Manganese exhibits an oxidation state of 7 in the compound. Manganese (chemical element): properties, application, designation, oxidation state, interesting facts

Chemistry Olympiads

(1 school stage)

1. Test

1.Manganese has the highest oxidation state in the compound

2. The neutralization reaction corresponds to the abbreviated ionic equation

1) H + + OH - \u003d H 2 O

2) 2H + + CO 3 2- \u003d H 2 O + CO 2

3) CaO + 2H + \u003d Ca 2+ + H 2 O

4) Zn + 2H + \u003d Zn 2+ + H 2

3. Interact with each other

2) MnO and Na 2 O

3) P 2 O 5 and SO 3

4. The equation of the redox reaction is

1) KOH + HNO 3 \u003d KNO 3 + H 2 O

2) N 2 O 5 + H 2 O \u003d 2 HNO 3

3) 2N 2 O \u003d 2N 2 + O 2

4) BaCO 3 \u003d BaO + CO 2

5. The exchange reaction is interaction

1) calcium oxide with nitric acid

2) carbon monoxide with oxygen

3) ethylene with oxygen

4) hydrochloric acid with magnesium

6. Acid rain caused by atmospheric presence

1) nitrogen oxides and sulfur

4) natural gas

7. Methane, along with gasoline and diesel fuel, is used as fuel in internal combustion engines (motor vehicles). The thermochemical equation for the combustion of gaseous methane has the form:

CH 4 + 2O 2 \u003d СО 2 + 2Н 2 О + 880 kJ

How much kJ of heat will be released during the combustion of CH 4, with a volume of 112 liters (at n.o.)?

Choose the correct answer:

2. Tasks

1. In the equation of the redox reaction, arrange the coefficients in any way known to you.

SnSO 4 + KMnO 4 + H 2 SO 4 \u003d Sn (SO 4) 2 + MnSO 4 + K 2 SO 4 + H 2 O

Indicate the names of the oxidizing agent and reducing agent and the degree of oxidation of the elements. (4 points)

2. Write the reaction equations that allow the following transformations:

(2) (3) (4) (5)

CO 2 → Ca (HCO 3) 2 → CaCO 3 → CaO → CaCl 2 → CaCO 3

(5 points)

3. Determine the formula of alkadiene if its relative density by air is 1,862 (3 points)

4. In 1928, Thomas Midgle, Jr., an American chemist at General Motors Research Corporation, was able to synthesize and isolate in his laboratory a chemical compound consisting of 23.53% carbon, 1.96% hydrogen and 74.51 % fluoride. The resulting gas was 3.52 times heavier than air and did not burn. Derive the formula of the compound, write the structural formulas of organic substances corresponding to the obtained molecular formula, give them a name. (6 points).

5. Mixed 140 g of a 0.5% hydrochloric acid solution with 200 g of a 3% hydrochloric acid solution. What is the percentage of hydrochloric acid in the newly obtained solution? (3 points)

3. Crossword

Solve the words encrypted in a crossword puzzle

Designations: 1 → - horizontally

1 ↓ - vertical

↓ Corrosion product of iron.

→ Formed by the interaction of (6) with the basic oxide.

→ Unit of heat.

→ A positively charged ion.

→ Italian scientist, whose name is named one of the most important constant values.

→ The number of electrons at the external level of element number 14.

→ ....... gas is carbon monoxide (IV).

→ The great Russian scientist is famous, including as the creator of mosaic paintings, the author of the epigraph.

→ The type of reaction between sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid solutions.

Give an example of the reaction equation for (1 →).

Indicate the constant value mentioned in (4).

Write the reaction equation (8).

Write the electronic structure of the atom of the element, which is mentioned in (5). (13 points)

For a long time, one of the compounds of this element, namely its dioxide (known as pyrolusite), was considered a type of mineral magnetic iron ore. Only in 1774 did one of the Swedish chemists find out that there is unexplored metal in pyrolyusite. As a result of heating this mineral with coal, it was possible to obtain that same unknown metal. At first it was called manganum, later the modern name appeared - manganese. The chemical element has many interesting properties, which will be discussed later.

It is located in a side subgroup of the seventh group of the periodic table (important: all elements of the side subgroups are metals). Electronic formula 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5 (typical d-element formula). Manganese as a free substance has a silver-white color. Due to its chemical activity in nature, it is found only in the form of compounds such as oxides, phosphate and carbonate. The substance is refractory, the melting point is 1244 degrees Celsius.

Interesting!In nature, there is only one isotope of a chemical element having an atomic mass of 55. The remaining isotopes are obtained by artificial means, and the most stable radioactive isotope with an atomic mass of 53 (half-life is approximately the same as that of uranium).

Manganese oxidation state

He has six different degrees of oxidation. In the zero oxidation state, the element is capable of forming complex compounds with organic ligands (for example, P (C5H5) 3), as well as inorganic ligands:

carbon monoxide (dicarbonyl decarbonyl),
nitrogen
phosphorus trifluoride,
nitric oxide.

An oxidation state of +2 is typical of manganese salts. Important: these compounds have purely reducing properties. The most stable compounds with an oxidation state of +3 are Mn2O3 oxide and the hydrate of this oxide Mn (OH) 3. At +4, MnO2 and amphoteric oxide-hydroxide MnO (OH) 2 are most stable.

The oxidation state of manganese +6 is typical for manganese acid and its salts, which exists only in an aqueous solution. The oxidation state +7 is typical of manganese acid, its anhydride, which exists only in an aqueous solution, and also salts - permanganates (analogy with perchlorates) - strong oxidizing agents. Interestingly, when restoring potassium permanganate (in everyday life it is called potassium permanganate), three different reactions are possible:

In the presence of sulfuric acid, the MnO4– anion is reduced to Mn2 +.
If the medium is neutral, the MnO4- ion is reduced to MnO (OH) 2 or MnO2.
In the presence of alkali, the MnO4- anion is reduced to the manganate ion MnO42-.

Manganese as a chemical element

Chemical properties

Under normal conditions, inactive. The reason is the oxide film that appears when exposed to atmospheric oxygen. If the metal powder is slightly heated, it burns, turning into MnO2.

When heated, interacts with water, displacing hydrogen. As a result of the reaction, a practically insoluble nitrate hydrate Mn (OH) 2 is obtained. This substance prevents further interaction with water.

Interesting! Hydrogen is soluble in manganese, and with increasing temperature, solubility increases (a solution of a gas in a metal is obtained).

With very strong heating (temperature above 1200 degrees Celsius) it interacts with nitrogen, and nitrides are obtained. These compounds may have a different composition, which is typical for the so-called bertollides. It interacts with boron, phosphorus, silicon, and in molten form with carbon. The latter reaction proceeds during the reduction of manganese with coke.

When interacting with dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, salt is formed and hydrogen is released. But the interaction with strong sulfuric acid is different: the reaction products are salt, water and sulfur dioxide (at first sulfuric acid is reduced to sulfur dioxide; but due to instability, sulfuric acid decomposes into sulfur dioxide and water).

When reacting with diluted nitric acid, nitrate, water, nitric oxide are obtained.

It forms six oxides:

nitrous, or MnO,
oxide, or Mn2O3,
nitrous oxide Mn3O4,
dioxide, or MnO2,
manganese anhydride MnO3,
manganese anhydride Mn2O7.

Interesting! Under the influence of atmospheric oxygen, nitrous oxide gradually turns into oxide. Manganese acid anhydride is not isolated in its free form.

Nitrous oxide is a compound with the so-called fractional oxidation state. When dissolved in acids, salts of divalent manganese are formed (salts with the Mn3 + cation are unstable and are reduced to compounds with the Mn2 + cation).

Dioxide, oxide, oxide-oxide are the most stable oxides. Manganese anhydride is unstable. Analogies with other chemical elements are traced:

Mn2O3 and Mn3O4 are basic oxides and are similar in properties to similar iron compounds;
MnO2 - amphoteric oxide, similar in properties to oxides of aluminum and trivalent chromium;
Mn2O7 is an acid oxide, very similar in properties to the higher chlorine oxide.

It is easy to notice the analogy with chlorates and perchlorates. Manganates, like chlorates, are obtained indirectly. But permanganates can be obtained both in a direct way, that is, in the interaction of anhydride and metal oxide / hydroxide in the presence of water, and indirectly.

In analytical chemistry, the Mn2 + cation fell into the fifth analytical group. There are several reactions that can detect this cation:

When interacting with ammonium sulfide, MnS precipitates; its color is solid; when mineral acids are added, dissolution of the precipitate is observed.
Upon reaction with alkalis, a white precipitate of Mn (OH) 2 is obtained; however, when interacting with atmospheric oxygen, the color of the precipitate changes from white to brown — Mn (OH) 3 is obtained.
If hydrogen peroxide and an alkali solution are added to salts with the Mn2 + cation, a dark brown precipitate of MnO (OH) 2 precipitates.
When an oxidizing agent (lead dioxide, sodium bismuthate) and a strong solution of nitric acid are added to salts with a Mn2 + cation, the solution turns a crimson color - this means that Mn2 + was oxidized to HMnO4.

Chemical properties

Manganese valencies

The element is in the seventh group. Typical manganese - II, III, IV, VI, VII.

Zero valency is typical of free matter. Divalent compounds are salts with the Mn2 + cation, trivalent compounds are oxide and hydroxide, tetravalent compounds are dioxide, and also hydroxide oxide. Six- and heptavalent compounds are salts with anions MnO42- and MnO4-.

How to get and what is manganese from? From manganese and iron-manganese ores, as well as from salt solutions. Three different methods for producing manganese are known:

coke recovery
aluminothermy,
electrolysis.

In the first case, coke, as well as carbon monoxide, is used as a reducing agent. Metal is recovered from ore, where there is an admixture of iron oxides. The result is both ferromanganese (an alloy with iron) and carbide (what is carbide? Is a compound of metal with carbon).

To obtain a cleaner substance, one of the methods of metallothermy is used - aluminothermy. Pyrolyusite is first calcined, and Mn2O3 is obtained. Then, the obtained oxide is mixed with aluminum powder. During the reaction, a lot of heat is released, as a result, the resulting metal melts, and aluminum oxide covers it with a slag “cap”.

Manganese is a metal of medium activity and stands in the Beketov row to the left of hydrogen and to the right of aluminum. This means that during the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of salts with the Mn2 + cation, the metal cation is reduced at the cathode (during the electrolysis of a very dilute solution, water is also reduced at the cathode). During the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of MnCl2, the following reactions occur:

MnCl2 Mn2 + + 2Cl-

Cathode (negatively charged electrode): Mn2 + + 2e Mn0

Anode (positively charged electrode): 2Cl- - 2e 2Cl0 Cl2

The final reaction equation:

MnCl2 (e-s) Mn + Cl2

During electrolysis, the purest metallic manganese is obtained.

Useful video: manganese and its compounds

Application

The use of manganese is quite widespread. Both the metal itself and its various compounds are used. In free form it is used in metallurgy for various purposes:

as a “deoxidizing agent” in steel melting (oxygen binds and Mn2O3 is formed);
as an alloying element: it turns out to be durable steel with high indicators of wear resistance and impact resistance;
for the smelting of the so-called armored steel grade;
as a component of bronze and brass;
to create manganin, an alloy with copper and nickel. Various electrical devices are made from this alloy, for example rheostats

For the manufacture of Zn-Mn cells, MnO2 is used. In electrical engineering, MnTe and MnAs are used.

Manganese Application

Potassium permanganate, often called potassium permanganate, is widely used both in everyday life (for medicinal baths) and in industry and laboratories. The raspberry color of permanganate decolours when passing through a solution of unsaturated hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds. With strong heating, permanganates decompose. In this case, manganates, MnO2, and also oxygen are obtained. This is one way to obtain chemically pure oxygen in the laboratory.

To obtain salts of manganese acid can only indirectly. For this, MnO2 is mixed with solid alkali and heated in the presence of oxygen. Another method for producing solid manganates is the calcination of permanganates.

Manganate solutions have a beautiful dark green color. However, these solutions are unstable and undergo a disproportionation reaction: the dark green color changes to raspberry, and a brown precipitate also precipitates. The reaction produces permanganate and MnO2.

Manganese dioxide is used in the laboratory as a catalyst for the decomposition of potassium chlorate (bertholite salt), as well as to obtain pure chlorine. Interestingly, as a result of the interaction of MnO2 with hydrogen chloride, an intermediate product is obtained - an extremely unstable compound MnCl4, which decomposes into MnCl2 and chlorine. Neutral or acidified solutions of salts with the Mn2 + cation have a pale pink color (Mn2 + creates a complex with 6 water molecules).

Useful video: manganese is an element of life

Conclusion

This is a brief description of manganese and its chemical properties. This is a silver-white metal of medium activity, interacts with water only when heated, depending on the degree of oxidation it exhibits both metallic and non-metallic properties. Its compounds are used in industry, in everyday life and in laboratories to produce pure oxygen and chlorine.

Electronic configuration of the unexcited manganese atom - 3d 5 4s 2; the excited state is expressed by the electronic formula 3d 5 4s 1 4p 1.

For manganese, the most characteristic oxidation states are +2, +4, +6, +7.

Manganese is a silver-white, brittle, rather active metal: in a series of stresses it is between aluminum and zinc. In air, manganese is coated with an oxide film that protects it from further oxidation. In a finely divided state, manganese is easily oxidized.

Manganese (II) oxide MnO and the corresponding hydroxide Mn (OH) 2 have the main properties - when they interact with acids, salts of divalent manganese are formed: Mn (OH) 2 + 2 H + ® Mn 2+ + 2 H 2 O.

Mn 2+ cations are also formed upon dissolution of manganese metal in acids. Manganese (II) compounds exhibit reducing properties, for example, the white precipitate of Mn (OH) 2 in air quickly darkens, gradually oxidizing to MnO 2: 2 Mn (OH) 2 + O 2 ® 2 MnO 2 + 2 H 2 O.

Manganese (IV) oxide MnO 2 is the most stable manganese compound; it is easily formed both during the oxidation of manganese compounds in a lower oxidation state (+2), and during the reduction of manganese compounds in a higher oxidation state (+6, +7):

Mn (OH) 2 + H 2 O 2 ® MnO 2 + 2 H 2 O;

2 KMnO 4 + 3 Na 2 SO 3 + H 2 O ® 2 MnO 2 ¯ + 3 Na 2 SO 4 + 2 KOH.

MnO 2 is an amphoteric oxide, but its acidic and basic properties are weakly expressed. One of the reasons that MnO 2 does not show distinct basic properties is its strong oxidative activity in an acidic medium (\u003d +1.23 V): MnO 2 is reduced to Mn 2+ ions, and does not form stable salts of tetravalent manganese. The hydrated form corresponding to manganese (IV) oxide should be considered as hydrated manganese dioxide MnO 2 × xH 2 O. Manganese (IV) oxide as amphoteric oxide formally corresponds to the ortho and meta form of manganous acid not isolated in the free state: H 4 MnO 4 - the ortho form and H 2 MnO 3 are the meta form. Manganese oxide Mn 3 O 4 is known, which can be considered as a salt of divalent manganese of the ortho form of manganous acid Mn 2 MnO 4 - manganese (II) ortho manganite. In the literature there are reports of the existence of oxide Mn 2 O 3. The existence of this oxide can be explained by considering it as a salt of divalent manganese, a meta-form of manganese acid: MnMnO 3 - manganese (II) metamanganite.

When the manganese dioxide is fused in an alkaline medium with oxidizing agents such as potassium chlorate or nitrate, the tetravalent manganese is oxidized to the hexavalent state and potassium manganate is formed - the salt is very unstable even in a solution of manganous acid H 2 MnO 4, the anhydride of which (MnO 3) is unknown:

MnO 2 + KNO 3 + 2 KOH ® K 2 MnO 4 + KNO 2 + H 2 O.

Manganates are unstable and prone to disproportionation in a reversible reaction: 3 K 2 MnO 4 + 2 H 2 O ⇆ 2 KMnO 4 + MnO 2 ¯ + 4 KOH,

as a result, the green color of the solution, caused by manganate ions of MnO 4 2–, changes to the violet color, which is characteristic of permanganate ions of MnO 4 -.

The most widely used compound of heptavalent manganese is potassium permanganate KMnO 4, a salt known only in a solution of manganese acid HMnO 4. Potassium permanganate can be obtained by oxidizing manganates with strong oxidizing agents, for example, chlorine:

2 K 2 MnO 4 + Cl 2 ® 2 KMnO 4 + 2 KCl.

Manganese (VII) oxide, or manganese anhydride, Mn 2 O 7 - explosive green-brown liquid. Mn 2 O 7 can be obtained by the reaction:

2 KMnO 4 + 2 H 2 SO 4 (conc.) ® Mn 2 O 7 + 2 KHSO 4 + H 2 O.

The highly oxidized manganese compounds +7, in particular permanganates, are strong oxidizing agents. The depth of reduction of permanganate ions and their oxidative activity depends on the pH of the medium.

In a strongly acidic environment, the product of the reduction of permanganates is the Mn 2+ ion, and salts of divalent manganese are obtained:

MnO 4 - + 8 H + + 5 e - ® Mn 2+ + 4 H 2 O (\u003d +1.51 V).

In a neutral, slightly alkaline, or slightly acidic medium, as a result of the reduction of permanganate ions, MnO 2 is formed:

MnO 4 - + 2 H 2 O + 3 e - ® MnO 2 + + 4 OH - (\u003d + 0.60 V).

MnO 4 - + 4 H + + 3 e - ® MnO 2 ¯ + 2 H 2 O (\u003d +1.69 V).

In a highly alkaline medium, permanganate ions are reduced to manganate ions MnO 4 2–, while salts of the type K 2 MnO 4, Na 2 MnO 4 are formed:

MnO 4 - + e - ® MnO 4 2– (\u003d +0.56 V).

One of the most important metals for metallurgy is manganese. In addition, he is generally quite an unusual element with which interesting facts are associated. Important for living organisms, needed in the production of many alloys, chemicals. Manganese - a photo of which can be seen below. Its properties and characteristics will be considered in this article.

Characterization of a chemical element

If we talk about manganese as an element, then first of all it is necessary to characterize its position in it.

It is located in the fourth large period, the seventh group, a subgroup.
The serial number is 25. Manganese is a chemical element whose atoms are +25. The number of electrons is the same, neutrons - 30.
The value of the atomic mass is 54.938.
The designation of the chemical element of manganese is Mn.
The Latin name is manganese.

It is located between chromium and iron, which explains its similarity with them in physical and chemical characteristics.

Manganese - chemical element: transition metal

If we consider the electronic configuration of the reduced atom, then its formula will look like: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 5. It becomes obvious that the element under consideration is a transition metal from the d-family. Five electrons on the 3d sublevel indicate the stability of the atom, which is manifested in its chemical properties.

As a metal, manganese is a reducing agent, however, most of its compounds are capable of exhibiting sufficiently strong oxidizing abilities. This is due to the various oxidation states and valencies that this element possesses. This is the peculiarity of all metals of this family.

Thus, manganese is a chemical element located among other atoms and having its own special characteristics. Consider what these properties are, in more detail.

Manganese is a chemical element. Oxidation state

We have already given the electronic formula of the atom. According to her, this element is able to exhibit several positive degrees of oxidation. It:

The valency of an atom is equal to IV. The most stable are those compounds in which values \u200b\u200bof +2, +4, +6 are manifested in manganese. The highest oxidation state allows compounds to act as the strongest oxidizing agents. For example: KMnO 4, Mn 2 O 7.

Compounds with +2 are reducing agents, manganese (II) hydroxide has amphoteric properties, with the predominance of the main ones. Intermediate oxidation states form amphoteric compounds.

Discovery story

Manganese is a chemical element that was not discovered immediately, but gradually by various scientists. However, people have used its compounds since ancient times. Manganese (IV) oxide was used for the smelting of glass. One Italian stated that the addition of this compound in the chemical production of glasses colors their color purple. Along with this, the same substance helps eliminate turbidity in stained glass.

Later in Austria, the scientist Kaym managed to get a piece of metallic manganese, influencing high temperature on pyrolisite (manganese (IV) oxide), potash and coal. However, this sample had many impurities, which he failed to eliminate, so the discovery did not take place.

Even later, another scientist also synthesized a mixture in which a significant proportion accounted for pure metal. It was Bergman, who had previously discovered the element nickel. However, he was not destined to bring the matter to the end.

Manganese is a chemical element, which Karl Scheele first managed to obtain and isolate as a simple substance in 1774. However, he did this together with I. Gan, who completed the process of smelting a piece of metal. But even they were not able to completely rid him of impurities and get a 100% yield of the product.

Nevertheless, it was this time that became the discovery of this atom. These same scientists made an attempt to give a name as discoverers. They chose the term manganesium. However, after the discovery of magnesium, confusion began, and the name of manganese was changed to modern (H. David, 1908).

Since manganese is a chemical element whose properties are very valuable for many metallurgical processes, over time it became necessary to find a way to obtain it in its purest form. This problem was solved by scientists around the world, but managed to be resolved only in 1919 thanks to the work of R. Agladze, a Soviet scientist and chemist. It was he who found a way in which it is possible to obtain pure metal with a substance content of 99.98% from sulfates and manganese chlorides by electrolysis. Now this method is applied worldwide.

Being in nature

Manganese is a chemical element whose photo of a simple substance can be seen below. In nature, there is a mass of isotopes of this atom, the number of neutrons in which varies greatly. So, the mass numbers vary from 44 to 69. However, the only stable isotope is an element with a value of 55 Mn, all the others have either a negligible short half-life or exist in too small quantities.

Since manganese is a chemical element, the oxidation state of which is very different, it also forms a lot of compounds in nature. In its pure form, this element does not occur at all. In minerals and ores, his constant neighbor is iron. In total, you can identify some of the most important rocks, which include manganese.

Pyrolusitis. Formula of the compound: MnO 2 * nH 2 O.
Psilomelan, molecule MnO2 * mMnO * nH2O.
Manganite, formula MnO * OH.
Brownite is less common than the rest. Formula Mn 2 O 3.
Hausmanite, formula Mn * Mn 2 O 4.
Rhodonite Mn 2 (SiO 3) 2.
Manganese carbonate ores.
Raspberry Spar or Rhodochrosite - MnCO 3.
Purple - Mn 3 PO 4.

In addition, several more minerals can be identified, which also include the element in question. It:

calcite;
siderite;
clay minerals;
chalcedony;
opal;
sand-silt compounds.

In addition to rocks and sedimentary rocks, minerals, manganese is a chemical element that is part of the following objects:

Plant organisms. The largest accumulators of this element are: water chestnut, duckweed, diatoms.
Rust mushrooms.
Some types of bacteria.
The following animals: red ants, crustaceans, mollusks.
People - daily requirement of about 3-5 mg.
The waters of the oceans contain 0.3% of this element.
The total content in the earth's crust is 0.1% by weight.

In general, this is the 14th most abundant element of all on our planet. Among heavy metals, it is second after iron.

Physical properties

From the point of view of the properties of manganese as a simple substance, several basic physical characteristics can be distinguished for it.

In the form of a simple substance, it is a fairly hard metal (on the Mohs scale, the indicator is 4). Color - silver-white, covered with a protective oxide film in air, glistening in the section.
The melting point is 1246 0 C.
Boiling - 2061 0 C.
Conducting properties are good, is paramagnet.
The density of the metal is 7.44 g / cm 3.
There are four polymorphic modifications (α, β, γ, σ) that differ in the structure and shape of the crystal lattice and the packing density of atoms. Their melting point is also different.

In metallurgy, three main forms of manganese are used: β, γ, σ. Alpha is less common as it is too fragile in its properties.

Chemical properties

From the point of view of chemistry, manganese is a chemical element whose ion charge varies greatly from +2 to +7. This leaves its mark on its activity. In its free form in air, manganese reacts very weakly with water and dissolves in dilute acids. However, it is only necessary to increase the temperature, as the activity of the metal increases sharply.

So, he is able to interact with:

nitrogen;
carbon;
halogens;
silicon;
phosphorus;
gray and other non-metals.

When heated without air, the metal easily passes into a vaporous state. Depending on the degree of oxidation that manganese exhibits, its compounds can be both reducing agents and oxidizing agents. Some exhibit amphoteric properties. So, the main ones are characteristic for compounds in which it is +2. Amphoteric - +4, and acidic and strong oxidizing in the highest value of +7.

Despite the fact that manganese are complex compounds for it are few in number. This is due to the stable electronic configuration of the atom, because its 3d sublevel contains 5 electrons.

Production methods

There are three main ways in which manganese (a chemical element) is obtained in industry. As the name reads in Latin, we have already designated - manganum. If you translate it into Russian, it will be "yes, I really clarify, discolor." Manganese owes its name to the manifested properties, known since antiquity.

However, despite the fame, they managed to get it in pure form for use only in 1919. This is done by the following methods.

Electrolysis, the product yield is 99.98%. In this way manganese is obtained in the chemical industry.
Silicothermic, or silicon reduction. In this method, silicon and manganese (IV) oxide are fused, resulting in the formation of a pure metal. The yield is about 68%, since the compound of manganese with silicon into silicide is incidentally. This method is used in the metallurgical industry.
The aluminothermic method is reduction using aluminum. Also does not give too high product yield, manganese is formed contaminated with impurities.

The production of this metal is important for many processes carried out in metallurgy. Even a small addition of manganese can greatly affect the properties of alloys. It has been proven that many metals dissolve in it, filling it with its crystal lattice.

In the extraction and production of this element, Russia ranks first in the world. This process is also carried out in countries such as:

China.
Kazakhstan.
Georgia.
Ukraine.

Industrial use

Manganese is a chemical element, the use of which is important not only in metallurgy. but also in other areas. In addition to the metal in its pure form, various compounds of this atom are of great importance. Denote the main ones.

There are several types of alloys that, thanks to manganese, have unique properties. So, for example, it is so strong and wear-resistant that it is used for smelting parts of excavators, stone processing machines, crushers, ball mills, armor parts.
Manganese dioxide is an indispensable oxidizing element of galvanic, it is used to create depolarizers.
Many manganese compounds are needed for the implementation of organic syntheses of various substances.
Potassium permanganate (or potassium permanganate) is used in medicine as a strong disinfectant.
This element is part of bronze, brass, forms its own alloy with copper, which is used for the manufacture of aircraft turbines, blades and other details.

Biological role

The daily requirement for manganese for a person is 3-5 mg. Deficiency of this element leads to depression of the nervous system, sleep disturbance and anxiety, dizziness. Its role has not yet been fully studied, however, it is clear that, first of all, it affects:

height;
genital gland activity;
hormones work;
blood formation.

This element is present in all plants, animals, and humans, which proves its important biological role.

Manganese is a chemical element, interesting facts about which can impress any person, and also make you understand how important it is. Here are the most basic of them that have found their imprint in the history of this metal.

In the difficult times of the civil war in the USSR, one of the first export products was ore containing a large amount of manganese.
If manganese dioxide is fused with and nitrate, and then the product is dissolved in water, then amazing transformations will begin. First, the solution turns green, then the color changes to blue, then purple. Finally, it becomes raspberry and a brown precipitate gradually falls out. If you shake the mixture, then the green color will restore again and everything will happen again. That’s why potassium permanganate got its name, which translates as "mineral chameleon".
If fertilizers containing manganese are introduced into the ground, then plants will increase productivity and increase the rate of photosynthesis. Winter wheat will better form grains.
The largest block of rhodonite manganese mineral weighed 47 tons and was found in the Urals.
There is a triple alloy called manganin. It consists of elements such as copper, manganese and nickel. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that it has a large electrical resistance, which is not dependent on temperature, but is influenced by pressure.

Of course, this is not all that can be said about this metal. Manganese is a chemical element, interesting facts about which are quite diverse. Especially if we talk about the properties with which he gives various alloys.