Francis Crick and James Watson “Discovery of the secondary structure of DNA. Who discovered the double helix of DNA
James Dewey Watson (April 6, 1928, Chicago, Illinois) - American biologist. Winner of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - together with Francis Crick and Maurice H.F. Wilkins for discovering the structure of a DNA molecule.
From childhood, thanks to his father, James was fascinated by observations of the life of birds. At the age of 12, Watson participated in the popular Quiz Kids radio quiz for intelligent young people. Thanks to the liberal policies of University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins, he entered university at the age of 15. After reading Erwin Schrödinger's book “What is life from the point of view of physics?”, Watson changed his professional interests from studying ornithology to studying genetics. In 1947, he received a bachelor's degree in zoology from the University of Chicago.
In 1951 he entered the Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge, where he studied the structure of proteins. There he met the physicist Francis Crick, who was interested in biology.
In 1952, Watson and Crick began working on modeling the structure of DNA. Using the Chargeff Rules and roentgenograms, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins built a two-spiral model.
For 25 years he led the Cold Spring Harbor Research Institute, where he conducted research on cancer genetics.
From 1989 to 1992, he was the organizer and leader of the Human Genome project for decoding the sequence of human DNA, at the same time he led the secret project Faust
In 2007, he spoke out in favor of the fact that representatives of different races have different intellectual abilities, which is due to genetics. In connection with the violation of political correctness, they demanded a public apology from him, and in October 2007, Watson officially resigned as head of the laboratory where he worked. However, he continues to lead research in the same laboratory.
According to Independent, a study of the DNA of James Watson himself revealed a high concentration of African and, to a lesser extent, Asian genes. It was later suggested that the analysis of the genome contained significant errors.
He is currently working on the search for genes for mental illness.
Books (3)
Avoid tediousness. The lessons of life lived in science
The famous biologist James Watson became famous for the fact that in 1953 he discovered (along with Francis Crick) the structure of DNA, for which he received the Nobel Prize. Watson later became the first director of the National Center for Human Genome Research (USA) and led the famous Human Genome project.
In his autobiographical book, Avoid Boring, Watson writes about his famous discovery, how American science functions, and the lessons that he was able to learn from his own life experiences, as well as from the experience of observing other people. It is this last circumstance that makes Watson's book not only fascinating, but also very useful:
“Avoid tediousness” is both a comprehensive memoir of a great scientist and a kind of manual for achieving success in science. Talking about his life path, the author gives the reader practical and practical advice on how to make a successful career in science and, perhaps, one day to make an outstanding discovery for himself.
Molecular biology of the gene
The book belongs to the pen of Nobel laureate J. Watson, occupies a special place in the literature on molecular biology.
She is an excellent guide in this new, booming field of biology and summarizes the latest data. The principles of the chromosome theory of heredity, the interaction of biologically active molecules, the structure and function of membranes, the role of various metabolic regulators, the viral theory of cancer, issues and tasks of genetic engineering are considered.
The book is written exclusively clearly, logically and read with great interest.
Double helix
The author of the book is a prominent American scientist James D. Watson. Everyone who followed the latest achievements of world biology must have heard his name next to the names of the English Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins. These three scientists, who received the Nobel Prize in 1962, made one of the most significant discoveries in the biology of the 20th century: they established the structure of a DNA molecule - the genetic material of a cell that stores information about the hereditary traits of the body.
The Double Helix, an autobiographical novel in which Watson details how he and his co-authors arrived at this discovery, introduces the reader to the “kitchen” of great science. The laid-back manner of presentation, vivid characteristics of the characters - famous American and European scholars, figurative literary language will attract the attention of not only scientists, but also lovers of popular science literature.
The discovery of the existence of a duplicated DNA helix was a turning point in biology. It was made by the Englishman Francis Crick and the American James Watson. In 1962, scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize.
They are among the most intelligent people on the planet. Scream made many discoveries in various fields, not limited to genetics. Watson earned a number of sayings notoriety, but this more characterizes him as an extraordinary person.
Childhood
Francis Crick was born in 1916 in England at Northampton. His father was a successful businessman and had a shoe factory. He went to a regular high school. After the war, family income decreased significantly, the head decided to move the family to London. Francis graduated from Mill Hill School, where he was fond of mathematics, physics and chemistry. He later studied at London University College and is recognized as a bachelor of science.
Then on another continent his future colleague, James Watson, was born. From childhood, he was different from ordinary children, even then James was prophesied a bright future. He was born in Chicago in 1928. His parents surrounded him with love and joy.
The teacher in the first grade noted his mind, inappropriate to age. After 3rd grade, he took part in an intellectual quiz for children on the radio. Watson showed amazing abilities. He will later be invited to the Four-Year University of Chicago, where he will be interested in ornithology. Having a bachelor's degree, the young man decides to continue his studies at Bloomington University in Indiana.
Interest in science
At Indiana University, Watson is involved in genetics and comes to the attention of biologist Salvador Lauria and brilliant geneticist J. Meller. The collaboration resulted in a dissertation on the effects of X-rays on bacteria and viruses. After a brilliant defense, James Watson becomes a Ph.D.
Further studies of bacteriophages will occur in distant Denmark - the University of Copenhagen. The scientist is actively working on a DNA model and the study of its properties. His colleague is a talented biochemist Herman Kalkar. However, a fateful meeting with Francis Crick will occur at the University of Cambridge. Novice scientist Watson, who is only 23 years old, will invite Francis to his laboratory for collaboration.
Before World War II, Crick studied the viscosity of water in various states. Later, he had to work for the Naval Ministry - developing mines. A turning point will be the reading of the book by E. Schrödinger. The author's ideas prompted Francis to study biology. Since 1947, he has been working in the Cambridge laboratory, studying X-ray diffraction, organic chemistry, and biology. Its leader was Max Perutz, who studies the structure of proteins. Crick has an interest in defining the chemical basis of the genetic code.
DNA decryption
In the spring of 1951, a symposium was held in Naples, where James met with the English scientist Maurice Wilkins and researcher Rosalyn Franklin, who also conduct DNA analysis. They determined that the structure of the cage is similar to a spiral staircase - it has a double spiral shape. Their experimental data prompted Watson and Crick to further research. They decide to determine the composition of nucleic acids and seek the necessary funding - subsidies from the National Society for the Study of Infantile Paralysis.
James watson In 1953, they will inform the world about the structure of DNA and present a ready-made model of the molecule.
In just 8 months, two brilliant scientists will summarize the results of their experiments with available data. In a month, a three-dimensional model of DNA will be made of balls and cardboard.
The discovery was announced by the director of the laboratory Cavendish Lawrence Bragg at the Belgian conference, which took place on April 8. But the importance of the discovery was not recognized immediately. Only on April 25, after the publication of an article in the scientific journal Nature, biologists and other laureates appreciated the value of new knowledge. The event was attributed to the greatest discovery of the century.
In 1962, the British Wilkins and Crick with American Watson were nominated for the Nobel Prize in medicine. Unfortunately, Rosalind Franklin died 4 years ago and was not among the applicants. There was a scandal about this, since the model used Franklin's experimental data, although it did not give official permission. Scream and Watson worked closely with her partner Wilkins, and Rosalind herself did not recognize the importance of her experiments for medicine until the end of her life.
Watson erected a monument in New York for the opening. Wilkins and Crick did not receive this honor, as they did not have American citizenship.
Career
After the discovery of the DNA structure, Watson and Crick diverge. James becomes a senior fellow at the Department of Biology at the University of California, and later a professor. In 1969, he was offered to head the Long Island Laboratory of Molecular Biology. The scientist refuses to work at Harvard, where he worked since 1956. The rest of his life, he will devote to neuroscience, studying the effect of viruses and DNA on cancer. Under the guidance of a scientist, the laboratory reached a new level of research quality, its funding increased significantly. Gold Spring Harbor has become the best global center for the study of molecular biology. From 1988 to 1992, Watson actively participated in a number of projects to study the human genome.
Scream after world recognition to become the head of the biological laboratory in Cambridge. In 1977, he moved to San Diego, California, to study the mechanisms of dreams and vision.
Francis Creek In 1983, with the mathematician Gr. He suggested by Mutchison: dreams are the brain's ability to free itself from the useless and excessive associations that were accumulated during the day. Scientists have called dreams the prevention of nervous system overload.
In 1981, Francis Crick's book, Life As It Is: Its Origin and Nature, was published, where the author suggests the origin of life on Earth. According to him, the first inhabitants on the planet were microorganisms from other space objects. This explains the similarity of the genetic code of all living objects. The scientist died in 2004 from oncology. He was cremated, and the dust scattered over the Pacific Ocean.
Francis Creek In 2004, Watson became the rector, but in 2007 he had to resign from this position for speaking about the genetic relationship of origin (race) and level of intelligence. The scientist loves to provocatively and abusively comment on the work of his colleagues, Franklin was no exception. Some statements were perceived as attacks on obese people and homosexuals.
In 2007, Watson released his autobiography, Avoid Boring. In 2008, he delivered a public lecture at Moscow State University. Watson is called the first person with a fully decrypted genome. Currently, the scientist is working on the search for genes responsible for mental illness.
Crick and Watson opened up new possibilities for the development of medicine. It is impossible to overestimate the importance of their scientific activity.
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The discovery of the double helix of DNA has become one of the key milestones in the history of world biology; we owe this discovery to the duo of James Watson and Francis Crick. Despite the fact that Watson gained notoriety for certain statements, it is simply impossible to overestimate the importance of his discovery.
James Dewey Watson - American specialist in molecular biology, geneticist and zoologist; best known for participating in the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
After successfully graduating from the University of Chicago and Indiana University, Watson spent some time researching on chemistry with the biochemist Herman Kalckar in Copenhagen. Later, he moved to the laboratory of Cavendish at the University of Cambridge, where he first happened to meet his future colleague and friend Francis Crick (Francis Crick).
Watson and Crick came up with the idea of \u200b\u200ba double helix of DNA in mid-March 1953, studying the experimental data collected by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Lawrence Bragg, Director of Cavendish Laboratory Announced; this happened at the Belgian scientific conference on April 8, 1953. An important statement, however, the press did not actually notice. On April 25, 1953, the discovery article was published in the scientific journal Nature. Other biologists and a number of Nobel laureates quickly appreciated the monumentality of the discovery; some even called it the greatest scientific discovery of the 20th century.
In 1962, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery. The fourth participant in the project, Rosalind Franklin, died in 1958 and, as a result, could no longer claim the prize. Watson was also awarded a monument at the American Museum of Natural History in New York for his discovery; since such monuments are placed only in honor of American scientists, Creek and Wilkins were left without monuments.
Watson is still considered one of the greatest scientists in history; however, as a man, many openly disliked him. James Watson several times became a defendant in rather high-profile scandals; one of them was directly related to his work - the fact is that while working on the DNA model, Watson and Crick used the data obtained by Rosalind Franklin, without her permission. With workmate Franklin, Wilkins, scientists worked quite actively; Rosalind herself, quite possibly, could not have known until the end of her life how important her experiments played in understanding the structure of DNA.
From 1956 to 1976, Watson worked at the Harvard Department of Biology; He was interested in this period mainly molecular biology.
In 1968, Watson was promoted to director at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in Long Island, New York; through his efforts in the laboratory, the level of research work quality has considerably risen, and funding has noticeably improved. Watson himself during this period was mainly engaged in cancer research; along the way, he made his laboratory one of the best centers of molecular biology in the world.
In 1994, Watson became the president of the research center, in 2004 - the rector; in 2007, he left his post after quite unpopular statements about the existence of a connection between the level of intelligence and origin.
Between 1988 and 1992, Watson actively collaborated with the National Institutes of Health, helping to develop a project to study the human genome.
Watson was also notorious for overtly provocative and often offensive comments about his colleagues; among others, he went through his speeches and on Franklin (after her death). A number of his statements could be perceived as attacks on homosexuals and fat people.
James Watson is a pioneer in molecular biology, who, along with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, is considered the discoverer of the DNA double helix. In 1962, for their work, they became laureates of the Nobel Prize in medicine.
James Watson: biography
Born in Chicago, USA, April 6, 1928. He studied at the Horace Mann School, and then at South Shore High School. At the age of 15, he entered the University of Chicago under an experimental scholarship program for gifted children. An interest in bird life led James Watson to study biology, and in 1947 he was awarded a bachelor of science degree in zoology. After reading Erwin Schrödinger's landmark book, What is Life ?, he switched to genetics.
Denied at the California Institute of Technology and Harvard, James Watson won a scholarship for graduate school at Indiana University. In 1950, he was awarded a doctorate in zoology for his work on the effect of x-ray radiation on the reproduction of bacteriophage viruses. From Indiana, Watson moved to Copenhagen and continued to study viruses as an employee of the National Research Council.
Unravel the DNA!
After visiting the New York laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor, where he reviewed the research results of Hershey and Chase, Watson became convinced that DNA was the molecule responsible for transmitting genetic information. He became interested in the idea that if you understand its structure, you can establish how the data is transmitted between cells. Virus research no longer interested him as much as this new direction.
In the spring of 1951, he met Maurice Wilkins at a conference in Naples. The latter demonstrated the results of the first attempts to use X-ray diffraction to record a DNA molecule. Watson, thrilled by Wilkins' data, arrived in the UK in the fall. He settled in the Cavendish Laboratory, where he began to collaborate with Francis Crick.
First attempts
In an attempt to unravel the molecular structure of DNA, James Watson and Francis Crick decided to use a model-based approach. Both were convinced that unraveling its structure would play a key role in understanding the transfer of genetic information from parent to daughter cells. Biologists realized that the discovery of the structure of DNA would be a major scientific breakthrough. At the same time, they were aware of the existence of competitors among other scientists, such as Linus Pauling.
Scream and James Watson DNA were modeled with great difficulty. None of them had a chemical education, so they used standard chemistry textbooks to cut cardboard configurations of chemical bonds. The invited graduate student noted that, according to new data not available in the books, some of his cardboard chemical bonds were used in the opposite direction. Around the same time, Watson attended a lecture by Rosalind Franklin at nearby Royal College. Apparently, he did not listen very carefully.
Unforgivable mistake
As a result of the mistake, the first attempt by scientists to build a DNA model failed. James Watson and Francis Crick built a triple helix with nitrogen bases on the outside of the structure. When they presented the model to colleagues, Rosalind Franklin criticized her harshly. The results of her research clearly proved the existence of two forms of DNA. The wetter of them corresponded to the one that Watson and Crick were trying to build, but they created a DNA model without the water present in it. Franklin noted that if her work were correctly interpreted, then the base of nitrogen would be located inside the molecule. Feeling awkward at such a public failure, the director of the Cavendish Laboratory recommended that researchers abandon their approach. Scientists officially took up other areas, but privately continued to think about the DNA problem.
Peep discovery
Wilkins, who worked at King's College with Franklin, was in personal conflict with her. Rosalind was so unhappy that she decided to move her research to another place. It's unclear how, but Wilkins got at his disposal one of her best x-rays of a DNA molecule. Perhaps she even gave it to herself when she cleaned her office. But it is certain that he took the image out of the laboratory without Franklin’s permission and showed it to his friend Watson in Cavendish. Subsequently, in his book “Double Helix,” he wrote that the moment he saw the picture, his jaw dropped and his pulse increased. Everything was incredibly simpler than the previously obtained A-form. In addition, the black cross of the reflections that dominated the photo could arise only from a spiral structure.
Nobel Prize Laureate
Biologists used new data to create a double-stranded model of a helix with nitrogen bases in the pairs AT and C-G in the center. This pairing immediately prompted Crick that one side of the molecule could serve as a template for the exact repetition of DNA sequences to transmit genetic information during cell division. This second, successful model was presented in February 1951. In April 1953, they published their findings in the journal Nature. The article caused a sensation. Watson and Crick found that DNA is in the form of a double helix, or "spiral staircase." Two chains in it were disconnected, like “lightning,” and reproduced the missing parts. Thus, each molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid is able to create two identical copies.
The abbreviation DNA and the elegant double helix model have become known worldwide. Watson and Creek also became famous. Their discovery revolutionized the study of biology and genetics, which made possible the genetic engineering methods used in modern biotechnology.
An article in Nature led to the award of the Nobel Prize in 1962 to them and Wilkins. The rules of the Swedish Academy allow the award of no more than three scientists. Rosalind Franklin died of ovarian cancer in 1958. Wilkins mentioned her in passing.
In the year of receiving the Nobel Prize, Watson married Elizabeth Lewis. They had two sons: Rufus and Duncan.
Continuation of work
James Watson continued to work with many other scientists throughout the 1950s. His genius was the ability to coordinate the work of different people and combine their results for new conclusions. In 1952, he used a rotating X-ray anode to demonstrate the spiral structure of the tobacco mosaic virus. From 1953 to 1955 Watson collaborated with scientists from the California Institute of Technology to model the structure of RNA. From 1955 to 1956 he again worked with Crick to uncover the principles of the structure of viruses. In 1956 he moved to Harvard, where he studied RNA and protein synthesis.
Scandalous chronicle
In 1968, a scandalous book on DNA was published, authored by James Watson. The Double Helix was full of derogatory comments and vindictive descriptions of many of the people who participated in the discovery, especially Rosalind Franklin. Because of this, Harvard Press refused to print the book. Nevertheless, the work was published and was a great success. In a later version, Watson apologized for his interpretation of Franklin, saying that he did not know about the pressure that she faced in the 1950s as a female researcher. He received the greatest profit from the publication of two textbooks - “Molecular Biology of the Gene” (1965) and “Molecular Biology of the Cell and Recombinant DNA” (updated edition of 2002), which are still being published. In 2007, he published an autobiography, “Avoid Boring People. The lessons of life in science. "
James Watson: Contribution to Science
In 1968, he became director of the laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor. At that time, the institute was experiencing financial difficulties, but Watson was very successful in finding donors. The institution headed by him became world leader in the level of work in the field of molecular biology. Its employees discovered the nature of cancer and first discovered its genes. More than 4,000 scientists from all over the world come to Cold Spring Harbor each year - so deeply influenced by the Institute of International Genetic Research.
In 1990, Watson was appointed project manager for the Human Genome Project at the National Institute of Health. He used his ability to raise funds to run this project until 1992. He quit due to a conflict over patenting genetic information. James Watson believed that this would only interfere with the research of scientists working on the project.
Controversial statements
His stay at Cold Harbor ended abruptly. On October 14, 2007, on his way to a conference in London, he was asked about world events. James Watson, a world-famous scientist, replied that he was overshadowed by the prospects of Africa. According to him, all modern social policy is based on the fact that the intellect of its residents is the same as the rest, but the test results indicate that this is not so. He continued his thought with the idea that progress in Africa was hampered by poor genetic material. A public outcry against this statement forced Cold Spring Harbor to request his resignation. The scientist later apologized and refused his statements, saying that "there is no scientific basis for this." In his farewell speech, he expressed his vision that "the final victory (over cancer and mental illness) is within our reach."
Despite these setbacks, geneticist James Watson continues to make controversial statements today. In September 2013, at the Allen Institute in Seattle, at a meeting devoted to the study of the brain, he again made a controversial statement about his belief that the increase in diagnosed hereditary diseases could be due to the later birth of children. “The older you get, the more likely you are to have defective genes,” said Watson, also expressing the idea that genetic material should be collected from people no older than 15 years for further conception through in vitro fertilization. In his opinion, this would reduce the chances that the life of parents would be ruined by the birth of a child with physical or mental disorders.
In the year 62 of the last century, young scientists Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins received the prestigious Nobel Prize - the “life code” of the DNA DNA code appeared to the world: the researchers found that DNA has a double helix structure, like a spiral staircase in huts, and that’s such a seemingly simple structure, as the group only then believed, allows you to divide the cells of the body, save and transmit the accumulated genetic information in time ...
Not so long ago, James Watson visited Moscow ... and among other things, meeting with reporters, personally shared interesting observations from life ...
10 generally simple rules that help the body and intellect not to be wasted on the hand of Christ - to remain useful; and Watson tries not to forget about them:
10 important rules for the life of James Watson
Such a strange statement seems to be:
1. "Do not fight with big boys and with dogs."
the scientist comments:
"... so I wrote in my book" Avoid Boring. " And he always tried to adhere to this rule of life: that is, simply do not get involved in those matters where you certainly will not win.
In a word, you should not waste time, effort and nerves in the end to earn disappointment ”...
For some reason, I personally immediately recalled the conversations on social networks - on Facebook, for example - where, in principle, “winning” in some kind of gossip is not realistic. However, it’s very real to get a lot of disappointments.
2. Do not hesitate to seek help and do not waste time expecting that "they themselves will come and they will give everything."
“You don’t have to sit in the corner, cry and try to prove to the whole world that you can do anything,” says Nobel laureate James Watson. “It’s more important to solve the problem quickly with someone’s help than slowly alone.”
But what about M.A. Bulgakov, we ask ?? “... they themselves will offer, and he will give everything ...» ?
The answer is simple: ... there is mysticism ... and here science and capitalism are thoroughly relevant knowledge))
But seriously, then this is competition (and maybe even healthy) because it is determined by activity.
However, more often it happens that you ask for help, you don’t want to whine - all one will prefer the choice and grant of a guarantor of a close relative!
But all these times of fraud quickly end: for they do not have logic, constancy, and therefore - the ability to some extent of a long life in general ...
3. Listen to the advice of only those people who have their own experience on this issue.
“Look for brilliant friends, experts, from whom you have something to learn.
I have always been surrounded by people whom I considered smarter than myself. And I was happy: they can be asked a question and they will answer ”
Clearly following this rule - to get closer to "smart people" - James Watson around 51 of the same last century began working at Cambridge University with a colleague (albeit a physicist) Francis Crick, who is also " interested in all the important issues» that there is no urine it was required to ask someone ... there was no choice but to find a like-minded defendant ...
And already somewhere in the year 53 from the Christmas of the last century - together they published the world's most famous scientific concept about the spiral structure of DNA.
4. No hypocrisy in relations with others.
The scientist believes so: “Either tell the truth, or nothing.
At the same time, you need to know the principle of this measure: publicly criticizing the one who decides your fate is not the right decision. ”
This is a controversial statement ... and I will refrain from commenting: well, unless I envy the professor’s lyrical endurance ...
Watson probably doesn’t write poetry, but in vain (in my lyrical manner) - they would read! The people very much respect the pastoral Odes of all kinds of laureatus: professors, academics, famous housewives (which is generally reasonable, although meaningless) ... but very simple! pita, if he happened to be in a square with his scroll ... they would let a tramp go over bumps! they say that a fool without a degree and a mind starts soulful songs, but his heart skips ..! ... And the gusli will ripple on the pavement, and the genius himself - the head and legs will hardly be taken away ...
And here is the evidence:
5. Read books as much as possible!
“My childhood was in the midst of the Great Depression in the USA, we didn’t have much variety on the table, but books have always been the main luxury in the house, - recalls Watson. - I, like my parents, read a lot. He loved Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Turgenev. At school, we read more such books than textbooks, it was a special type of education. And then I became convinced: great books give rise to new ideas! ... which I am reporting to you, - the professor smiled softly.
For example, when I tried to analyze the reasons for my success, I realized that this is knowledge, ”says the author of the most important discovery in the history of mankind. - Of course, ideas are necessary for breakthroughs, but their basis, foundation is precisely knowledge. And in order to gain knowledge, you need to read as much as possible.
Books have been my main interlocutor all my life. And my partner Scream (explanation: co-author of the opening of the spiral ...) also read all the time. Now I spend at least 3-4 hours reading books every day. ”
A third of a working day reading books - however!
I’ll also go to the librarians, because nowhere else will you be so close to bookshelves)
6. Ideas are always more important than facts - remember this when studying and working.
“In most cases, people are interested in WHAT happened, but in fact it’s important to understand WHY this happened,” emphasizes Nobel laureate James Watson. - To think, analyze, work with facts, and not to remember / describe them - this is the main thing both in study and in work. Remember that an idea is always more important than a fact. ”
7. You cannot use the precautionary principle - to limit something to stay ahead (except in cases of knowingly losing from rule 1), moving forward is impossible without risk.
Interesting reflection:
“Only risk allows us to develop, move forward human civilization! - otherwise Gagarin would not have flown into space, and Columbus would not have crossed the Atlantic and had not discovered America. Try it first, and if you see a real threat, then introduce reasonable restrictions. ” - so the professor considers regarding some limitations of researches from the authorities.
But the scientist gave such an unexpected answer to the question of how he, constantly immersed in work (still a diver in the depths of the chaos of the sea), traveled around the world ... managed to save his family - they were together with his wife Elizabeth Levy since 68 (and this already serious half a century has passed) and the couple has two sons:
8. Think about how to solve pressing problems, and do not focus on family relationships.
“I’m constantly thinking not about my family, but about the future, about how to solve problems, and my wife writes good books” - the scientist concluded weightily: well, that is precisely why the husband!
9. Strive for healthy longevity.
“I would very much like to live up to 100 years and more, because it is very interesting what will happen in science, what other discoveries will be made - but I, of course, do not want to be sick and weak.”
professor Watson is currently working on developments for the treatment of neurodegenerative and oncological diseases, and his colleagues from around the world are working on technologies to slow down the aging of the human body in order to thoroughly prevent severe age-related diseases.
