Laboratory work in computer science. Collection of laboratory works in computer science

Subject: Number systems

Target: Gain practical skills in converting numbers from one number system to another.

Main content of the work

Write a program that converts numbers from one SS to another and vice versa.

Theoretical information

The computer works with information specified by numbers presented in the form of special codes in the number system (SS) adopted for this computer.

SS is a set of techniques for naming and designating numbers. There are non-positional (Roman) and positional SS. In positional SS, any number is depicted as a sequence of digits, the quantitative value of which depends on the place (position) each of them occupies in the number. The number of different digits used to represent numbers in a positional SS is called its base. That is, if k digits are used, then the base SS will be k.

The number can be represented as follows:

a n-1 a n-2 . . . a i. . . a 1 a 0 , a -1 a -2 . . . a -m

integer part fractional part

n digits m digits

Positions renumbered in this way are called ranks. Each of the digits can take one of the values k-1>= a i >=0 . k is used for the quantitative value of each of the digits of a number.

a n-1 * k n-1 + a n-2 * k n-2 +. . .+a i* k i +. . .+ a 1* k 1 + a 0 k 0 + a -1 k -1 +a -2 k -2+ . . .+a -m k -m

Positional systems are convenient because they allow you to write large numbers using a relatively small number of characters. Another advantage is the ease of performing arithmetic operations on numbers written in these systems.

Depending on the basis of the SS, we can distinguish:

1) Decimal SS. It uses 10 digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.

2) Binary SS. It uses 2 digits: 0 and 1.

3) Octal SS. It uses 8 digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.

4) Hexadecimal SS. It uses 16 digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.

The smallest number that can be used as a base SS is the number 2. The corresponding SS base is binary. The convenience of this system lies in its extraordinary simplicity. There are only two digits in it, 0 and 1. The disadvantage is that you have to use a lot of characters to write even small numbers.

Octal and hexadecimal SS are used in computing because converting from binary SS to octal and hexadecimal SS is easier than converting to decimal. With octal and hexadecimal SS, you can write a long number using fewer characters than in binary SS.

Converting numbers from one SS to another

1. Translation of integers.

To convert an integer from one SS to another you need:

1) Divide this number by the base of the new SS to obtain the whole quotient. The resulting remainder (including 0) will be the low-order digit of the number in the new SS.

2) The resulting quotient must be divided again by the base of the new SS. The remainder of this division will be the next digit of the number. The division is performed until the result of the division is 0.

3) The recording of the received digits of a number in the new SS is performed from the end (i.e., in the reverse order of their calculation).

1) convert 672 10 to octal SS.

1)672 8 2) 84 8 3) 10 8 4) 1 8

64 84 8 10 8 1 0 0

The result will be 1240 8 .

2) convert 127 10 to binary SS.

1) 127 2 2) 63 2 3) 31 2 4) 15 2

12 63 6 31 2 15 14 7

5) 7 2 6) 3 2 7) 1 1

The result will be 1111111 2 .

2. Converting real numbers

When converting real numbers from one SS to another, the integer part of the number is translated separately (see the algorithm described above), and the fractional part is translated as follows:

The number is multiplied by the base of the new SS. The integer part of the result will be the first digit of the fractional part of the number in the new SS.

The fractional part of the result is again multiplied by the base of the new SS, etc.

The process continues until the specified accuracy is achieved.

Converting x=0.2 10 to binary SS

0.2*2=0.4=0+0.4 (0)

0.4*2=0.8=0+0.8 (0)

0.8*2=1.6=1+0.6 (1)

0.6*2=1.2=1+0.2 (1)

If the base of the old and new SS are connected by the relation p=q k (8=2 3, 16=2 4), then the transfer from one SS to another is simplified. In order to convert a number from SS with base p to a number in SS with base q, it is necessary to represent each digit in the first number using a number in SS with base q, and the number of digits must be equal to k.

To use this rule, you need to know the table of equivalents.

To convert a number from hexadecimal SS to binary, just use the table to replace the digits of the number with the equivalent values in binary SS. For example:

C93 16 =1100 1001 0011 2

Inverse transformations are performed similarly.

Converting numbers from octal SS to binary and back is done in exactly the same way, only three-digit sequences are used to write numbers in binary SS. For example

453 8 = 100 101 011 2

This rule can also be used when converting numbers from decimal SS to binary. If you use octal or hexadecimal SS for such a translation, the number of division operations performed, and, consequently, the number of possible errors, is reduced.

For example:

Convert 156 10 to binary SS.

1) convert the number to hexadecimal SS

We got 9C. Now we write this number using binary SS. Result.

Laboratory work No. 6 "Creating tables using the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet processor"

Purpose of work: familiarization with the Microsoft Excel interface, gaining practical skills in entering information, formulas and functions into spreadsheet cells.

1 BASIC THEORETICAL PROVISIONS

1.1 Microsoft Excel interface

1.1.1. Books and sheets

Spreadsheets, which include the Microsoft Excel program, are designed to perform any periodic calculations.

Launch this application.

Its interface is somewhat similar to the interface of Microsoft Word, however, instead of a blank sheet (working field), we see a table with which the user must work. A Microsoft Excel file is organized as a workbook consisting of such tables (sheets). A workbook in Microsoft Excel is a file used to process and store data. Each book can consist of several sheets, so you can put a variety of information in one file and establish the necessary connections between them.

Sheets are used to organize and analyze data. You can simultaneously enter, edit, and perform calculations on several sheets of data. You can insert chart sheets into the workbook for graphical presentation of data and modules for creating and storing macros used to perform special tasks.

The names of the sheets are on labels located at the bottom of the workbook window. To move from one sheet to another, you must specify the appropriate shortcut. The name of the current sheet is always in bold. Sheets can be renamed, inserted, deleted, moved, or copied within the same workbook or from one workbook to another.

1.1.2 Entering data into cells

Cells in a spreadsheet can contain data of various types (text, number, date, etc.), as well as formulas or functions for working with them. In order to enter something into the selected cell, you need to stand on it with the cursor and simply enter it from the keyboard. After finishing data entry, you need to exit the editing mode by pressing the Enter key. If you need to change the data in a cell, you can go in two ways: place new data on top of the old data, or double-click to go into edit mode for the cell contents.

1.1.3 Entering formulas into cells

Formulas and functions are used to work with the data contained in cells. Entering any formula begins with the “=” sign. Cells in a spreadsheet are identified by a letter (column) and a number (row number). Let's say, for example, that we have two numbers in cells A1 and B1, and we need to enter a formula that adds them into cell C1. To do this, you need to place the cursor on cell C1 and enter the “=” sign. After this, in principle, it would be possible to switch to the Latin font and type the expression: “A1 + B1”. After pressing Enter, the sum value would appear in the cell with the formula. However, Excel has a simpler mechanism for entering formulas. After the “=” sign is typed, to enter the name of a cell into the formula, you need to click on the corresponding cell. It is recommended to type formulas only in this way.

1.2 Using Microsoft Excel functions.

You can use standard Microsoft Excel functions to perform calculations on workbook sheets and macro sheets. The quantities that are used to calculate function values are called arguments. The values that are the result of evaluating functions are called return values. The sequence in which a function's arguments must appear is called function syntax. To use a function, you must enter it as part of a formula in a worksheet cell. A formula must begin with an equal sign (=) followed by a series of quantities, operators, and functions. If a function appears at the very beginning of a formula, it must be preceded by an equal sign, as in any other formula.

Parentheses are used to indicate the beginning and end of an argument list. The parentheses must be paired; spaces before or after the parentheses are not allowed. Arguments must be placed inside the parentheses. The argument list can consist of numbers, text, booleans, arrays, error values, or references. The specified arguments must have valid values for the given argument. Arguments can be either constants or formulas. These formulas, in turn, can contain other functions. Functions that are an argument to another function are called nested. Microsoft Excel formulas can use up to seven levels of nesting of functions.

For example, consider the syntax and order of summing the contents of the range of cells G2 through G18. To achieve the desired result, you must enter the line “=SUM(G2:G18)” in any cell (usually the cell directly below the folded column). The input order is as follows: enter “=”, then manually type “SUM” and open the bracket, click on cell G2, put a colon, click on cell G18, close the bracket, press “Enter”. It is the SUM function that can be obtained even faster, but we will consider the second method later.

2 PROGRESS OF WORK

(Do each task on a separate sheet of the workbook.)

Task 1. To gain initial skills in entering information and formulas into spreadsheet cells, put two arbitrary numbers in cells A1 and B1. Then enter four formulas for the simplest arithmetic operations (“+”, “-”, “*”, “/”, “^” - raising to a power) with these numbers. For reference: The “/” symbol can be typed using the key to the right of the “=” key via “Shift”; the “” symbol can be typed using the “6” key in the Latin keyboard layout while holding down the “Shift” key. You can place formulas, for example, in cells C1 to C5. In cells D1 – D5, write comments on these formulas.

Task 2. Create a spreadsheet to calculate monthly wages for a business with 10 employees. The table structure is shown below:

The table is filled for 10 people. At the bottom of the table, the SUM functions summarize the totals for all columns.

Task 3.

Perform the calculation using the formulas given in Appendix B.

Task 4.

Perform the calculation using the formulas given in Appendix A. Write a function of one variable, a function of several variables, and a function with a condition test operator (=IF()). Options for assignments are given by the teacher.

When using the IF function, the command format is:

=IF(log_expression;value_if_true;value_if_false)

Logical expression is any value or expression that evaluates to TRUE or FALSE. For example, A10=100 is a Boolean expression; if the value in cell A10 is 100, then the expression evaluates to TRUE. Otherwise - FALSE. This argument can be used in any comparison operator.

Value_if_true is the value that is returned if the logical expression evaluates to TRUE. For example, if this argument is the string "Within Budget" and Boolean is TRUE, then the IF function will display the text "Within Budget". If logical_expression is TRUE and value_if_true is empty, then the value 0 is returned. To display the word TRUE, you must use the logical value TRUE for this argument. Value_if_true can be a formula.

Value_if_false is the value that is returned if the logical expression evaluates to FALSE. For example, if this argument is the string "Over Budget" and the logical_expression is FALSE, then the IF function will display the text "Over Budget". If the logical_expression is FALSE and the value_if_false is omitted (that is, there is no semicolon after the value_if_true), then the logical value FALSE is returned. If logical_expression is FALSE and value_if_false is empty (that is, value_if_true is followed by a semicolon followed by a closing parenthesis), then the value 0 is returned. Value_if_false can be a formula.

3 TEST QUESTIONS

What are workbooks and sheets in Excel?

How are table elements addressed?

What is autosumming?

How to enter a formula into a table?

How to save data in a table?

4 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST

1.K.Carlberg. Business analysis using Excel. Kiev.Moscow. “Dialectics”, 1997. –440 s.

2.Microsoft Excel 2000: reference book. Ed. Y. Kolesnikova. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 1999, 352 p.

3.Informatics: textbook. Ed. N. Makarova. – M.: Finance and Statistics, 2000, 768 p.

4. Karpov B. MS Office 2000: reference book. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2000, 448 p.

APPENDIX A - “Task Options”

APPENDIX B – “Examples of Excel Mathematical Functions”

The simplest mathematical functions

Rounding functions

Specific mathematical functions

LABORATORY WORKS IN INFORMATION SCIENCE

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan GAPOU Ufa Fuel and Energy College APPROVED Deputy Director for Academic Affairs: Ponomareva L.F. ______________ 2016 Guidelines for organizing and conducting laboratory work for students in the academic discipline Computer Science and ICT 02/15/07 Automation of technological processes and production 02/21/02 Drilling oil and gas wells 02/21/03 Construction and operation of gas and oil pipelines and gas and oil storage facilities Ufa 2016 2 APPROVED by the Methodological Cycle Commission (name of the commission) Protocol No. ________ dated “_________________” 2016. Developed on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard of Secondary General Education in the academic discipline Informatics and ICT of the Federal State Educational Standard of Secondary Vocational Education by profession/specialty Chairman of the MCC ________________ /_____________ Deputy Director for SD _________________/ L.F. Ponomareva Full name Compiled by: Shaibakova L.M. teacher at GAPOU Ufa Fuel and Energy College. 3 Explanatory note 1. Main goals and objectives 1. Students perform laboratory work and practical assignments for the purpose of: systematization, formation of skills, practical experience in accordance with the requirements for the results of mastering the discipline, professional module and on the basis of the list of formed competencies established by the work program discipline, professional module; generalizations, theoretical knowledge; improving the ability to apply acquired knowledge in practice, realizing the unity of intellectual and practical activity; development of intellectual skills among future specialists: oil workers, power engineers, etc.; developing, when solving assigned tasks, such professionally significant qualities as independence, responsibility, accuracy, and creative initiative. consolidation of the acquired deepenings, 2. When conducting laboratory work (practical classes), the study group can be divided into subgroups if its number is at least 16 people. 3. Division into subgroups when conducting laboratory work is carried out: in general education, general professional, MDK, modules 4. The list of disciplines for which division into subgroups is carried out is reflected in the annual curriculum, annually approved by the director of the college. 2. Rules for conducting laboratory work and reporting requirements 1. Students are not allowed to be present in the computer science classroom: in outer street clothes (if there is a working wardrobe); with food, drinks, etc. 2. Cell phones must be set to silent or turned off during laboratory sessions. 3. Students who are more than 5 minutes late are not allowed to attend classes. 4. Only students who have been instructed in the Safety Rules and strictly follow them are allowed to perform laboratory work. 5. ATTENTION! If the Safety Rules are violated, the student is suspended from performing laboratory work and retakes the Safety Rules. 6. Laboratory work is performed individually, in exceptional cases in groups of two. 7. Laboratory work time is 2 hours. Homework after laboratory classes - writing a report. 8. A necessary condition for admission to the current lesson is: readiness to defend the previous completed laboratory work (having a fully completed report on it) and the presence of preparation 4 for the upcoming laboratory work (knowledge of the theoretical foundations, methods of carrying out work, order of execution, etc.) . 9. ATTENTION! The scope of laboratory work in terms of the number of tasks performed and individual exercises can be changed by the teacher. 10. Laboratory work can only be started with the permission of the teacher after receiving general instructions at the workplace. 11. When conducting laboratory work, it is prohibited to: lean on computer tables, as well as place foreign objects on them; violate the rules and procedures for conducting laboratory work, 12. ATTENTION! Failure of students to comply with the requirements set out in this paragraph entails their removal from laboratory work. 13. Turning the computer on and off is carried out only with the permission of the teacher. 14. The laboratory report must be individual, i.e. be provided for defense by each student. 15. In general, a report on laboratory work should contain: a title page (see paragraph Appendix No. 2); statement of the topic and purpose of the work; content of the work performed; answers to security questions; conclusion about the work done; An example of a report is in Appendix No. 1. 16. Design: in writing (black ink) on A4 paper, on one side of the sheet. 17. A student who, for some reason, did not complete laboratory work on time, should know that: he has the right to practice laboratory work; Laboratory work is carried out at a time specially allocated for these purposes. 3. Evaluation criteria: The student receives the maximum number of “excellent” points if: he gives correct formulations, precise definitions, and concepts of terms; can justify his answer, give the necessary examples; correctly answers the teacher’s additional questions aimed at determining the student’s degree of understanding of this material; The report is prepared in accordance with the requirements; all necessary calculations, tables, and figures are present. The student receives a “good” grade if: the task is presented incompletely but correctly; 12 minor errors were made in the presentation, which he corrects after the teacher’s remark; gives correct formulations, precise definitions, concepts of terms; can justify his answer, give the necessary examples; correctly answers the teacher’s additional questions aimed at determining the student’s degree of understanding of this material. 5 The student receives a “satisfactory” grade if: the task is presented incompletely but correctly; 1 significant error was made during presentation; knows and understands the main provisions of this topic, but admits inaccuracies in the formulation of concepts; does not present the task in a logical and consistent manner; finds it difficult to answer the teacher’s questions. The student receives an “unsatisfactory” grade if: the task is not fully presented; During the presentation, significant errors were made, i.e. if it does not meet the requirements established by the teacher for this type of work. 6 Laboratory work No. 1 Topic: Information resources of society. Educational information resources. Working with software Goal: learn to use educational information resources, search for the necessary information with their help; master methods of working with software. THEORETICAL INFORMATION The concept of “society information resource” (ISR) is one of the key concepts of social informatics. The widespread use of this concept began after the publication of Gromov’s book by G.R. in 1984. "National information resources: problems of industrial exploitation." “An information resource is knowledge presented in project form,” such a brief and insufficiently strict definition was proposed by Professor Yu.M. Kanygin. Thus, information resources are knowledge prepared for appropriate social use. The concept of IRO, accumulated in a knowledge society, can be considered in the narrow and broad sense of the word. IRO in the narrow sense of the word is knowledge that is already ready for expedient social use, that is, knowledge alienated from its carriers and materialized. IRO in the broad sense of the word includes all knowledge alienated from its carriers and included in information exchange, existing both in oral and materialized form. The concept of resource is defined in the Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegova as a reserve, a source of something. As for information resources, this concept is relatively new. It is just beginning to enter the life of modern society, although in recent years it has become increasingly used not only in scientific literature, but also in social and political activities. The reason for this, of course, is the global informatization of society, in which the particularly important role of information and scientific knowledge is increasingly being realized. To classify information resources, the following most important parameters can be used: the subject of the information stored in them;   form of ownership – state (federal, subject of the federation,    municipal), public organizations, joint stock, private; accessibility of information – open, closed, confidential; archival, scientific and technical;belonging to a specific information system - library, source of information - official information, media publications, statistical reporting, results of sociological research; 7  purpose and nature of information use – mass regional, departmental;  form of information presentation – text, digital, graphic, multimedia; Type of storage medium – paper, electronic.  By educational information resources we will understand text, graphic and multimedia information, as well as executable programs (distributions), that is, electronic resources created specifically for use in the learning process at a certain level of education and for a certain subject area. When working with educational resources, concepts such as subject and object of these resources appear. We will classify subjects of information activity as follows:     subject creating objects (all users of the educational system - teacher, student); the subject using the objects (all users of the educational system); a subject administering objects, that is, providing an environment for working with objects of other subjects (network administrators); a subject that controls the use of objects by subjects (engineers). Educational electronic resources include:          educational materials (electronic textbooks, teaching aids, abstracts, diplomas), educational materials (electronic methods, training programs), scientific and methodological materials (dissertations, candidate's works), additional text materials and illustrative materials (laboratory work, lectures), testing systems (tests - electronic knowledge testing), electronic full-text libraries; electronic periodicals in the field of education; electronic tables of contents and annotations of articles of periodicals in the field of education, electronic archives of issues. PROGRESS Task No. 1. 1. Download the Internet. 2. In the search bar, enter the phrase “directory of educational resources.” 3. List which sections include educational resources on the Internet. 4. Describe any three. Task No. 2. Using the Universal Reference Encyclopedia, find answers to the following questions: 8 1. indicate the time of approval of the Gregorian calendar. 2. what is the diameter of Saturn. 3. indicate the lethal sound level. 4. what is the boiling point of iron. 5. what is the melting point of iodine. 6. indicate the speed of revolution of the Earth around the Sun. 7. what is the mass of Jupiter. 8. Which mountain is the highest in Africa? 9. What is HTTP? 10. indicate the years of the reign of Ivan III. 11. indicate the years of the reign of Catherine II. 12. when was Blaise Pascal born? 13. indicate the years of N.S. Khrushchev’s reign. 14. in what year was the first wooden bicycle invented? Task No. 3. Answer the questions: 1. What do you understand by information resources? 2. List the parameters for classifying information resources. 3. What is meant by educational information resources? 4. What can be classified as educational electronic resources? Evaluation criteria: tasks completed correctly and in full; answers to control questions are clear and meaningful; the report was submitted on time. 9 Laboratory work No. 2 Topic: Discrete (digital) representation of text, graphic, audio and video information. Goal: to study ways of presenting text, graphic, audio and video information, to learn how to write numbers in various number systems. Discrete representation of information: coding of color images in a computer (raster approach). Presentation and processing of sound and video images. THEORETICAL INFORMATION All information that a computer processes must be represented in binary code using two digits 0 and 1. These two characters are usually called binary digits or bits. Using two numbers 0 and 1 you can encode any message. This was the reason that two important processes must be organized in a computer: encoding and decoding. Coding is the transformation of input information into a form that can be perceived by a computer, that is, binary code. Decoding is the process of converting data from binary code into a form that can be understood by humans. From a technical implementation point of view, using the binary number system to encode information turned out to be much simpler than using other methods. Indeed, it is convenient to encode information as a sequence of zeros and ones if we imagine these values as two possible stable states of an electronic element: 0 – absence of an electrical signal; 1 – presence of an electrical signal. These conditions are easy to distinguish. The disadvantage of binary coding is long codes. But in technology it is easier to deal with a large number of simple elements than with a small number of complex ones. The methods of encoding and decoding information in a computer, first of all, depend on the type of information, namely, what should be encoded: numbers, text, graphics or sound. Analogue and discrete coding method A person is able to perceive and store information in the form of images (visual, sound, tactile, gustatory and olfactory). Visual images can be saved in the form of images (drawings, photographs, etc.), and sound images can be recorded on records, magnetic tapes, laser discs, and so on. Information, including graphic and audio, can be presented in analog or discrete form. With analog representation, a physical quantity takes on an infinite number of values, and its values change continuously. With a discrete representation, a physical quantity takes on a finite set of values, and its value changes abruptly. 10 Conversion of graphic and sound information from analogue to discrete form is carried out by sampling, that is, splitting a continuous graphic image and a continuous (analog) sound signal into separate elements. The sampling process involves encoding, that is, assigning each element a specific value in the form of a code. Sampling is the conversion of continuous images and sound into a set of discrete values in the form of codes. Encoding images You can create and store graphic objects on your computer in two ways - as a raster image or as a vector image. Each type of image uses its own encoding method. Coding of raster images A raster image is a collection of dots (pixels) of different colors. A pixel is the smallest area of an image whose color can be set independently. During the encoding process, an image is spatially discretized. Spatial sampling of an image can be compared to constructing an image from a mosaic (a large number of small multi-colored glasses). The image is divided into separate small fragments (dots), and each fragment is assigned a color value, that is, a color code (red, green, blue, and so on). For a black and white image, the information volume of one point is equal to one bit (either black or white - either 1 or 0). For four colors – 2 bits. For 8 colors you need 3 bits. For 16 colors – 4 bits. For 256 colors – 8 bits (1 byte). The quality of the image depends on the number of dots (the smaller the dot size and, accordingly, the greater their number, the better the quality) and the number of colors used (the more colors, the better the quality of the image encoded). In order for an image to be formed on the monitor screen, information about each dot (dot color code) must be stored in the computer’s video memory. Let's calculate the required amount of video memory for one of the graphics modes. In modern computers, the screen resolution is usually 1280x1024 pixels. Those. total 1280 * 1024 = 1310720 points. With a color depth of 32 bits per pixel, the required amount of video memory is: 32 * 1310720 = 41943040 bits = 5242880 bytes = 5120 KB = 5 MB. Raster images are very sensitive to scaling (zooming in or out). When a raster image is reduced, several neighboring points are converted into one, so the visibility of fine details of the image is lost. When you enlarge the image, the size of each dot increases and a step effect appears that can be seen with the naked eye. Coding of vector images A vector image is a collection of graphic primitives (point, line, ellipse...). Each primitive is described by mathematical formulas. Coding depends on the application environment. The advantage of vector graphics is that files storing vector graphic images are relatively small in size. It is also important that vector graphics can be enlarged or reduced without loss of quality. Binary audio coding The use of computers for audio processing began later than numbers, texts and graphics. Sound is a wave with continuously changing amplitude and frequency. The greater the amplitude, the louder it is for a person; the greater the frequency, the higher the tone. Sound signals in the world around us are incredibly diverse. Complex continuous signals can be represented with sufficient accuracy as the sum of a certain number of simple sinusoidal oscillations. Moreover, each term, that is, each sinusoid, can be precisely specified by a certain set of numerical parameters - amplitude, phase and frequency, which can be considered as a sound code at some point in time. In the process of encoding an audio signal, its time sampling is performed - a continuous wave is divided into separate small time sections and for each such section a certain amplitude value is set. Thus, the continuous dependence of the signal amplitude on time is replaced by a discrete sequence of volume levels. Each volume level is assigned a code. The more volume levels are allocated during the encoding process, the more information the value of each level will carry and the better the sound will be. The quality of binary audio encoding is determined by the encoding depth and sampling rate. Sampling frequency – the number of signal level measurements per unit time. The number of volume levels determines the encoding depth. Modern sound cards provide 16-bit audio encoding depth. In this case, the number of volume levels is N = 216 = 65536. 12 Presentation of video information Recently, the computer is increasingly used to work with video information. The simplest way to do this is to watch movies and video clips. It should be clearly understood that processing video information requires a very high speed of the computer system. What is the film from a computer science point of view? First of all, it is a combination of sound and graphic information. In addition, to create the effect of movement on the screen, an inherently discrete technology for quickly changing static images is used. Studies have shown that if more than 1012 frames change in one second, then the human eye perceives the changes in them as continuous. PROGRESS. Task No. 1. Using a character table, write down a sequence of decimal numeric codes in Windows encoding for your full name. The symbol table is displayed in the MS Word editor using the command: Insert tab Symbol Other symbols → → In the Font field, select Times New Roman, in the From field, select Cyrillic. For example, for the letter “A” (Russian capital) the character code is 192. Example: I V A N O V A R T E M 200 194 192 205 206 194 192 208 210 197 204 13 PETROVICH 207 197 210 208 206 194 200 215 Task No. 2. Using the standard NOTEBOOK program, determine which phrase in Windows encoding is specified by a sequence of numeric codes and continue the code. Launch NOTEPAD. Using the additional numeric keypad while pressing the ALT key, enter the code and release the ALT key. The corresponding symbol will appear in the document. 0255 0243 0247 0243 0241 0252 0226 0211 0210 0221 0202 0239 0238 0241 0239 0229 0246 0232 0224 0235 0252 0237 0238 0241 0 242 0232 fill in the top line with the name of the specialty 14 Task No. 3. Fill in the blanks with numbers: KB KB KB = = = byte byte byte = = = bit bit bit Task No. 4. Convert the decimal number to the binary number system and check: 1. 2. Task No. 5. Answer the questions: 1. What is information? 2. List the properties of information. 3. What types of information do you know? 4. Give examples of analog representation of graphic information. 5. What is a pixel? 6. What is a number system? 7. Write a rule for converting decimal numbers to binary code. 8. List the units of measurement of information. 15

Collection of laboratory works on “Informatics” and guidelines for their implementation

Section 1. System Software....................................................................................................................................
Laboratory work No. 1. Basic techniques for working in MS-DOS.................................................... ...............
Laboratory work No. 2. Basic techniques for working in Windows OS: Explorer, shortcuts..................................
Laboratory work No. 3. Basic techniques for working in Windows OS: file search, recovery
information........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ .
Laboratory work No. 4. Basic techniques for working in Windows OS: Total Commander ..............................
Laboratory work No. 5. Archiving........................................................ ........................................................ .........
Section 2. Application software...............................................................................................................................
Laboratory work No. 6. Formatting text in MS Word .................................................................... ..
Laboratory work No. 7. MS Word: lists, inserting and formatting autoshapes. ............................

Laboratory work No. 8. MS Word: dividing text into columns, inserting and formatting a picture.

..........................................................................................................................................................................
Laboratory work No. 10. MS Word: inserting and formatting a table, inserting a formula into
document, inserting and formatting inscriptions and drawings. ........................................................ ......................
Laboratory work No. 11. MS Word: drawing flowcharts, labels and autoshapes....................................
Laboratory work No. 12. MS Word: inserting various objects into a document....................................................
Laboratory work No. 13. MS Word: inserting and formatting tables, formulas. ........................
Laboratory work No. 14. MS Word: creating document templates using the Forms UI.....
Laboratory work No. 15. MS PowerPoint: creating a presentation. ........................................................ .......
Laboratory work No. 15. MS PowerPoint: Add Animation. ........................................................ .......
Laboratory work No. 16. MS Excel: creating and designing a simple table. ...................................
Laboratory work No. 17. MS Excel: simple calculations in MS Excel, cell format. ........................
Laboratory work No. 18. MS Excel: absolute and relative addressing....................................................
Laboratory work No. 19. MS Excel: functions. ........................................................ .......................................
Laboratory work No. 20. MS Excel: data analysis functions. ........................................................ ..........
Laboratory work No. 21. MS Excel: charting. ........................................................ .............
Laboratory work No. 22. MS Excel: plotting .................................................................... ........................
Laboratory work No. 23. MS Excel: independent work on plotting graphs. ...................
Laboratory work No. 24. MS Excel: sorting and filtering data.................................................... .....
Section 3. Working on the Internet..................................................................................................................
Laboratory work No. 25. Searching for information on the Internet................................................... ................
Laboratory work No. 26. Email................................................ ...........................................
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 1 .................................................... ...............
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 2 .................................................... ...............
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 3 .................................................... ...............
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 4 .................................................... ...............

Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 5 .................................................... ...............
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 6 .................................................... ...............
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 7 .................................................... ...............
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 8 .................................................... ...............
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 9 .................................................... ...............
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 10 .................................................... ................
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 11 .................................................... ................
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 13 .................................................... ................
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 14 .................................................... ................

Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 15 .................................................... ................
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 16 .................................................... ................
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 17 .................................................... ................
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 18 .................................................... ................
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 19 .................................................... ................
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 20 .................................................... ................
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 21 .................................................... ................
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 22 .................................................... ................
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 24 .................................................... ................
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 25 .................................................... ................
Guidelines for performing laboratory work No. 26 .................................................... ................

Section 1. System Software

Laboratory work No. 1. Basic techniques for working in MS-DOS.

Purpose of work: learn to view the contents of disks and folders, create directories, copy, move, rename, delete files and directories.

1 Create file 1.txt, 2.txt on drive C.

2 Create file 3.txt on drive D.

3 Create an MSDOS directory on drive C.

4 Create a Txt directory in the MSDOS directory.

5 Copy files 1.txt, 2.txt, 3.txt to the Txt directory.

6 Delete files 1.txt, 2.txt, 3.txt from drives C and D.

7 Copy files with the .jpg extension from the C:\Pictures directory to the MSDOS directory.

8 Copy all files with the .dcu extension from the C:\Pictures directory to the Txt directory.

9 Remove all files with the extension .dcu from the C:\Pictures directory

10 Browse the C:\Pictures directory.

11 Rename files from this directory to files 1.jpg, 2.jpg, 3.jpg, 4.jpg, 5.jpg.

13 Delete the MSDOS directory from drive C.

Control questions:

1 Operating system (definition, functions, classifications, composition, OS examples);

2 File (definition, file identifier, file attributes, file path);

3 Cluster (definition);

4 Defragmentation;

5 Formatting (definition);

6 Composition of MS-DOS OS;

7 General MS-DOS commands.

Laboratory work No. 2. Basic techniques for working in Windows OS: Explorer, shortcuts.

Purpose of the work: to master the basic techniques of working with files in Explorer. Learn to create shortcuts.

Option 1.

1 Create folders “1”, “2” on drive D.

2 Create folders “11”, “111”, “1111” inside folder “1”.

3 Create folders “First”, “Second”, “Third” inside folder “2”

4 Create a “Shortcuts” folder on your desktop.

5 Create a shortcut for the Paint program inside the “Shortcuts” folder (the path to the program file is

C:\Windows\System32\mspaint.exe).

6 Create a shortcut for the Explorer program inside the “Shortcuts” folder (the path to the program file is C:\Windows\explorer.exe ). Use any of the options.

7 Create a shortcut for drives C and D inside the “Shortcuts” folder.

8 Create a shortcut for Calculator programs inside the “Shortcuts” folder (C:\Windows\system32\Calc.exe)

9 ON THE DESKTOP create shortcuts for Notepad programs ( C:\Windows\system32\notepad.exe) And

Explorer (C:\Windows\explorer.exe)

10 Remove the Shortcuts folder and shortcuts for Explorer and Notepad from the desktop.

11 Delete folders “1” and “2” from drive D.

Option 2.

1 Using the third option for creating a shortcut, create a shortcut for the Explorer program on the desktop (the path to the program file is C:\Windows\Explorer.exe);

2 Create a “Test task” folder on drive D;

3 Using the second option for creating a shortcut, create a shortcut for the Paint program (the path to the program file is C:\Windows\Pbrush.exe) in the D:\Test task folder;

4 Copy the shortcut for the Explorer program from the desktop and place it in the D:\Test task folder. Use the first copy option;

5 Remove the shortcut for the Explorer program from the desktop;

6 Copy all files with the extension to the folder D:\ Test task.jpg from the Network folder

environment\ Entire network\ Lan\ Server_lan\ Users\ Student\ SUSU\ Pudovkina T.A.\Work

using any of the copying options;

7 Create a folder “Pictures” in the folder D:\ Test task and move there all files with the extension .jpg from the folder D:\ Test task;

8 Rename files 1.jpg, 2.jpg, 3.jpg, located in the folder D:\Test task\Pictures.

New names: 11.jpg, 22.jpg, 33.jpg;

9 Create a shortcut on the desktop for the folder D:\ Test task using the second option for creating a shortcut;

10 Organize (sort) files in Explorer by type, by name (command View\Arrange Icons\select the desired option);

11 Configure the way files are displayed in Explorer (command View\List or View\Table);

Option 3.

1 Copy the folder " Files » from Network Neighborhood\ Entire Network\ Microsoft Windows Network\ Lan\ Server_lan\ Users\ Student\ SUSU\ Pudovkina T.A.\

2 Create folders in the following paths (the folder name is indicated at the end of the path):

C:\TEMP\1		C:\10
D:\Image\DOS\2
C:\PROGRAMS\BC\3		C:\TOOLS\12
C:\PROGRAMS\NC\4	m) D:\13
C:\Documents and Settings\Student\Work		A:\14
table\5		C:\Temp\1\15
D:\Install\6		C:\10\16
C:\Program Files\Windows NT\7		D:\13\17
D:\Install\WInXP\8		A:\14\18
C:\Program Files\Solo\9

3 Copy the following files from the “Files” folder to the created folders (the folder is located on the desktop)

File name(s)
The Wolf and the Calf.avi	C:\TEMP\1
Calc.exe and sol.exe	D:\Image\DOS\2
floppy.gif and earth.gif	C:\PROGRAMS\BC\3
leopard.gif and space.gif	C:\PROGRAMS\NC\4
Security questions.hlp	C:\Documents and Settings\Student\Desktop\5
Key №1.hlp , Key №2.hlp , Key №3.hlp	D:\Install\6
Gods of Egypt.txt	D:\Install\WInXP\8
Keyboard.doc	C:\Program Files\Solo\9
Crosswords.xls	C:\10
Formats.htm	C:\Program Files\Common Files\11
Hieroglyph1.jpg , Hieroglyph2.jpg	C:\TOOLS\12
All files are of type .bmp	D:\13
Scheme PC.rtf	A:\14
All text files (type .txt)	C:\Temp\1\15
All sound files (.wav type)	C:\10\16

4 Rename the following files from the “Files” folder (the folder is on the desktop)

5 Create shortcuts for the following programs:

Notepad programs (path to program: C:\Windows\system32\notepad.exe) MS Word programs (path C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office10\WinWord.exe)

Calculator programs (path to program: C:\Windows\system32\calc.exe)

Option 4.

1 Copy files from the specified folders to the “Files” folder. The files folder is locatedon the desktop. When copying useRIGHT MOUSE BUTTON.

			D:\My music\music samples\9
	C:\Program Files\2		C:\Programs\BC\10
			D:\Image\Drivers\11
			C:\My Documents\12
	C:\Windows\Temp\5		C:\Program Files\Solo\Save\13
	C:\Windows\Help\Tours\6
	D:\1C_Kucherenko\7		Desk\15
	C:\GARANT\USER0\8

2 Copy the file Keyboard.doc from the “Files” folder to the floppy disk.

3 Copy the folder Network Neighborhood\ Entire Network\ Microsoft Windows Network\ Lan\ Server_lan\ Users\ Student\ SUSU\ Pudovkina T.A.\ to drive D CCO

4 In the “Files” folder, create the folders “Pictures”, “Text”, “Music”, “Help”, “Internet”

5 MOVE:

a) to the folder Desktop:\Files\Pictures picture files from the folder D:\TsKO

b) to the folder Desktop:\Files\Text text files from the folder D:\TsKO

c) to the folder Desktop:\Files\Internet Internet files from the folder D:\TsKO

d) to the folder Desktop:\Files\Music music files from the folder D:\TSKO

e) to the folder Desktop:\Files\Help help files from the folder D:\TSK

Option 5.

1 Create a “Check” folder on your desktop

2 Copy all image files from the “Files” folder to the “Check” folder (the “Files” folder is located at:Network Neighborhood\ Entire Network\ Microsoft Windows Network\ Lan\ Server_lan\ Users\ Student\ SUSU\ Pudovkina T.A..)

3 Copy all text files from the “Files” folder to the “Check” folder (the “Files” folder is located at: see point 2)

4 Copy all music files from the “Files” folder to the “Check” folder (the “Files” folder is located at: see point 2)

5 Create INSIDE the “Check” folder the “Pictures”, “Text” and “Music” folders

6 Move all picture files from the “Check” folder to the “Pictures” folder

7 Move all text files from the "Check" folder to the "Text" folder

8 Move all music files from the Check folder to the Music folder

9 Create a “Shortcuts” folder INSIDE the “Check” folder

10 Create shortcuts for the following programs inside the “Shortcuts” folder:

10.1.

10.2. MS Word programs (path C:\ Program Files\ Microsoft Office\ Office10\ WinWord.exe)

10.3. Disk C

10.4.

Option 6

Create a “Shortcuts” folder on your desktop. Create shortcuts inside the “Shortcuts” folder for the following files and programs:

1 Notepad programs (path to program: C:\Windows\system32\notepad.exe)

2 MS Word programs (path to program: C:\ Program Files\ Microsoft Office\ Office11\ WinWord.exe)

3 MS Excel programs (path to program: C:\ Program Files\ Microsoft Office\ Office11\ Excel.exe)

4 Disks C

5 Drive D

6 Discs A

7 My Documents folders

8 File “Keyboard.doc” (the file is located on a floppy disk)

9 Explorer programs (path to program: C:\Windows\Explorer.exe)

10 MS Paint programs (path to program: C:\Windows\system32\mspaint.exe)

11 Calculator programs (path to program: C:\Windows\system32\calc.exe)

Control questions:

1 How to start the program?

2 How to view the contents of PC disks?

3 How to create a folder? How many ways are there to create folders?

4 What is a shortcut, what is its purpose and how to create it?

5 After deleting a shortcut, does the file it [shortcut] pointed to disappear? Why?

6 What is the file path?

7 How many shortcuts can point to the same file? Why?

8 What are the main file types? Specify their extensions.

Laboratory work No. 3. Basic techniques for working in Windows OS: searching for files, recovering information

Purpose of work: learn to search for files using various search options and special characters. Learn to recover deleted files.

Option 1.

1 Use Start→Search to find the following files and write down the path to them in a notebook.

b) Winword.exe c) WordPad.exe d) MsPaint.exe e) Excel.exe

e) Explorer.exe

2 Create desktop shortcuts for the files specified in task 1.

3 Delete files from task 2 and restore them.

Option 2.

1 Find all files on drive C files starting with the letter s can have any extension.

2 Find all files on drive C starting with win, the file extension can be anything.

3 Find all files on drive Cending The file extension starting with the letter s can be anything.

4 Find all files on drive Din whose name there is letter w, file extension can be anything.

5 Find all text files in the C:\Windows folder (text file extension – .txt)

6 Find everything on drive C MS Word documents (file extension – .doc)

7 Find everything on drive Cfiles named from 4 letters, extension can be anything.

8 Find on drive C all text files(text file extension – .txt) with a 4 letter name

9 Find in the C:\Windows folder all files whose name consists of 7 letters and begins with win (the file extension can be any)

10 Delete all files from task 6 and restore them

Control questions:

1 What type of files are searchable?

2 What special characters are used for searching?

3 Give examples of queries using special characters?

4 How can you limit your search if the name of the file you are looking for is unknown?

5 Where are the files placed after deletion?

6 How to delete files bypassing the Recycle Bin?

Laboratory work No. 4. Basic Windows Techniques: Total Commander

Purpose of work: to master the basic techniques of working with files in the Total Commander file manager.

1 Create a Total folder on drive D

2 Copy the D:\Dttoys folder to the D:\Total folder

3 Delete the folder D:\Dttoys

4 Create a Pictures folder in the Total folder

5 Copy all files with the extension .wmf from D:\Work to D:\Total\Pictures

6 Move all files with the .bmp extension from D:\Work to D:\Total\Pictures.

7 Pack the folder D:\Total\Dttoys. Name the archive Arch1.rar and place it on drive C.

8 Create a self-extracting archive for D:\Total\Dttoys on drive D. Set the option to delete the source files after packaging.

9 Unpack the archive C:\Arch1.rar to drive D:\Total\Unpacking. The Unpacking folder must first be created.

10 Delete archive C:\Arch1.rar.

11 Create an archive for the Total folder on drive D. Name the archive Total.zip

12 Show the result of your work to the teacher.

13 Delete folders that were worked with (D:\Total, D:\Dttoys, D:\Work)

Note: all of the above actions must be carried out using the keyboard.

Control questions:

1 What type of software is Total Commander?

2 Provide examples of similar programs.

3 Specify keys and keyboard shortcuts for working in Total Commander.

Laboratory work No. 5. Archiving

Purpose of work: learn to create different types of archives (regular, self-extracting and multi-volume).

Option 1.

1 Create self-extracting archive for the folder D:\Dttoys. The name of the created archive is Arch1.exe. Create an archive in the D:\Archiving folder.

Archiving options

2 Extract files from the created archive to drive D.

3 Create an archive for the D:\Dttoys folder. The name of the created archive is Arch2.rar. Create an archive in the D:\Archiving folder.

Archiving options: do not install; Compression method: fast.

4 Extract the files from the Arch2.rar archive to the D:\Archiving folder. The UnArchive folder must first be created: in the Extraction path field (see point 2) write D:\RazArchive.

5 Create an Arch3.rar archive for D:\RazArchiving\Dttoys in the D:\Archiving folder.

Archiving options : do not install;

6 Create a multi-volume archive on floppy disks for D:\RazArchiving\Dttoys. Archive name Arch.rarArchiving options: delete files after archiving;

Compression method: fast.

Volume size: autodetect.

7 Extract files from the multi-volume Arch.rar archive to D:\Archiving.

8 Format the floppy disk with the first volume of the archive using full formatting.

9 Format the floppy disk with the second archive volume using quick formatting.

10 Create an archive from Explorer for D:\RazArchiving\Dttoys. Name the archive Arch4.rar and place it on a floppy disk.

Archiving options: Delete files after archiving;

Compression method: maximum (best).

11 From Explorer, unpack the created Arch4.rar archive into D:\Archiving

12 In Explorer, create an archive for D:\RazArchiving\Dttoys.

13 From Explorer, unpack the archive created in step 12 to drive D

14 Delete folders: D:\Dttoys, D:\Archiving, D:\RazArchiving.

Option 2.

1 Create a “Reserve” folder on drive D

2 Copy the “Security” folder from the “Reserve” folderNetwork Neighborhood\ Entire Network\ Lan\

Server_lan\ Users\ Student\ SUSU\ Pudovkina T.A.

3 In Explorer, look at the size of the “Security” folder and write down this size in a notebook.

4 Open the WinRar program→go to the “Reserve” folder and select the “Security” folder.

5 Security1 → specify compression method HIGH

→book "OK".

6 book “Add”→specify the archive name – Security2 → specify the compression method FAST → book. "OK".

7 book “Add”→specify the archive name – Security3 → specify the compression method REGULAR → book. "OK".

8 book “Add”→specify the archive name – Security4 → specify compression method GOOD → book. "OK".

9 book “Add”→specify the archive name – Security5 →specify compression method

MAXIMUM →book. "OK".

10 books “Add” → archive name – Security1 → option “Create Sfx archive” → compression method

SPEED

11 books “Add” → archive name – Security2 → option “Create Sfx archive” → compression method

12 books “Add” → archive name – Security3 → option “Create Sfx archive” → compression method

13 books. “Add” → archive name – Security4 → option “Create Sfx archive” → compression method

14 books. “Add” → archive name – Security5 → option “Create Sfx archive” → compression method

MAXIMUM

Enter the result of the work in a notebook in the form of a table:

15 Create folders “1”, “2”, “3”, “4” and “5” in the “Reserve” folder.

16 Select the file Security1.rar → book. “Extract to”→ select folder “1”→ book. "OK"

17 Select the file Security2.rar → book. “Extract to”→ select folder “2”→ book. "OK"

18 Open File Explorer→ go to the folder D:\Reserve → double-click on the file Security3.exe → using the “Browse” button, specify the folder “3” → book. “OK” → book. "Extract"

19 In Explorer → go to the folder D:\Reserve → double-click on the file Security4.exe → using the “Browse” button, specify the folder “4” → book. “OK” → book. "Extract"

20 In Explorer → go to the folder D:\Backup → right-click. mouse over the file Security5.rar → select “Extract files” → specify folder “5” → book. "OK".

21 Format two floppy disks (to do this, in Explorer, right-click on the floppy disk icon→ Format → select “Quick”).

22 Create a “Floppy disk” folder in the “Reserve” folder.

23 Create a multi-volume archive: a. Insert the first floppy disk

b.Open the WinRar program

c. Go to the “Reserve” folder and select the “Security” folder

d.Book “Add” → using the Browse button, specify Disk 3.5 (A:) → HIGH-SPEED compression method → volume size AUTO-DETECT → book. "OK".

e. → you need to insert the floppy disk and press the button to continue archiving (the “OK” or “Yes” button or

"Continue").

24 Extract files from a multi-volume archive:

f. Insert the first floppy disk

g. In Explorer, go to Disk 3.5 (A:) and right-click on the file icon → select “Extract files” → select “Desktop” → book. "OK"

h. After a while a message will appear asking you to insert a second floppy disk.→ you need to insert the floppy disk and press the button to continue removing (the “OK” or “Yes” or “Continue” button).

25 Open WinRar help and WRITE IN A NOTEBOOK: what is an Sfx archive and how is it convenient, what is a multi-volume archive.

Control questions:

1 Archiving (definition);

2 Compression degree (types, what it depends on);

3 Features of a self-extracting archive;

4 Why do you need a multi-volume archive?

5 Specify archiving parameters;

Section 2. Application software

Laboratory work No. 6. Formatting text in MS Word

Purpose of work: learn how to format text (adjust font parameters, margins, spacing). Learn to copy the format of a certain piece of text.

Work report π