What are industry-specific international organizations. International Organizations and Unions

In the context of globalization, integration of economies, unification of laws and erasing borders between countries, it is no longer possible to make decisions individually. It is necessary to coordinate intentions on various issues with the rest of the international community. Along with states, important organizations in world politics are international organizations. Conflicts between groups of people and countries, terrorist groups, climate change, geopolitics, the development of the Arctic shelf, the disappearance of rare species of animals - this is not a complete list of issues that require their participation. To confront the new challenges of our time is possible only by joint efforts.

Definition

The international organization is a voluntary union of member states created for cooperation in the fields of economy, politics, culture, ecology, security. All their activities are based on international treaties. The nature of the interaction can be either interstate or non-state, at the level of public associations.

Signs

At the heart of any international organization are at least six key features:

Any organization must be created and act in accordance with international standards of law. Usually, when creating such an association, all member states sign an international convention, protocol or agreement that guarantees the fulfillment of all obligations undertaken by the parties.
The activities of international organizations are regulated by its Charter, which defines the goals, objectives, principles, structure of the association. The provisions of the Charter should not contradict the norms of international law.

The presence of rights and obligations of all participants. Usually they are equal for any member of the association. Also, they should not cancel the independent rights of participants. State sovereignty cannot be violated. The rights of international organizations determine the status of the association, regulate the issues of their creation and activities.
Permanent or regular activities, sessions, meetings between members to resolve international issues.
Decision-making by a simple majority vote of members of the organization or by consensus. Final decisions are recorded on paper and signed by all participants.
Availability of headquarters and governing bodies. Not infrequently, the Chairman of the organization acts as the latter. Participants are presided over in turn, a limited time period.

Classification

What international organizations exist? All associations are divided according to several criteria.

Criterion	Subtype of Organization
International legal capacity	Intergovernmental. They are created on the basis of an agreement between the governments of the participating countries. Members are states whose interests in the organization are represented by public servants
International legal capacity	Non-governmental. Relations in these associations are not regulated by government agreements. A member can be any country that agrees with the goals and objectives of the organization. A prime example is the International Chamber of Commerce.
Circle of interests	Special: industry - these are organizations whose interests do not go beyond a certain sphere, for example, ecology or economics; professional - these are associations of specialists of one industry, such organizations include the International Commonwealth of Lawyers or the International Federation of Accountants; problematic - organizations designed to solve common global and regional problems; conflict resolution associations, such as the UN Security Council, etc., most often fall into this category.
Circle of interests	Universal. The range of issues addressed by the organization is not limited to one area of \u200b\u200blife. States Parties are entitled to submit any questions. A prime example is the UN
Territory of action	Worldwide - Worldwide international organizations, which may include any country, regardless of geographic location. Most often, these associations have a large number of participants. Examples: World Health Organization, World Meteorological Organization
	Interregional - a community of states within several regions, united by a common idea or problem. These include the Organization of Islamic Cooperation
	Regional - organizations that include the states of one region in their composition to resolve internal issues. An example is the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) or the Council of the Baltic Sea States
	Multilateral - international organizations, in which more than two countries interested in cooperation take part. Thus, the WTO (World Trade Organization) includes in its ranks any country that agrees to comply with certain trade and economic principles put forward by society. This is not due to the location or political structure of the country.
Legal status	Formal are associations in which the meetings of the participants are formal. That is, each participant has a role to play, all meetings are documented, relations between members are depersonalized. Such organizations have a management apparatus and their own authorities. An example is OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
Legal status	Informal - organizations in which interaction is informal on an ongoing basis. These include giants such as the G20 and the Paris Club of the creditor countries.

One organization can immediately meet several criteria.

List of Key International Organizations

According to 2017, there are 103 global organizations in the world. Some of them are permanent, others gather for sessions.

African Union

This is an international intergovernmental organization, which includes 55 participating States. The main goal of the association is the full cooperation and development of African states and peoples. His interests include economics, trade, security, education, healthcare, wildlife conservation, human rights, and more.

Asia Pacific Economic Community

An international regional organization with economic and trade interests in the Asia-Pacific region. The association initiates the creation of unhindered and free trade between the participating countries.

Andean Community of Nations

International Regional Association of South America. Has a socio-economic orientation. Community members advocate for the integration of Latin American states.

This international community includes eight states. Its goal is to preserve nature in the Arctic region, to minimize damage to nature during shelf development.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

This is an international organization of Southeast Asian nations. The range of issues addressed by the association is not limited, but the main problems relate to the creation of trade zones. The structure includes 10 countries. In 2006, a declaration was signed between Russia and the Association, allowing states to cooperate in the framework of meetings held by the Association.

Bank for International Settlements

This is a financial institution. Its goal is to strengthen cooperation between central banks of different countries and simplify international settlements.

World Association of Nuclear Power Operators

An organization whose members are countries operating nuclear power plants. The purpose and mission of the organization is to create conditions for the safe use of atomic energy, to increase the safety of nuclear power plants.

world Trade organisation

A multilateral international organization whose member countries are parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. It is called to create conditions for the liberalization of trade participants. One of the largest organizations, it has 164 members.

International Atomic Energy Agency

An organization whose goal is to promote the safe use of atomic energy. The agency also prevents the proliferation of nuclear weapons.

UN

United Nations Organization - an association created after the Second World War by 50 participating countries to maintain peace and security on the planet. At the moment, the UN is the most influential organization in the world. In addition to maintaining peace, the UN is now addressing a wide range of global issues. What international organizations are included in the UN? There are 16 institutions in total. The organization includes such specialized international associations:

The World Meteorological Organization is a UN body that is responsible for meteorology, global warming and the interaction of the atmosphere with the oceans.
The World Health Organization is a UN agency dedicated to solving international problems in the field of public health. The organization actively contributes to improving the level of medical services, hygiene, vaccination of the population in the world. The structure includes 194 countries.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, better known by the acronym UNESCO. The association deals with issues of education and the elimination of illiteracy, discrimination in education, the study of different cultures and the social sphere of human life. UNESCO is actively involved in the fight against gender inequality, plays a huge role in solving a wide range of problems on the African continent.
UNICEF, or the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, provides comprehensive assistance to the Institute for Maternity and Childhood. Among the main goals of the fund are reducing child mortality, reducing deaths in pregnant women, and promoting primary education among children.
The International Labor Organization is a special UN agency responsible for regulating labor relations both within countries and on the international labor market.

Russia's participation in global organizations

The Russian Federation takes an active part in the life of the world community and is a permanent member of a large number of world organizations, consider the main ones:

The Customs Union is a supranational association of several countries with the goal of creating a single economic space and market, and eliminating customs restrictions on goods.
The United Nations (Security Council) is a permanent organ of the United Nations dealing with international security issues.
The Commonwealth of Independent States is a union of states formerly part of the USSR. The main goal of the CIS is the issues of political, economic and cultural interaction between the participating countries.
The Collective Security Treaty Organization is a council of several states to maintain peace and order in the territory of participants.
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe is an organization dedicated to resolving security issues in Europe.
Council of Europe - a union of European countries to strengthen democracy, improve human rights law and cultural interaction between countries.
BRICS is a group of five countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and the Republic of South Africa.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation is a regional forum for the development of trade between participants.
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is an association whose goal is to maintain peace and stability. It is not a military bloc.
The Eurasian Economic Union is a regional organization that advocates for the integration and rapprochement of the markets of the participating countries.
The International Organization for Standardization is a global association whose main goal is to issue international standards and their implementation on the territory of all participants.
The International Olympic Committee is an organization created with the aim of reviving and promoting the Olympic movement in the world.
The International Electrotechnical Commission is an association that standardizes electric networks and equipment.
The World Trade Organization is a trade union designed to ensure equal rights in the international market to all participants.

2. " Big seven”- these are the seven leading market economies. In this. The group includes the USA, Japan, France, Italy and Canada.

The G7 holds annual economic meetings at the highest level with the participation of representatives of European Union countries. Today, from the consideration of relatively narrow issues (exchange rates of currencies, control of exports and imports), the leaders of the Seven have gone over to a general analysis, searching for ways to influence the rate and proportions of its development. More than 50% of the world gross domestic product falls on the share of countries - members of the "Big Seven".

3. European Union.

This is an economic grouping, which includes 12 Western European countries: France, Germany, Belgium, and the United Kingdom (list of countries as of 1992).

The European Union was formed with the aim of creating a common market for goods, capital and labor by abolishing customs duties on trade between community members, pursuing a coordinated trade policy for third world countries, joint activities in the field of energy, transport and coordinating common economic and social policies.

4. NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization).

This is a military-political union that arose in 1949. It includes: USA, UK, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Germany, Greece, Portugal,. The official goal of NATO is to ensure the security of peace-loving states and to maintain universal peace. Obviously, with the collapse of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (the military-political union of the former socialist states), NATO members should strive to create a collective security system in Europe.

The headquarters of this military-political bloc is in Brussels.

5. Organization of American States (OAS).

This is the largest group of states in the Western Hemisphere. It includes about 30 states of the North and.

The goals set by the OAS are to strengthen peace and security in the region, prevent disagreements and resolve disputes peacefully, take joint action in the event of aggression, help resolve the political, economic and legal problems of American countries, join forces for scientific, technical and cultural progress.

OAS headquarters is located in.

6. Organization of African Unity (OAE).

This is the largest and most influential grouping of independent countries. It is an interstate political organization in nature. It unites over 50 states of the continent. Its main goals are the development of comprehensive political and economic cooperation between African countries, the strengthening of their solidarity and unity in the international arena, the elimination of all types of colonialism, the protection of the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of countries. OAU headquarters is located in.

7. United Nations (UN).

The most influential international organization, uniting on a voluntary basis sovereign states in order to maintain and strengthen international peace and security, as well as the development of cooperation between states. Other important areas of UN activity are the fight against colonialism and gross and massive violations of human rights.
The name of this organization was proposed by US President Franklin Roosevelt. The official date for the creation of the UN is 1945, when the UN Charter was ratified by most of the signatory states. The Charter states that the UN was created in order to rid the future generation of the scourge of war, to develop friendly relations between nations on the basis of respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to help resolve international problems of an economic, social and cultural nature.

Members of the UN can be all peace-loving states that recognize its Charter and are ready to comply with it.

The main organs of the UN are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat.

The UN headquarters is located in New York.

There are many specialized agencies within the UN, such as:

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

Its main goal is to achieve a wider use of atomic energy by the countries of the world and to ensure that its use cannot be switched to military purposes. The agency advises and assists in the implementation of national programs. Agency headquarters is located at.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

The objectives of the organization are to fight the world, to promote better nutrition and higher living standards; increasing the productivity of agriculture, fish farming and forestry; improving the distribution of food and agricultural products.

The headquarters of the organization is in Rome.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

The range of activities of this organization covers a wide range of issues: this is the fight against illiteracy, the content and planning of education, the creation of centers for the training of qualified personnel in developing countries, measures to develop international cooperation in the field of science; research on human rights and peace consolidation; the use of space communications for educational purposes. UNESCO headquarters is located in Paris.

World Health Organization (WHO).

It is also a specialized agency of the United Nations with the goal of achieving by all peoples the highest possible level of health. WHO organizes the fight against diseases, their elimination at the international level, assists various countries in the fight against infectious and other diseases, carries out international quality control of drugs, drug control, international actions in the field of quarantine and epidemiological surveillance. WHO is headquartered in Geneva.

International organization - A permanent association of an intergovernmental or non-governmental nature, created on the basis of an international agreement in order to facilitate the solution of international problems specified in the agreement. International organizations are characterized by:

- the presence of a constituent document;

- the ongoing or regular nature of the activity;

- the use of multilateral negotiations and discussion of problems as the main method of activity;

Distinguish between intergovernmental, non-governmental, global and regional international organizations.

United Nations - An international organization of states created in 1945. in order to maintain and strengthen peace, security and the development of international cooperation.

The main UN bodies are the UN General Assembly, the UN Security Council, the UN Economic and Social Council, the UN Trusteeship Council, the UN International Court of Justice and the UN Secretariat.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - established in 1946. UN specialized agency that promotes the achievement of universal education goals, the development of culture, the preservation of the world’s natural and cultural heritage, international scientific cooperation, and the freedom of the press and communication.

European Economic Community (EEC) - name of the European Union until 1994 The European Community was founded by the Rome Treaty of 1957. as a common market of six European states.

European Union - Economic Association of 15. A single domestic market has been created in the EU, restrictions on the free movement of goods, capital, labor between countries have been lifted, a single currency system with a single monetary institution has been formed.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, English: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is a cartel (business association) formed in 1960. some oil-producing countries to coordinate oil production policies and control global crude prices. OPEC sets quotas for oil production.

World Trade Organization (WTO) - Founded in 1995, a global international organization that deals with international trade rules. The basis of the WTO is agreements agreed, signed and ratified by most countries participating in international trade. The purpose of the WTO is to help manufacturers of goods and services, exporters and importers in the conduct of their business. The WTO is the successor to the GATT.

Association of Southeast States () - created in 1967. regional organization, which included, and. The goals of ASEAN are to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development of countries, to establish peace in the region.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, eng: North Atlantic Treaty Organization) - a military political alliance created on the initiative of the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in April 1949 in the United States,

Council of Europe (CE) formed in 1949 d. economically developed countries.

IN 2008 The Council included 47 states, including the former socialist countries and Russia (adopted in 1996 g.).

The goals of the Council of Europe are the protection of human rights, the expansion of democracy, the rapprochement of the positions of European countries on environmental issues, education, and health.

Member countries ( 47 ): Austria, Azerbaijan, Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Greece, Georgia, Great Britain, Denmark, Iceland, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Finland, France, Germany, Montenegro, Czech Republic, Croatia, Switzerland, Sweden, Ukraine, Estonia.

Observer Status ( 5 ): Vatican, Canada, Mexico, USA and Japan.

The highest body is the Committee of Ministers, which deals with the political aspects of cooperation, the budget, and adopts political recommendations.

Within the framework of the Council of Europe, the European Youth Center, the European Court of Justice and other organizations and foundations operate.

Governing bodies are located in Strasbourg (France).

European Union - EU - The most significant political and economic organization of European countries. The predecessors of the EU were the European Coal and Steel Association, formed in 1950 d. to protect these advanced industries from competition with American industry, then the European Economic Community and the European Union.

In 1957, the EEA countries (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg) signed the Rome Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (Common Market) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euroatom).

In the late 60s. As a result of the merger of three organizations - EUSC, Euroatom, EEC - a new integration group was created - the European Community. The agreement provided for the gradual abolition of customs restrictions and the establishment of a common trade policy in relation to third countries, the free movement of capital, goods and labor, the development and implementation of a common agricultural policy, and the creation of a monetary and political union.

The goals of the EU are to coordinate the actions of member countries in the areas of the economy (creating a common market, economic and monetary union, a single currency), defense, law, foreign and domestic policy (including coordinating immigration, combating terrorism, improving the living conditions of citizens of member countries) creating space without internal borders.

In 1973, Great Britain, Denmark and Ireland joined the EEC, in 1981 - Greece, in 1986 - Spain and Portugal.

A new stage in deepening European economic integration dates back to the early 1990s. In 1991, the EU and EFTA signed an agreement on the creation of a single European economic space. In 1992 were signed Maastricht Accords (entered into force in 1993), providing for the creation of a genuine European Union - economic, monetary and financial - and the introduction of a common pan-European citizenship.

Since November 1, 1993, after ratification of the agreements by all twelve member countries, the European Economic Union has been renamed the European Union.

In 1995, another 3 countries joined the EU - Austria, Sweden, Finland. The planned accession of Norway was blocked by the results of the referendum in the country: citizens opposed the country's accession to the EU.

From January 1, 1999, the single EU currency unit, the Euro, was introduced for non-cash payments. In 2002, the euro was introduced for cash payments. This currency is now used for settlements between 13 EU member states: Belgium, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, France, Ireland, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Austria, and Finland. In 2007, Slovenia entered the euro zone.

2004 was marked by the largest union expansion in the history of European integration. The union includes Cyprus and Malta; the former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe: Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Slovakia, as well as the former republics of the USSR - Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.

In 2007, Bulgaria and Romania became EU members.

European Monetary Union valid within the EU, to 2008 included 13 countries: Austria, Belgium, Greece (joined 2001 g.), Italy, Ireland, Spain, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, France, Portugal, Finland, Germany. At the end of 2007, Slovenia entered the euro zone.

The single currency - the euro - began to be used for cashless payments, and from January 1, 2002 - in cash.

European Free Trade Association - EFTA established in 1960 as a counterweight to the European Economic Community. Consistently, the EFTA countries have joined the EU; By 2008, 4 members remained in the EFTA - Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland.

Headquarters - in Geneva (Switzerland).

Council of the Baltic Sea States - CBSS created in 1992 d. to ensure cooperation between the countries of the Baltic Sea basin in the field of economics, the development of democratic institutions, humanitarian assistance, environmental protection, transport and communications.

Members ( 12 ): Denmark, European Union, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Finland, Germany, Sweden, Estonia.

Observers ( 7 ): United Kingdom, Italy, Netherlands, Slovakia, USA, France, Ukraine.

The headquarters is in Stockholm (Sweden).

Nordic Council (NC) created in 1952 g. (valid from 1953 d.) for the development of regional socio-economic cooperation and joint actions in the field of environmental protection.

Members ( 5 ): Denmark (including the Faroe Islands and Greenland), Finland (including the Aland Islands), Iceland, Norway, Sweden.

Three local Saami governments of Finland, Norway and Sweden have observer status.

The headquarters is in Copenhagen (Denmark).

Organization of the Central European Initiative (CEI) under this name acts in 1992 (became the successor to the organization Quadrilateral Initiative, which was formed in 1989, and since 1991 - the Hexagonal Initiative.

Objectives - economic and political cooperation in the region between the Adriatic and the Baltic.

Member countries (18): Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine, Croatia, Montenegro, Czech Republic.

Headquarters - in London (UK).

Western European Union (WEU) created in 1954 g. (valid from 1955) to ensure collective defense and unification of the political organization of member countries.

Members ( 10 ): Belgium, Great Britain, Greece, Spain, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, France, Germany.

Associate Members ( 6 ): Hungary, Iceland, Norway, Poland, Turkey, Czech Republic.

Associate Partners ( 7 ): Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia.

Observers ( 5 ): Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Finland, Sweden.

Headquarters - in Brussels (Belgium).

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