in cloudless anticyclonic weather and are especially often manifested on the western coasts of the tropics, where heated continents are washed by the waters of cold currents. We have grouped other local winds, depending on their properties and origin (temperature or type of landscape over which they form), into three groups: cold, mountain-valley and desert. The local names of the winds of Lake Baikal were cited separately.

Local winds	Wind description
Cold local winds:
Blizzard	cold piercing wind of storm force in Canada and Alaska (analogous to a blizzard in Siberia).
Bora (Greek "boreas" - north wind)	strong, gusty wind blowing mainly in the winter months from mountain ranges on the coast of the seas. Occurs when cold wind (high pressure) passes over the ridge and displaces the warmer and less dense air on the other side (low pressure). In winter, it causes a strong cold snap. It happens in the north-west of the Adriatic coast. The Black Sea (near Novorossiysk), on Baikal. The wind speed in bora can reach 60 m / s, its duration is several days, sometimes up to a week.
	dry, cold, north or north-east wind in the highlands of France and Switzerland
Borasco, burraska (Spanish "borasco" - small bora)	a strong storm with a thunderstorm over the Mediterranean Sea.
	a small intense vortex in Antarctica.
	cold north wind in Spain.
	cold wind from Siberia, bringing sharp cold snaps, frosts and snowstorms to Kazakhstan and the deserts of Central Asia.
	sea breeze softening the heat on the northern coast of Africa.
	cold northeasterly wind blowing over the lower part of the Danube lowland.
Levantine	East strong, humid wind, accompanied by cloudy weather and rains in the cold half-year over the Black and Mediterranean Seas.
	cold north wind over the coast of China.
Mistral	the invasion of a cold strong and dry wind from the polar regions of Europe along the Rhone river valley on the coast of the Gulf of Lyon in France from Montpellier to Toulon in the winter-spring period (February, March).
Meltemi	northern summer wind in the Aegean Sea.
	cold north wind in Japan, blowing from the polar regions of Asia.
	bora-type wind only in the Baku region (Azerbaijan).
Northser, norther (English "norther" - north)	strong cold and dry winter (November - April) northerly wind blowing from Canada to the USA, Mexico, the Gulf of Mexico, up to the northern part of South America. It is accompanied by a rapid cooling, often with showers, snowfalls, ice.
	cold southern storm wind in Argentina. Accompanied by rain and thunderstorms. Then the cooling rate reaches 30 ° C per day, atmospheric pressure increases sharply, cloudiness dissipates.
	strong winter wind in Siberia, raising snow from the surface, resulting in reduced visibility to 2-5 m.
Mountain-valley winds: hair dryers (bornan, breva, talwind, helm, chinook, garmsil) - warm, dry, gusty winds that cross the ridges and blow from the mountains along the slope into the valley, last less than a day. In different mountainous regions, the fohn winds have their own local names.
	breeze in the Swiss Alps, blowing from the valley of the river. Drans to the middle of Lake Geneva.
	daytime valley wind combined with a breeze on Lake Como (Northern Italy).
Garmsil	strong dry and very hot (up to 43 ° C and above) wind on the northern slopes of the Kopetdag and the lower parts of the Western Tien Shan.
	pleasant valley wind in Germany.
Chinook (or Shinuk)	a dry and warm southwest wind on the eastern slopes of the North American Rockies, which can cause very large fluctuations in temperature, especially in winter. There is a known case when in January in less than a day the air temperature increased by 50 °: from -31 ° to + 19 °. Therefore, the Chinook is called the "snow eater" or "snow eater".
Desert winds: samum, sirocco, khamsin, khabub - dry, very hot dusty or sandy winds.
	dry hot west or south-west wind in the deserts of the North. Africa and Arabia, flies in a whirlwind, closes the sun and sky, rages for 15-20 minutes.
	dry, hot, strong wind of the southern points blowing to the Mediterranean countries (France, Italy, the Balkans) from the deserts of North Africa and Arabia; lasts several hours, sometimes days.
	exhausting hot and dusty wind blowing over Gibraltar and southeast Spain,
	it is a wind with high temperature and low air humidity in steppes, semi-deserts and deserts, it forms at the edges of anticyclones and lasts for several days, increasing evaporation, drying up the soil and plants. It predominates in the steppe regions of Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and the Caspian region.
	dusty or sandstorm in northeastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
Khamsin (or "fifty diary")	hot storm wind in Egypt blowing from Arabia for up to 50 days in a row.
Harmattan	the local name for the northeastern trade wind blowing from the Sahara to the Gulf of Guinea; brings dust, high temperatures and low humidity.
	analogue of khamsin in Central Africa.
Eblis ("dusty devil")	a sudden rise of heated air on a windless day in the form of a vortex, carrying sand and other objects (plants, small animals) to a very high altitude.
Other local winds:
	dusty south or south-west wind blowing from Afghanistan along the valleys of the Amu Darya, Syrdarya, Vakhsh. It oppresses vegetation, covers the fields with sand and dust, removes the fertile soil layer. In early spring accompanied by downpours and cold snaps to frost, destroys cotton seedlings. In winter, it is sometimes accompanied by sleet and leads to frostbite and death of cattle caught on the plains.
	strong wind from the Caspian, bringing flood surges to the lower reaches of the Volga.
	the southeast trade wind in the Pacific Ocean (for example, off the islands of Tonga).
Cordonaso	strong southerly winds along the western coast of Mexico.
	the sea breeze blowing from the Pacific Ocean on the Chilean coast is especially strong in the afternoon in Valparaiso, which is why port work is even being suspended. Its antipode - the coastal breeze - is called terrap.
Probe (sondo)	strong northerly or westerly dry and hot winds of the foehn type on the eastern slopes of the Andes (Argentina). Depressing effect on people.
	prevails in the eastern part Mediterranean Sea, warm, brings rains and storms (lighter in the western Mediterranean)
	tailwind on rivers and lakes.
Tornado (Spanish: Tornado)	very strong atmospheric vortex over land in North America, characterized by high repeatability, is formed as a result of the collision of cold masses from the Arctic and warm masses from the Caribbean.
	One of the most dangerous winds in Chukotka. The strongest in the world constant wind, its usual speed is 40 m / s, gusts up to 80 m / s.
Winds of Baikal:
Verkhovik, or hangara	north wind overpowering other winds.
Barguzin	northeastern storm wind blowing in the central part of the lake from the Barguzin Valley across and along Baikal
	local southwest storm wind carrying cloudy weather.
Harahaikha	autumn-winter northwest wind.
	southeastern storm wind blowing from the valley of the river. Goloustnoy.
	cold strong chilling winter wind blowing along the river valley. Sarma.

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Sourse of information: Romashova T.V. Geography in figures and facts: Textbook / - Tomsk: 2008.

South America is located on either side of it, but most of it lies in the southern hemisphere. The widest part of the mainland lies between the tropics. The subtropical and temperate latitudes of the southern hemisphere include its narrowed and dissected margin.

The influence of air masses coming from extends far into the interior of the continent along the plains wide open towards the ocean to the very foot.

The western coast is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean, which have a significant negative temperature anomaly off the coast of the mainland, which is caused by the cold Peruvian Current. Pacific air masses, due to the existence of the Andes barrier, affect the climate only a narrow strip of land adjacent to the ocean.

The climatic conditions of South America are determined mainly by the influence of the equatorial air masses that form over the mainland. These air masses are characterized by a high moisture content and low temperature ranges throughout the year. They move from one hemisphere to another by the equatorial monsoons of the northern and southern hemispheres and cause precipitation.

The tropical air of marine origin has a great influence on the climate. It forms in tropical anticyclones over the oceans and enters the mainland with trade wind air currents. Its properties are close to equatorial air masses.

Continental tropical air is formed over the mainland in tropical latitudes through the transformation of sea air. It is distinguished by its comparative dryness and significantly higher annual temperature ranges than the equatorial and marine tropical air.

The influence of air masses in temperate latitudes affects only the extreme south of the continent.

In January, northern South America is affected by dynamic maximum tropical air masses northern hemisphere... These air masses rush in the form of a northeastern trade wind towards the area of reduced pressure on the mainland, located at this time to the south of the equator. In this regard, drought occurs on the northern outskirts of South America. Only in the northeast of the mainland, on the slopes and on the coastal lowland, the trade wind, coming directly from, leaves a certain amount of precipitation.

Over the equatorial part of the Amazonian lowland, tropical air is humidified and, rising upward, gives abundant convective precipitation. Penetrating into the area of reduced pressure south of the equator, the northeast trade wind changes its direction to the north and northwest and turns into the equatorial monsoon of the southern hemisphere. Over a wide area south of the equator, it leaves abundant rainfall, most of the Brazilian Highlands and the Gran Chaco plain.

Monsoon winds blow from the South Atlantic towards the heated continent, bringing rains to the southeastern edge of the Brazilian Highlands and lowlands.

Most of the western coast, starting from subtropical latitudes and almost to the equator, is influenced by the eastern periphery of the Pacific anticyclone and receives no precipitation. Only a stretch of coastline north of the bay is affected by equatorial air masses and is irrigated with abundant rainfall.

Humid oceanic air is brought to the extreme south of the continent from the west. At the same time, the coast of the Pacific Ocean and especially the western slopes of the Andes receive abundant precipitation, and Patagonia, under the cover of the Andes, turns out to be the center of the formation of relatively dry continental air masses of temperate latitudes.

In July, the entire northern part of the continent falls under the influence of humid equatorial air brought in by the southwestern equatorial monsoon, and no less humid tropical marine air coming from Atlantic Ocean.

Above is set high (and as a consequence - dry), in connection with the northward movement of the tropical maximum of the southern hemisphere. Only the southeastern edge of the highlands is affected by the southeastern trade winds coming directly from the Atlantic Ocean, and receives a significant amount of precipitation, although much less than in summer.

In the subtropical and temperate latitudes of the southern hemisphere, low pressure prevails and cyclonic rains fall. Only Patagonia still remains the center of relatively dry and cold air, which at times breaks through to the north and penetrates all the way to the Amazonian lowlands, causing significant depressions and even snowfall there.

Over the central part of the Pacific coast, in July as in January, from 30 ° S. NS. to the equator, southerly and southwesterly winds prevail, blowing parallel to the coast over the waters of the cold Peruvian Current. This leads to a great dryness of the coast in these latitudes. Only in its northern segment, where the southeastern trade wind passes into the southwestern monsoon, does a significant amount of precipitation fall.

Similarly, South America is located mainly within the equatorial, subequatorial and tropical. Only in the extreme south does it enter the temperate zone. But the relative position and width of these belts is the same as the ratio climatic regions inside them, different from in Africa. This is primarily determined by the features of the orography of South America, which are sharply different from the features of the orography of the African continent.

In the equatorial part, South America reaches a great width, the relief does not impede development there. The equatorial climate belt includes almost the entire Amazonian lowland, except for the eastern part and the extreme south, and the adjacent parts of the Guiana Highlands and Orinoco Lowlands. The equatorial belt also includes a segment of the Pacific coast north of the equator.

The entire belt is characterized by abundant rainfall throughout the year. Their annual amounts range from 1500 to 2500 mm and only on the slopes of the Andes, on the Pacific coast, the amount of precipitation increases to 5000-7000 mm per year. Precipitation in this area throughout the year is brought by the southern and southwestern and large amounts of them are explained by the reasons. In the Amazonian lowland, most of the precipitation falls due to convective processes in the equatorial ones. The region's temperatures are high and vary little with the seasons. Average temperatures for all months range from 25-27 °.

The entire northern part of South America, including the coast, a significant part of the Guiana Highlands and the Guiana Lowlands, lies in the subequatorial climate belt. The southern hemisphere belt includes the north of the Brazilian Highlands and South part Amazonian lowland. In the east, the subequatorial belts of the northern and southern hemispheres are interconnected. This belt also includes a part of the Pacific coast from the equator to 4-5 ° S. NS.

A distinctive feature of the subequatorial climate - the seasonality in the distribution of precipitation - is expressed throughout this territory quite clearly. In the southern hemisphere, in the Brazilian Highlands, in the south of the Amazon Lowland and in downstream the equatorial monsoon rainy season lasts from about December to May, and it lengthens from south to north, gradually moving into a year-round wet period. In the north, the rainy season lasts from May to December. In winter, there is no precipitation during the trade winds. Only in those areas where the trade winds, coming from the ocean, meet mountains on their way, it rains in winter. This occurs in the northern stretch of the coastal Brazilian Highlands and northeastern Guiana. Annual precipitation totals subequatorial belt 1500-2000 mm. Only the northeastern Brazilian Highlands receives less than 1000 mm of rainfall, as humid air currents are intercepted by the elevated outskirts of the highlands and penetrate into the area transformed. The highest temperatures occur, as in Africa, during the transition period between the end of the dry and the beginning of the wet season, when average monthly temperatures rise to 29-30 °. At the same time, in no month does the average temperature drop below 20 °.

South America is part of the tropical climatic zone only in the southern hemisphere. The east and southeast of the Brazilian Highlands are in the area (windward shores) where rainfall is brought in by tropical air currents from the Atlantic throughout the year.

Climbing the slopes of the mountains, this air leaves a large amount of precipitation on the windward side. In terms of precipitation, this climate is close to that of the Amazonian lowland, but is characterized by more significant temperature differences between the hottest and coldest months.

Inside the mainland in the tropical zone (Gran Chaco Plain), the climate is arid, with a maximum summer precipitation and a sharply expressed dry winter.

This climate in terms of precipitation is close to subequatorial, but differs from it in sharp jumps in temperature, especially in winter, and in lower annual precipitation.

Pacific coast between 5 and 30 ° S. NS. lies in the region of the climate of coastal deserts and. This climate is most vividly expressed by the Atacame. The region is affected by the eastern periphery of the Pacific anticyclone and temperature inversions created by the constant influx of relatively cold air from high latitudes. With air up to 80% of precipitation, very little precipitation falls - in some areas, only a few millimeters per year. Some compensation for the almost complete absence of rain is the abundant dew that falls on the coast in winter. Temperatures of even the hottest months are moderate (they rarely exceed 20 ° C) and seasonal amplitudes are small.

South of 30 ° S NS. South America is part of the subtropical climatic zone. A number of areas are highlighted in it.

The southeast of the mainland (southern edge of the Brazilian Highlands, territory, interfluve and Uruguay, eastern part of Pampa) lies in an area of uniformly humid subtropical climate. In the summer, moisture is brought into the area northeasterly winds monsoon in nature. In winter, precipitation falls due to cyclonic activity along the polar front. Summers in the region are very hot, winters are mild, with average monthly temperatures of about + 10 ° C, but temperatures drop significantly below 0 ° due to invasions of relatively cold air masses from the south.

For inland areas subtropical belt(western Pampa) is characterized by an arid subtropical climate. Moisture from the Atlantic Ocean gets there a little, and precipitation (no more than 500 mm per year), falling in summer, is mainly of convective origin. In the region, there are sharp fluctuations in temperature and their frequent decrease in winter below 0 °, with average monthly temperatures less than + 10 °.

On the Pacific coast (from 30 to 37 ° S lat.), The climate is subtropical with dry summers. Under the influence of the eastern periphery of the Pacific anticyclone, the summer there is almost rainless and not hot (especially on the coast itself). Winters are mild and rainy. Seasonal temperature amplitudes are insignificant.

Within the belt (south of 40 ° S lat.) South America is its narrowest part. There are two climatic regions.

The southeast of South America (Patagonia) lies in a climate that is transitional from oceanic to continental, but very arid. This area is the center of the formation of the continental air of temperate latitudes. Precipitation in these latitudes is brought by westerly winds, the way of which is blocked by the Andes, therefore their number does not exceed 250-300 mm. In winter, there are severe colds due to the penetration of cold air from the south. Frosts reach 30, 35 °, but the average monthly temperatures are positive.

In the extreme southwest of the mainland and on the coastal areas, the climate is warm, oceanic. This entire area is under the influence of intense cyclonic activity and the influx of oceanic air from temperate latitudes. On the western slopes of the Andes, rainfall is particularly high in winter. There is less rain in summer, but cloudy cloudy weather prevails. Annual precipitation amounts everywhere exceed 2000 mm. The differences in temperatures between summer and winter months are small.

The inner plateaus of the Andes, located on either side of the equator, are characterized by a mountainous equatorial climate, with a very uniform annual temperature variation, moderated by altitude. At the same time, the daily amplitudes are quite significant, as in general in a mountainous climate. Precipitation is abundant, but their amount is much less than in the same latitudes.

The central Andean plateaus are characterized by a high-altitude tropical climate (dry and sharply continental). The amount of precipitation there is negligible, and the temperature differences between seasons and especially during the day are very sharp.

South America lies predominantly in the southern hemisphere. This circumstance must be taken into account when considering the circulation of the atmosphere and the time of the onset of a particular season. Geographical position most of South America at low latitudes and features of the configuration of the mainland (expansion in equatorial-tropical latitudes and narrowing in temperate) cause it to receive a significant amount of solar radiation.The radiation balance reaches almost the entire continent 60-85 kcal / cm2 Even in Patagonia it is about 40 kcal / cm2, that is, the south of the continent is in the same radiation conditions as the south of the European part of Russia ... Despite this, the nature of their climates are very different and depend on a number of other factors (land area, etc.), primarily on the general laws of the circulation of air masses over South America. Due to the large heating of the vast area of South America, the pressure over the widest part of the continent at the level of the earth's surface is usually much lower than over the washing oceans. cold surface oceans contributes to the stabilization of subtropical anticyclones, which are always very pronounced (South Pacific and South Atlantic) low pressure The equatorial type of circulation with powerful convection of air masses (as a result of convergence - convergence of the trade winds) and the subequatorial type with seasonal changes in equatorial and tropical air masses (trade wind-monsoon type) are widespread. anticyclone In the tropical zone in the east, eastern and northeasterly winds prevail from the western periphery of the South Atlantic anticyclone, in the west - southeastern trade winds from the eastern part of the South Pacific Maximum. monsoon climates, in the temperate latitudes, constant and intense western air transport prevails. Thus, the interaction of the continent with the adjacent oceans is manifested mainly in the inflow of oceanic air masses from the western periphery of the Atlantic anticyclones, that is, the eastern transport prevails. The system of ocean currents associated with the general circulation of the atmosphere emphasizes the impact of the oceans on the climate of the coastal regions of the continent; the warm Brazilian current increases the moisture content of the trade wind masses irrigating the east of the Brazilian Highlands, the cold Falkland Current increases the aridity of the climate of Patagonia, and the Peruvian - contributes to the formation of the desert belt in the west ... The relief of South America introduces significant features in the nature of the redistribution of air masses.

The high barrier of the Andes limits the spread of Pacific air masses to the narrow edge of the west coast and adjacent mountain slopes. In contrast, the influence of air masses coming from the Atlantic leaves almost the entire continent with vast, open lowlands in the east. The absence of inland mountain barriers, similar to those that occur in Asia, and the significantly smaller size of the continent do not contribute to a deep transformation of sea air masses into continental ones, the latter are formed only in the summer of the southern hemisphere in the Gran Chaco region and are poorly outlined in winter on the Patagonia plateau in the Andes, Naturally, the patterns of high-altitude climatic zonation are very clearly manifested. Seasonal differences in climate are most pronounced in the subequatorial and subtropical latitudes of South America. In July, subtropical anticyclones move to the north. From the southern and southeastern periphery of the Azores maximum, the northeastern trade winds come to the shores of South America. Passing over heated waters, they are saturated with moisture. At the same time, humid equatorial air from the Amazon (equatorial monsoon) spreads to the north. These reasons, as well as cyclonic rains on the tropical front, are responsible for the summer rainy season in the north of the mainland. In the Western Amazon, where equatorial air predominates, intense intramass convection causes daily afternoon showers. The vertical thickness of the equatorial air thickness reaches 8-10 km; therefore, even the high inter-Andean highlands of the northern Andes are affected by the equatorial circulation. A dry southeastern trade wind from the Brazilian Highlands penetrates into the Eastern Amazon, and therefore there is a decrease in precipitation in the July season. In the southern hemisphere, the southeastern trade wind from the northern periphery of the South Atlantic anticyclone irrigates the northeastern bulge of the Brazilian Highlands. Winds from the western edge of this maximum carry humid and warm tropical air. It captures not only the coast of eastern Brazil, but, bypassing the central, cooled, part of the highlands with a relatively high winter pressure, penetrates into the mainland. The winter continental anticyclone in Patagonia is poorly expressed due to the limited size of the land. However, in the more northern regions, the pressure is much lower, and the air of the temperate latitudes is directed into these pressure depressions. It moves along the east coast, forming polar fronts with parallel oncoming tropical air. Frontal rains irrigate the east coast of Brazil. Cold air penetrates to the north and along the lowland of Parana-Paraguay, sometimes reaching the Amazon, and along the gentle southern slopes of the Brazilian Highlands, where snow can fall down to the tropics.

The constant westerly transport of the Pacific sea air causes an enormous amount of precipitation in southern Chile, falling on the western slopes of the Andes, which are perpendicular to the winds. But leeward Patagonia is almost devoid of precipitation. In winter, due to the northward shift of the South Pacific anticyclone, middle Chile also falls into the sphere of moderate circulation; westerly winds irrigate the area up to 30 ° S. NS. Along with orographic rains, there are also frontal rains (interaction of temperate and tropical air masses). Western coast, slopes and intermountain plateaus of the Andes from 30 ° S. NS. to the equator in winter are under the influence of the eastern periphery of the South Pacific anticyclone. Southerly and southeasterly winds bring air from higher and colder latitudes to lower and warmer ones; the coastline and the Andes are parallel to prevailing winds These factors are unfavorable for moisture condensation. Under the influence of the South Pacific anticyclone, a cold Peruvian current is formed, washing the western coast in these latitudes. The upper warmed layer of water is driven away by the winds and deflected by the action of the Earth's rotation; cold waters rise off the coast. They cause a strong drop in air temperatures and increase the unfavorable conditions for condensation: a low inversion position and stable stratification, difficult lifting of colder and heavier masses. All west, between 30 ° S. w, and the equator turns out to be sharply arid and abnormally cooled. North of the equator, southwesterly winds, approaching at an angle to the Andes, abundantly irrigate western Colombia. Seasonal fluctuations in thermal regime are manifested in South America in a limited area, mainly in subtropical and temperate latitudes and in the mountainous regions of the tropics. The entire north of the mainland, the Amazon and the west of the Brazilian Highlands are very hot throughout the year. In July, they are outlined by the 25 ° isotherm. Winter cooling affects the mountainous east of the Brazilian Highlands (average July temperatures 12 ° -15 °) and on the Pampa plains - the July isotherm of 10 ° C passes through Buenos Aires. On the high plateaus of Patagonia average temperature July -5 ° С (minimum up to -35 ° С). Invasions from the south of cold temperate air cause irregular frosts throughout the southern (south of the tropic) part of the Brazilian Highlands, in the Chaco and northern Pampa; in southern Pampa, frosts can last for 2-3 months. Naturally, the lowest temperatures are set in high mountain areas Andes. On the western coast of the mainland, cold air and ocean currents cause a sharp deviation of the isotherms to the north: the July isotherm at 20 ° C reaches 5 ° S. NS. At ocean level, average monthly below zero temperatures in South America are not observed, even in the south of Tierra del Fuego the average July temperature is 2 ° C.

In January, the approach of the Azores anticyclone to the equator causes high pressure on the northern outskirts of South America. Equatorial air masses retreat southward. Instead, Llanos is dominated not by the sea, but by the continental trade wind (tropical) air, causing the onset of the dry season. To the east, due to the deviation of the coastline to the southeast and the increase in the path of the trade winds over the Atlantic, the latter manage to get saturated with moisture. They bring heavy rainfall to the windward, outer slopes of the Guiana Highlands and penetrate deep into the low pressure area over the Amazon. In contrast to July, ascending air currents produce daily convective showers over the entire Amazon.Further south in January, humid equatorial air from the northeast extends to the northern, northwestern and western parts of the Brazilian Highlands, to the basin of the upper Parana and the Gran Cha- ko, causing summer rains from December to May, typical for subequatorial regions. In some years, the edge of this humid equatorial monsoon strikes the northeastern Brazilian Highlands, causing intermittent heavy rains; usually due to the configuration of the mainland, this area lies east of the main paths of the equatorial monsoon. Tropical air masses from the western periphery of the South Atlantic Anticyclone irrigate the southeastern coast of Brazil, Uruguay and northeastern Argentina, penetrating the heated La Plat lowland / where they are thus monsoon in nature. In autumn, cyclonic rains are sharply expressed here at the polar fronts. The western transport of Pacific air masses in summer occurs at higher latitudes (south of 37-38 ° S) than in winter and in a somewhat weakened form, although southern Chile also receives a significant amount of moisture in summer. Lying to the east of the Andean chains, the Patagonia plateaus remain in the "dry shadow of the mountains" throughout the year. The influence of the eastern periphery of the south-displaced South Pacific anticyclone also affects the subtropical middle of Chile, where dry and clear weather sets in in summer. The entire central part of the west coast of South America in summer is in the same conditions as in winter, and it is completely devoid of rainfall at any time of the year. Here, between 22-27 ° S. sh., lies the Atacama Desert. However, in January, the complete transfer of air masses from the southern hemisphere to the northern is not carried out, and the southeastern trade winds reach only 5 ° S. NS. North of the Gulf of Guayaquil in western Ecuador, there are summer rains due to the penetration of equatorial air masses from the north. On the contrary, in the extreme northwest of the continent (Caribbean lowlands), due to the influx of tropical air, a drought is established.