Price spread - this is the difference between the highest and lowest price point on the time frame in question, be it weekly, daily, hourly or whatever you choose.

Accumulation

Position recruitment by major players

Distribution

Profit taking by major players

Climax

If exceptionally high volume is found, accompanied by a wide spread and a new high or low, you can be sure it's a climax.

The last phase of the buying climax will see a close at the middle or high of the bar.

In the last phase of the selling climax, there will be a close in the middle or at the low of the bar.

Bull and bear markets

There are only two basic definitions for bullish and bearish volumes:

1. Bullish volume is increasing volume when moving up and decreasing when moving down.

2. Bearish volume is an increasing volume when moving down and decreasing when moving up.

If the price falls on less volume than the previous two bars, especially if the closing price is in the middle or at the high of the bar with a tight spread, there is ‘no selling pressure’.

The weakness manifests itself on up bars, especially on tight spreads with less volume than the previous two. This indicates 'no demand' from large players.

About gaps

Often, you will find days with a gap up during times of weakness. This jump up is very different from a wide spread up, where market makers push prices up against a buy. Gap ups happen quickly, often early in the trading day, and definitely have an emotional impact. Such price movements are usually arranged totry to get you into a potentially weak market and enter a losing trade, hit a stop loss on a short trade, and generally scare traders into making a mistake. You will find that gaps up, which carry weakness, are always around new highs when the news is good and the bull market looks like it will last forever.

How to Determine Buying and Selling

In order for the market to go up, you need to buy, purchases usually appear in the form of an up bar (i.e., the close of the current bar is higher than the previous one). The amount of volume associated with the up bar should increase. However, the increase in volume should not be excessive, as this will indicate the presence of supply in the background, which suppresses demand.

If there is low volume in an uptrending market, it appears to be a false rally. This low volume is due to the fact that professionals refuse to participate in the upward movement, because... They know the market is weak. The market may rise, but in this case it is deprived of the participation of professional traders. If ' smart money’ are not interested in movement, the market usually does not rise high.

In a bear market, you can often see moves up on low volume. The reason for these increases is not interesting to us, but we see a bear market going up on low volume. This can only be for one reason - professional money is not interested in raising prices and does not participate in these increases, which is why the volume is low. Professionals are bearish and do not intend to buy into a weak market simply because it will cause prices to rise. If this happens against the background of the range on the left, at the same price level, this becomes a strong signal of further price decline.

The opposite is true for downward movements. So, for a true downward move, you must look for signs of selling, which manifest themselves as increased volume on down bars (i.e. the current bar closes lower than the previous one). If you see excessively increased volume, then you should be careful because... this may indicate that there is demand in the background.

If you start to notice decreasing volume on down bars, this is a sign of decreasing selling pressure. The market may continue to fall, but know that it may soon turn around and rise immediately due to the lack of supply. A decrease in the amount of volume on down bars indicates a lack of professional interest on the side of the downward movement.

Volume

A breakout of a level on low volume alerts you to the presence of a trap movement.

Testing Proposals

A large trader who has accumulated a particular security or section of the market can carefully move prices down, but he cannot raise prices when other traders in that market are actively selling without losing money. Trying to raise prices during sales is extremely bad business, in fact so bad that it can lead a professional to bankruptcy if he persists.

Rallies in any equity-based index usually don't last long if there is supply in the background. Professional traders know that it takes enough time (bad news, moves down, time when nothing happens) for a floating supply to be removed from the market, but they must be sure that the supply is completely removed before trading their paper up. The best way to make sure there is no supply is to move prices down quickly. This forces all the bears to appear and open and show their intentions (i.e. go short). The amount of trading volume (activity) when the market moves down will tell professionals how much selling is still present. Low volume or low trading activity indicates a small number of sales with a downward bias. This will also catch any stops below the market, which is a way to buy at lower prices. ( This action is also known as trampoline).

High volume or high activity shows the actual presence of sales (supplies) with a downward shift. This process is known as testing. A successful test is obtained with low volume, while with high volume other types of tests are obtained, usually on “bad news”. This not only catches stops, but also shakes up the market, making it easier to move to higher prices. Testing is a great sign of strength (as long as there is strength in the background). Typically, a successful test (on low volume) indicates that the market is ready to move higher immediately, while a test on high volume will result in a temporary move higher, with a repeat test occurring later in the same price area. This action usually appears as a “W” shape (on the chart edit.). This pattern is sometimes referred to as a “dead cat jump” or “double bottom.” The “W” shape is the result of re-testing in areas that previously had too much supply.

Any test that does not receive a response in the form of a price increase immediately or in the coming days can be considered a sign of weakness. If this is a true sign of strength, the specialists and market makers will enter the market and buy - and the result of the professionals' support will be the start of an uptrend.

High Volume at the Top of the Market

Many newspaper journalists and television reporters believe that when the market makes new highs on high volume, it is a buy and a continuation of the upward movement (the news is 'good' and everyone is bullish). This is a very dangerous assumption. As we've discussed throughout this book, high volume by itself is not enough. If the market is already in a rally and suddenly there is high volume within

up bar and the market immediately begins to move sideways or even falls the next day, then this is a key indicator of the potential completion of the rally. If increased volume indicates an effort to move higher, we expect that this effort will lead to higher prices. If not, then there must be something wrong here. This principle is known as effort against the results and later we will reveal it in detail.

High volume up day making a new high along with the next day that is at the same level or lower (down bar edit.) is an indicator of weakness. If high volume is caused by professionals buying, how can prices not go up? This action shows that buying has taken place in the market, but keep in mind that this buying is buying potential weak holders who were pulled into the rally at the top! This happens all the time.

Effort vs. Results

An effort to move up usually manifests itself in the form of an up bar with a wide spread, closing at the high, with increased volume - this is a bullish effort. The volume should not be excessive, because this will show that supply is also involved in the movement (the market does not like too much volume on the up bar).

On the other hand, a wide spread on a down bar closing at the low on increased volume is bearish and represents an effort to move down. However, in order to read these bars on the chart, you need to be able to think sensibly, so if there is an effort to move, then there should be a result. The result of effort can be either positive or negative. For example, in Figure 7 (pushing up through a sentence), we see the force to move up through the resistance located on the left. The result of this effort is positive because the lifting effort was successful - this demonstrates that the professional money was not selling.

If additional upward pressure on increased volume and a wide spread does not result in higher prices, we can only conclude that the high volume in question must contain more selling than buying. Supply on the opposite side of the market was swamped by demand from new buyers, slowing or stopping traffic. Now it has become a sign of weakness. Besides, this sign of weakness won't just go away; it will influence the market for some time to come.

Markets often rest and go sideways after high-volume up days as selling needs to clear up before prices rise further. Remember, sales are resistance to price increases! The best way for professional traders to know that selling has disappeared is to 'test' the market - this is done by moving the market down during the day (or other time frame) to sweep out the remaining sellers. If activity and volume are low as prices move lower, then professional traders immediately realize that sales have been exhausted. Now this is a very strong signal for them to buy.

Often, you will see effort without result. For example, you may be seeing a progressive bullish rally with the sudden appearance of high volume - the news at this time is always 'good' ’. However, the next day turns out to be a down day, or goes up slightly on a tight spread and closes in the middle or even lower. This is a sign of weakness - the market must be weak because... if the activity (high volume) was bullish, why doesn't the market want to go up? When reading the market, try to put things in context. If you base your analysis on the principle of effort against the results, you get a very smart and logical approach that insulates you from outside influences such as 'news' releases that often don't reflect true reasons movements. Remember, markets move because of the processes of accumulation and distribution by professionals that have taken place. If the market is not supported by professional activity, it will not go far. It is also true that news often acts as a catalyst for a (usually short-lived) movement, but always keep in mind that it is the activity ‘ smart money’ provides force and the result for any long-term price movement.

Path of least resistance

The following principles reflect the path of least resistance:

If sales decrease while moving down, then the market is about to go up ( no requests for sale).

If buying declines while moving up, the market is about to fall ( no demand),

Both of these principles represent the path of least resistance.

Buying increases on up days (or bars) to push the market higher.

Selling increases on down days (or bars) to push the market lower.

No sales orders ( no offer) indicates a lack of sales growth on a downward movement.

. No demand(no buys), shows low buys when moving up.

A bullish movement lasts longer than a bearish movement because traders like to take profits. This creates resistance to upward movement. However, you won't get a bear market from a bull market until the stocks bought at the lows sell off ( distributed). Resistance on the bullish movement is represented by sales. A professional doesn't like to keep buying against resistance even if he is bullish. He wants to take the path of least resistance. To create the path of least resistance, they can resort to gapping up, a shakeout, a test, etc., or do nothing and just let the market drift.

Bear markets move faster than bull markets because... the bear market is not supported by major players. Most traders do not like losses and refrain from selling, hoping for a recovery. They may hold until they are forced out at the lows. By refraining from selling and taking a small loss, traders find themselves locked in and become weak holders, doomed to be thrown out of the market at lows.

Markets Can Be Shifted Up (or Down)

Layout makers, specialists and other professional traders,do not control the market but simply have a full advantage in market conditions to improve their position. However, they can and will, if market conditions permit, move the market up or down, but only temporarily to catch stops and generally force many traders to take the wrong side of the market. If the volume is low during the movement, then this will tell you that the movement is not true. Yes, they move the market both up and down, but if the volume is low, then that tells you that trading is depressed. If there is no ongoing trade in one direction, then the path of least resistance is usually in the opposite direction!

Using Different Time Frames

The relationship between the price in the stock and futures markets

Futures fluctuate above or below the price of the underlying asset, but the price of the underlying asset sets limits on any movements in the futures market, since large dealing houses with low trading costs establish an arbitrage channel and their actions constantly return the futures price to the price level of the underlying asset. This process keeps price movements in the stock and futures markets consistent.

Market Manipulation

Layout makers can spot the opportunity much more easily than most traders. Good or bad news is an opportunity and there is a lull in trading activity. It often starts on the last trading day, right before the weekend. Because they take advantage of the opportunity, then it takes a little effort to move prices down (now this is easy), the market will automatically give them an answer. If the floating offer is removed, volume will be low (no or few sales). If the floating supply is not removed, volume will be high (someone is actively trading down, so there is supply). If virtually all floating supply is removed, where will active trading or high volume come from? (This point especially appliescash markets (not derivatives ed.)) .

Professional traders know how to identify the relationship between volume and price movement. They also know psychology. They know that most traders are driven by TWO FEARS:Fear of missing out and fear of losing .

Since market makers trade in their own accounts, what stops them from trading the futures or options markets right before buying or selling huge blocks of shares in the stock markets? Is this why futures start moving first? Similar things happen in many markets - however, more liquid or actively traded markets are much more difficult to manipulate.

Introduction to Trends

To date, there is not a single official scientific study in the field of constructing trend lines and channels. Therefore, we cannot say with certainty that we know how trend lines work. However, I can state based on years of research and use of trend lines that they do work and represent areas of resistance.

Drawing trend lines

Trend lines are drawn on a chart for many reasons:

1. To show the main direction of the market.

As you can see from the price charts, all markets move up and down, but at times they move for a long time in one general direction, called a ‘trend’ ‘. Typically, markets are trending about 30% of the time. One way to filter out the noise is to use moving averages (sometimes with envelopes), another is to use trend lines or channels.

2. To establish potential points of support and resistance in the future.

The price will reach the trend line in the future if the trend continues. It takes effort to change an established trend. The effort will eventually change the trend and this will be reflected on the graph.

If you study the examples given, you will see how price bars on the chart often bounce off trend lines. Old trend lines are used alongside current ones to help identify particularly strong areas. This is especially obvious when multiple historical trend lines intersect or overlap. TradeGuider Systems calls this phenomenon "trend clustering" and our program is designed to detect these areas on the chart

3. To detect sharp turns and changes in direction .

A strong move up or down from a trend channel often precedes a reversal of trend direction or an acceleration (or deceleration) of price movements.

The correct way to build a trend channel:

If the market is going up, you need to use two lows and one high between them.

If the market is going down, you need to use two highs and one low between them.

Bases and Tops

The highs and lows of trend channels in VSA have their own meaning. The following points are valid for any chart:

1. Consistently rising bottoms indicate a medium-term sign of strength, with each significant low point on the chart being higher than the previous one.

2. A short-term sign of strength is indicated by successive rising bottoms if the low of each daytime bar(or another timeframe) higher than the previous one. This action demonstrates support for the movement from professional money.

The clear uptrend in the figure below shows both of the above principles at work.

Some tips:

Old trend lines can be used to identify areas of support and resistance with some success, especially if the lines are grouped together ( trend cluster).

Compare two or more timeframes, identifying trends over long and short periods.

Don't take trend lines mechanically. Of course, lines need to be drawn mechanically, but they should not be interpreted too strictly - they should only be used as a way of assessing.

Trend lines represent potential resistance to movement in one direction or another. Remember that it takes effort on the part of specialists or layout makers to go through resistance. The market always wants to follow the path of least resistance. The presence or absence of effort when approaching resistance will determine whether the line will hold or not.

The basis of market relations is the balance of supply and demand. The Volume Spread Analysis method, or VSA for short, is based on their imbalance. The spread in the foreign exchange market is the difference between the opening price of a bar and its closing price. The book, which will be discussed further, describes this method very sensibly and clearly. Having studied it, you will be able to more accurately predict price behavior and determine market entry signals.

The book introduces the reader to the basics of VSA analysis. By analyzing the activity of large market players with its help, it is possible to identify price imbalances provoked by their actions. This analysis will help the trader predict the future behavior of the market.

VSA method

Richard Wyckoff is a famous market guru, one of the creators of classical methods of market analysis and forecasting theory. In his book published in 1931, he argued that graphic formations are not enough to determine signals. Wyckoff considered his method more effective than mathematical analysis.

This topic was later refined by Tom Williams, a stock exchange trader and employee of one of the trading syndicates. He introduced new concepts - “price spread” and “closing price”, and outlined their relationship with trading volumes. A number of patterns he identified formed the basis of his “VSA” technique. She gained fame in 1939, after the publication of the book “Masters of the Market”.

Advantages of the VSA method

To determine market behavior and the balance between supply and demand, the VSA method takes into account the relationship of the following indicators:

• Bar closing price;
• Price bar trading volume;
• Bar price range (otherwise known as spread).

From Tom Williams' book you will gain knowledge that you can hardly find in other literature on stock trading. She will reveal to you secrets concerning volumes and prices, mechanisms and patterns that move prices and the market.

From the book you will understand why rich market participants buy or sell a lot. You will learn how to correctly identify their actions.

Any learning process requires having the necessary literature at hand and the help of a mentor. A Forex Academy trader-teacher will change your vision of the market. You will no longer fall into market traps and lose money. Your actions will become deliberate and not impulsive. We will teach you to feel the market more subtly and better understand its mechanisms:

Forex Academy traders are well acquainted with the VSA technique. Our mentor trader will teach you how to feel the market and increase the number of profitable trades.

Tom Williams outlines his method in relation to the stock exchange. Many years of practice have proven that it works well in the financial market. The second half of the book is devoted to demonstrating VSA techniques. They are made in a program similar to the Metatrader terminal, using a similar set of tools.

For every offer you make to buy, there are thousands of offers to sell. The market maker has a whole “book” of orders received long before you enter the market. They will be sold at certain price levels. Market makers play a major role in the accumulation and distribution processes. When they make their money, the volume of their transactions cannot be neglected.

Accumulation and distribution

In the confrontation between sellers and buyers on the stock exchange, the “moneybag” wins, and the loser watches the price move against himself. Transactions of people from the crowd do not significantly affect the movement of the market; they are swallowed up by large players.

The VSA method looks at price behavior and volumes. Price behavior determines the growth of volumes that move the trend in the right direction. This can be called the core principle of VSA. In a “money-making maneuver,” the price suddenly begins to move, shaking out the crowd, anticipating the trend.

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In his work, Tom Williams examines the behavior of market players precisely from the “predator-prey” perspective. He classifies the stages of the market, describes crowd shaking maneuvers - the precursors of strong market movements. According to Williams, the reversal of large markets is preceded by two phases.

1) Accumulation– a market phase with a tendency to reverse the trend upward; it occurs in a downtrend or in a flat. This phase is characterized by the appearance of long shadows on the chart - pin bars, bullish negatives. This is evidence of the arrival of a buyer.

• Downtrend

This phase in a downtrend occurs at the end of downward impulses. Market makers open buy trades here, covering an entire price zone. By accumulating, they know exactly what profit awaits them in the future:

In VSA applications, the accumulation phase of a downtrend is not the best time to open Buy positions. Beginners often have trouble distinguishing between accumulation and bearish volume. They enter the market at high volumes of a downtrend, without waiting for signals confirming a change in its direction:

The accumulation, as well as the slowdown, end and reversal of a downward trend is indicated by:

• Falling pulse angle (when each new pulse becomes flatter);
• A falling angle does not produce a significant price update (when the distance between the price of the previous and updated lows decreases);
• The angle of the upper pulses becomes steeper upward.

In a flat, watch the market maker’s actions at the lower and upper boundaries of the trend. He can buy on downward impulses to reverse the market upward, or sell, intending to break through the support line.

The presence of long shadows at the support line indicates that he is buying. It is important to pay attention to the lows and highs in conjunction with the volumes. This will tell you what the big players are doing - buying or selling. When exiting a flat, the market turns in the direction where they are directing it.

An example of accumulation and exit from a flat into an uptrend

In a flat and when exiting it, on a rollback of an already formed trend, you should open short positions. This caution will give the trader the advantage of a shortened stop loss and price margin.

2) Distribution– the tendency of the market to turn downwards in an uptrend.

The market maker here sells large volumes at the tops of upward impulses. Breaking the last low indicates a market reversal and an opportunity to sell. If a breakout has not occurred or there is a false signal, the trader can buy:

Let's sum it up

Tom Williams' book is a good guide for beginners. After reading it, you will not immediately be able to trade without mistakes, but you will definitely not make the most serious and important mistakes. The author shows the market from the perspective of interaction between its participants. Having learned to read the chart correctly, their activities will be more understandable and predictable for you.

A new term that describes the method of analyzing, interpreting and understanding the price chart you see on your computer screen is called volume and spread analysis. Using closing price and volume, minimum and maximum prices, it will show how you can estimate supply and demand in a form that you can analyze on a chart. To correctly analyze volumes, it is necessary to understand that only half of the information required to conduct a correct analysis is contained in the recorded volume.

Also in his book, Undeclared Secrets of the Stock Market, Tom Williams says that the other half of the information is already hidden in price spreads. Interest in an instrument always shows volume. And the price movement on this volume shows the corresponding price spread. This book reveals how the markets work, and it is very important that it will help you work in real time. After reading this work, you will see the signs that operators, professional traders and specialists want to see.

Tom Williams "Undeclared secrets of the stock market" - analysis by volume

In his work, Williams reveals the essence of the new term - analysis by spreads and volumes. This is a term he uses to describe a method of understanding and analyzing price charts. The author of this book also claims that absolutely any investor can be blocked during trading. This often happens when market movements are very violent. When an open position inexorably suffers a loss or when we cannot open a position in a pronounced trend movement. And each time, an investor in a long position hopes for the market to rise after it opens.

Sometimes the market begins to fall and the trader’s forecasts, accordingly, do not come true. According to Williams's book, Undeclared Secrets of the Stock Market, when the market has gone down several bars, every investor who is still able to think rationally begins to want to close the trade. And at such moments the price begins to gradually climb up, turning in the opposite direction. It is at this moment that the trader is considered blocked. The decline observed not so long ago is forgotten, and the risky position remains open. And this may continue until the deposit is drained.

Author's opinion in the book “Undeclared Secrets of the Stock Market”

The author believes that it is the big players who move the market. He also talks about that. that the market itself is biased against the trader. Everyone decides for themselves whether to agree with the author or not. In his book, the author gives a vivid example when, having opened a long position at the very peak, a trader watches how, after buying, this price tends inexorably downward. Using their capital, large players begin to control the market, while ruining smaller investors.

In his work “Undeclared Secrets of the Stock Market,” the author dwells in as much detail as possible on explaining to the reader the correct interpretation of information about trading volumes. After all, only half of the information is reflected by indicators. But the second half lies in spreads. Tracking trading volumes is the main idea of ​​this book. Try to read the book carefully to see what is really happening, and not what they want to show us. It is unforgivable to remain in the dark when you have such a wonderful book in front of you that can change your life and guide a trader in the right direction. This work by Williams will give you a lot in comparison with its counterparts by other authors.

The book describes and explains the basic principles of the patented VSA™ (Volume Spread Analysis™) method built into the TradeGuider™ program (formerly the VSA™ program). The indicators displayed on the charts are not buy or sell signals, but show either strength or weakness entering the market. These signals are based on the laws of supply and demand, and demonstrate how these forces can be identified and displayed on a chart.

Our proprietary Volume Spread Analysis™ technology is used to create indicators in TradeGuider™. All figures in this book are taken from TradeGuider or VSA (the predecessor to TradeGuider). In order to preserve the integrity, semantic content and validity of the original text, we decided to leave the original (VSA) illustrations in some parts of the book, along with recommendations for various points on the graphs made for educational purposes. This book is your foundational course in Volume Spread Analysis™ (VSA™), which takes a multifaceted approach to market analysis and examines the relationships between price, spread, and volume. To correctly analyze the volume, it is necessary to understand that the displayed volume represents only half of the information. The other half is the price spread. Volume also reflects the amount of activity taking place, and the accompanying price spread shows the price movement on that volume. This book explains how markets work and, more importantly, helps you spot signals as they occur—the signals that market makers, specialists, and other professional traders see and recognize.
Volume Spread Analysis seeks to determine the reason for price movements, and, based on this reason, predict the future price rate. This “reason” is nothing more than an imbalance between Supply and Demand created by the activities of professional operators. The result is a bullish or bearish movement, according to prevailing market conditions. We will look at trading in both directions. This book is a thorough study of the actions of Specialists and Market Makers, allowing us to understand future market behavior. Much of what we will discuss will concern the psychology of trading, which you should be well aware of, since professional operators use psychological tricks wherever possible. Market professionals know very well what emotions drive YOU (and the crowd) when trading. We'll look at how professionals create these emotions, which trigger price movements that benefit them.

Principles. Life and work (2018) Rating: 10 out of 10

Trick or Treat Do You Control Money or Money Control You (2016) Rating: 9.3 out of 10

Counter-revolution How the vertical of power was built in modern Russia and how it affects the economy (2019) Rating: 9.3 out of 10

Investments and trading Formation of an individual approach to making investment decisions (2018) Rating: 9.3 out of 10

04
Dec
2012

Masters of the Markets (Tom Williams)

Format: PDF, eBook (originally computer)
Tom Williams
Year of manufacture: 2010
Genre: Business
Publisher: TradeGuider
Russian language
Number of pages: 181

Description: The book "Masters of the Markets" describes the basics of the VSA (Volume Spread Analysis) method, which is a method of analyzing market activity and helps
identify imbalances in supply and demand caused by the actions of major market participants. For many traders, this book will be a revelation and will help change their outlook.
to the market and make their trading more professional. The book is COMPLETELY translated “from cover to cover” INTO RUSSIAN. The essence of each sentence is reproduced
with maximum reliability.

19
Oct
2013

Dragon Masters (Vance Jack)

Format: audiobook, MP3, 96kbps
Author: Vance Jack
Year of manufacture: 2013
Genre: Science fiction
Publisher: DIY audiobook
Artist: Gadgeteer2
Duration: 03:42:17
Description: Let the reader not be misled by the title of the book - its genre is not fantasy, but the most classic science fiction. "Dragon Masters" introduces us to the fate of the planet Erlit, and in particular, to the adventures of the insightful and energetic Jos Benbeck, a local feudal lord and scientist. He will not only have to engage in battle with many enemies, but also penetrate the secrets of the origin of an amazing color...

22
Oct
2014

Masters of Ostrog (Yuri Braider, Nikolai Chadovich) (Part 1 of 3)

Author: Yuri Braider, Nikolai Chadovich
Year of manufacture: 2014
Genre fiction
Publisher: DIY Audiobook
Artist: Serregey
Duration: 05:01:49
Description: It was probably a gift of fate to find one of the Masters of the Prison in a pile of garbage. A reward for hard labor, wounds, crappy food, ordeals on Boyle, where Artyom, who here adopted the more familiar name Temnyak for the locals, saved their worthless lives and destroyed stupid laws. If this luck had not happened, nothing would have worked out, or it would have worked out, but somehow not in the same way, not so quickly and not so beautifully. And so - everyone was pleased...

21
May
2016

Masters of the jungle. Tales of Tigers and Elephants (Kipling Rudyard)

Format: audiobook, MP3, 128kbps
Author: Kipling Rudyard
Year of manufacture: 2011
Genre: Animal stories
Publisher: Can't buy it anywhere
Executor:
Duration: 07:41:43
Description: Tigers and elephants - no matter how much people crowd them, to this day they remain the masters of dense forests. From the snowy Ussuri region to the shores of the Indian Ocean, beautiful ferocious predators kept people and animals at bay. Many daredevils discussed in this book entered into a fight with them, but not everyone achieved victory... And elephants - these faithful and wise helpers of man? Once a year they cut off the leash and ear...