Tap water purification methods. How to purify water from impurities yourself at home? Water purification without a household filter

Anton Smekhov

Reading time: 9 minutes

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Our careless attitude to the composition of drinking water forces the internal organs to be the only barrier protecting against serious diseases. But the human body is not able to cope with all the harmful substances that can be found in water. Like any "equipment" subject to heavy loads, this natural filter will fail sooner or later.

Added to the natural causes of water pollution are the effects of active agricultural and industrial activities. And even the processed liquid supplied by city services is far from flawless in terms of performance. As a result of wear and tear of equipment, the use of old technologies, violations during processing, drinking water from the tap is dangerous. It remains to take care of its quality on its own - that is, to clean it at home with or without special filters.

Preparation and Precautions

An improperly performed purification procedure can degrade the quality of the water. You can avoid such situations by observing several rules.

IMPORTANT! When choosing a method of purification or a combination of them, it is necessary to investigate the composition of the water. The cleaning method is determined by the type of pollution and its concentration.

It is necessary to take into account the side effects of the chosen methods and not neglect measures to neutralize their effect. The cleaning technique must be carried out in strict accordance with the instructions.

If special equipment is used to normalize the quality, before installing it, you need to familiarize yourself with the operating features - the requirements for care, replacement of replaceable parts, the specifics of the operating mode.

Types of water pollutants

Water can contain up to 4,000 types of impurities that are detrimental to quality. Among the most common types of water pollution are the following.

Coarse impurities

They are a suspension of large, insoluble particles of rust, sand, silt, clay. Rust is most commonly found in tap water due to old water pipes. This water is unsuitable for food and clogs pipelines and mixers, leading to breakdowns in plumbing fixtures.

ATTENTION! The presence of this type of contamination can be determined visually - the water is cloudy, suspended matter is separated by a dirty sediment or accumulates on the surface.

Chlorine and its compounds

Chlorine is added to tap water as a disinfectant. This substance is capable of intensifying an allergic reaction, can cause irritation of mucous membranes and skin, negatively affects metabolism, the immune system, and intestinal microflora. Can provoke kidney inflammation and cancer.

ATTENTION! Water with a high concentration of chlorine can be distinguished by its specific odor.

Calcium and magnesium salts

ATTENTION! Salts deposit as a white coating on dishes and pipes, provoking corrosion of plumbing and household appliances.

Iron

For one liter of water, the iron content rate is 0.1-0.3 mg. Exceeding this indicator makes the water toxic. The nervous, immune, reproductive and digestive systems suffer. The liver, kidneys and pancreas are affected. The processes of hematopoiesis and metabolism deteriorate, allergic reactions may occur. The process of removing toxins is impaired.

ATTENTION! The "glandular" water tastes unpleasant, the shade is yellow, the smell is metallic. But the concentration of iron hazardous to health can be imperceptible to the senses.

Manganese

ATTENTION! The water remains transparent, but excess manganese can be noticed by the appearance of black spots on plumbing and utensils that appear over time.

Heavy metals

Lead, chromium, zinc, cadmium, nickel, mercury are toxic metals. They can provoke bone marrow diseases, atherosclerosis, hypertension. Lead is most likely to be found in tap water. Gaskets made of this metal are used in old pipelines due to their durability.

Nitrates

This name is understood as a number of substances - nitrates, pesticides, herbicides, nitrites, which lead to a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues of the body. They get into the water as a result of agricultural activities.

Microorganisms

Water can contain both bacteria and viruses. They cause intestinal disorders, stomach diseases, hepatitis, polio and other diseases.

Table: Ways to combat water pollution

Pollutant	Folk method of cleansing	Filters for removing contamination
Coarse impurities	Upholding Straining	Mechanical cleaning
Chlorine	Upholding Boiling Purification with activated carbon Cleansing with shungite Silicon purification	Sorption Electrochemical aeration Air aeration
Calcium and magnesium salts	Boiling Freezing Upholding	Reverse osmosis Ion exchange
Iron	Freezing Cleansing with shungite Silicon purification Quartz cleansing	Electrochemical aeration Air aeration Reverse osmosis Ion exchange Ozone purifiers Biological
Manganese	Freezing Cleansing with shungite Quartz cleansing	Electrochemical aeration Air aeration Ion exchange
Heavy metals	Freezing Silicon purification Quartz cleansing	Ion exchange + sorption Electrochemical aeration Air aeration
Nitrates	Silicon purification Quartz cleansing	Sorption Reverse osmosis Ion exchange
Microorganisms	Boiling Freezing Purification with silver or copper Cleansing with shungite Silicon purification Quartz cleansing	Ozone purifiers Reverse osmosis Ultraviolet

Video information

Traditional methods of cleaning without filters

People realized the need to purify and disinfect water long ago. To date, human experience has accumulated many effective methods of cleaning at home.

Boiling

The high temperature kills microorganisms, and the calcium and magnesium salts are removed into a solid sediment that can be drained. The boiling process releases volatile substances such as chlorine.

Bring the water to a boil.
Boil for 15 - 25 minutes with the lid open.
Then let it stand.
Drain without touching the bottom layer with sediment.

Freezing

Cleaning is carried out by displacing impurities from the water crystallizing under the influence of low temperature. However, after a certain concentration of impurities is reached in unfrozen water, they will be incorporated into the structure of the crystal lattice of ice in the form of capsules. Therefore, it is important not to miss the moment when clean water can be separated.

Place a pot of water in the freezer.
Leave it on for a few hours.
When half of the volume freezes, drain the liquid residue.
Melt the remaining ice - this water can be used.

Upholding

The method allows you to remove chlorine and some other volatile substances (for example, ammonia) by evaporation, and also partially sift out salts that will fall to the bottom in the form of a solid precipitate.

Pour water into a ceramic or glass container.
Leave on for 8 hours.
During the first 2 hours, stir with a spoon: during this time, chlorine will evaporate, stirring will speed up the process.
Then do not touch the water for 6 hours. This time is required for the settling of other impurities, therefore, it is impossible to mix.
Trying not to shake the water, pour it into another bowl, leaving about a quarter of the liquid at the bottom.
Freeze or boil.

Activated carbon

Coal has the ability to absorb organic compounds and gases dissolved in water, in particular chlorine. There is a special charcoal for cleaning, but you can use pharmacy activated charcoal tablets.

Wrap 4 charcoal tablets per liter in cheesecloth.
Place on the bottom of a dish and cover with water.
Leave on for 6-8 hours.
Strain the water and boil.

Silver and copper

Copper and silver destroy harmful microflora in water. Silver does not allow bacteria to develop later (water treated with this metal can be stored for several months), but it can be dosed in food.

For cleaning with silver, you can put a silver spoon in the container overnight.
For cleaning with copper, it is enough to hold the water for 4 hours in a copper container (but no more, in order to avoid metal poisoning).

Shungite

Shungite not only cleans from chlorine, nitrates, microorganisms, manganese and iron, but also fills with useful microelements. One stone can be used for about six months, you only need to clean it from plaque.

Instructions: take 100 grams of shungite per 1 liter of water, place for 3 days, then drain the top layer without touching the bottom one.

Silicon

Silicon disinfects, removes iron, mercury and phosphorus compounds into the sediment and neutralizes chlorine.

Black silicon is used, the service life of which is unlimited (it is necessary to clean it from plaque after each use).

Rinse the silicon and put it on the bottom of a glass container with water (3 liters - 50 grams).
Let stand for 3 to 7 days in a dark place.
Gently, without shaking, drain the water, leaving 5 centimeters of the bottom layer.

other methods

Folk practice knows several more ways:

Quartz. It is carried out in the same way as cleansing with shungite and silicon: water with quartz stones (200 g per 3 liters) should be infused for 3 days. Can be mixed with silicon. This mineral is able to cleanse from heavy metals, chlorine, iron, manganese, aluminum, nitrates and pathogens.
Cooking salt. A tablespoon of salt, diluted in two liters of water and infused for half an hour, removes bacteria and heavy metal compounds. But this method cannot be applied all the time.
Vegetable cleaners. Ripe rowan berries, juniper twigs, bird cherry leaves, willow bark and onion husks have a bactericidal effect. To do this, any of the listed ingredients, previously washed, are placed in water for 12 hours (except for mountain ash - three are enough for it).
Wine. You can cleanse water from harmful microflora by mixing 2 parts of it with 1 part of wine and keeping it for 15 minutes.
Medications. For the same purpose, iodine (3 drops per 1 liter), vinegar (1 teaspoon) and potassium permanganate (light pink solution) are used. After adding iodine and vinegar, the water can be consumed after 2 hours.

Disadvantages of folk methods

Cleaning method	Ineffective	Side effects
Boiling	Not all bacteria can be killed with a short boil. Some species require boiling water for 30-40 minutes to kill, and the duration of boiling aggravates the side effects. Heavy metal compounds remain in the water.	Chlorine is converted to chloroform (an even more toxic compound). The concentration of salts increases due to the evaporation of a fraction of the liquid. The concentration of oxygen in the water decreases.
Freezing	-	Useful salts are also eliminated from the water.
Upholding	Heavy metal compounds remain. Chlorine is not completely removed.	-
Purification with activated carbon	Does not possess disinfectant properties. Does not remove compounds of iron and heavy metals.	-
Purification with silver and copper	Does not eliminate inorganic impurities.	Silver and copper are toxic metals, the method requires special care.

Video plot

Special equipment for water purification

Technological progress has contributed to the development of methods for high-quality water purification. At the moment, the equipment used for cleaning involves:

Filters of different types;
Chemical effect on water;
Physicochemical processes;
Physical processes;
Biological mechanisms.

The cleaning method is determined by the type of impurities that need to be removed.

Filtration systems

Mechanical cleaning filters. They are used to remove large particles from water, such as rust, sand, silt and others. The filtering device is a liquid-permeable barrier that retains undissolved particles of impurities. This is a system of several obstacles - from coarse filtration screens for large debris to fine filter cartridges for particles no larger than 5 microns. Water is purified in several stages, thereby reducing the load on the cartridges.
Sorption filters. Can be used together with mechanical filters. They remove impurities due to absorbents, effective for chlorine and organic compounds. The role of the absorbent material is played by coconut charcoal (from the shell), its effectiveness is 4 times higher than that of charcoal.
Ozone purifiers (chemical treatment). Designed to purify water from impurities of metals and microorganisms (chlorine-resistant spores). For work, the property of ozone is used to release oxygen during decomposition in water, which oxidizes metal impurities. They then settle and can be removed.

Physicochemical mode devices

Electrochemical aeration. They are used to remove dissolved impurities that can be oxidized - iron, manganese, chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, heavy metal salts. First of all, they are used to remove iron impurities - these filters are effective even at high concentrations, up to 30 mg per liter. Impurities are oxidized due to the appearance of free oxygen ions in the water, the concentration of which increases when an electric current is passed through the water. Oxidized substances are deposited on the filter.
Air aeration. They are used for the same purposes, but in this case the water is saturated with oxygen in a different way - it is injected under pressure.
Ion exchange filters. They are used to purify water containing impurities of metals - iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, as well as nitrates. Water is passed through a mass of synthetic resin containing substances that attach metal ions to themselves, extracting them from the liquid. There are devices that combine the functions of sorption and ion-exchange filters. In devices of this type, the absorbing mass consists of a mixture of ion-substituting resin beads and carbon absorbent.

Equipment using physical processes

Reverse osmosis. Almost all dissolved impurities - iron, magnesium and calcium salts, heavy metals, as well as nitrates and microorganisms - are retained. The role of the barrier is played by a membrane with micro-holes, through which a liquid is driven under pressure. These holes are so small that only water and oxygen molecules can pass through them. The removed impurities are removed from the membranes.
Ultraviolet filters. Disinfects water when exposed to ultraviolet rays.
Installations for biological filtration. Reduces the concentration of iron, hydrogen sulfide and acid in water, due to the ability of some bacteria to absorb these substances. The filter assumes subsequent disinfection with ultraviolet light and the removal of waste products of microorganisms using a sorption system.

Video Tips

To give the water a pleasant taste, it is worth using freezing and cleansing with activated carbon and silicon.
The use of coal, like shungite, allows you to remove unpleasant odors.
To saturate water devoid of useful microelements (thawed, purified by reverse osmosis), you need to add 100 ml of mineral water to 1 liter of purified water.
Shungite and silver will ensure the safety of the water.

Weak points of cleaning devices

Reverse osmosis installations show the best result in removing impurities, but due to the specific purification method, membrane filters eliminate not only hazardous compounds, but also useful microelements. The constant consumption of water purified in this way can lead to a deficiency of essential substances in the body, therefore, in conjunction with such filters, it is necessary to use installations for mineralization.
When using an ozonation device, remember that purified water is not stored for a long time. Ozone quickly destroys microorganisms, but does not have a long duration of action. Ozonation destroys organic compounds, which creates a favorable environment for bacteria.
Exposure to ultraviolet light destroys the bacterial environment in water, but does not cleanse it of impurities of salts, metals, nitrates. It is advisable to combine UV filters with ozonizing devices.
Sorption filters, accumulating organic matter, create an environment for intensive growth of bacteria. Therefore, when using them, an additional disinfection system is required.
Ion exchange filters are applicable for water purification, the concentration of iron in which is not more than 5 milligrams per liter. If the iron content is higher, it will not provide an adequate level of purification.
During the operation of the ion exchange filter, large particles of oxidized iron will clog the resin over time. A film forms on its surface, which is a breeding ground for bacteria. It is necessary to regularly rinse the resin with a solution of sodium chloride.

Service life of replacement parts

The service life of resins for an ion exchange filter is 2-3 years.
The membrane for reverse osmosis filters becomes unusable after 18-36 months of use.
The charcoal filter is designed for 6-9 months.

The applied cleaning methods allow us to neutralize the most harmful impurities. By choosing the best method that takes into account the nature of pollution, the ergonomics and economy of technology, you can provide your home with a source of living, useful water and maintain your health.

The importance of clean drinking water for the human body has been proven for a long time, since then a variety of filtration systems have become more and more in demand. In addition, many people are interested in how to purify water with improvised means. This is especially true in case of insurance, if, for some reason, special devices do not inspire confidence or have become unusable. And also such methods allow you to significantly save money spent on all kinds of installations and cartridges.

All that needs to be done is to choose a suitable liquid treatment option, or even several, and debug its system of work in order to cover the needs of the whole family.

Advantages and disadvantages of boiling, settling and freezing

First of all, it is necessary to evaluate the simplest and most affordable ways by which tap water is purified. These are physical options for exposure without the use of any filter, which have both obvious advantages and serious disadvantages:

Boiling. In the process of exposure to high temperature tap water, the liquid is sterilized. The main advantage of the approach is the fact that the death of pathogenic microorganisms occurs. True, for the cleansing to really take place, the product must be boiled for at least 15 minutes with the lid open. Only then will the harmful components evaporate. It is worth considering that the water becomes "dead", i.e. useless for the body, and nothing can be done about it. In addition, chlorine does not disappear anywhere, but only changes, turning into an even more dangerous compound for humans.

Defending. Another simple approach, the use of which is convenient only if there is no time limit. You need to pour the liquid into a bowl and leave for at least 8 hours. Such water purification at home allows you to get rid of chlorine and a number of other volatile chemical compounds. True, heavy metals remain in the liquid, although they settle to the bottom. To get rid of them, the water cannot be chatted and stirred, and after insisting it must be carefully poured into another dish, leaving at least a quarter of the product at the bottom.

Freezing. Today, water purification by freezing is considered one of the most effective among the primitive physical methods. You need to do the following: pour water into a saucepan or plastic dish and put it in the freezer. Next, the most difficult thing begins - we make sure that only half of the liquid freezes. Then we drain the liquid part (all salts and harmful components remain in it), and melt the frozen one, and it becomes drinkable. It is recommended to drink such a product immediately, because it is considered to be healing. Therefore, you need to set a schedule for when it is best to freeze water.

Tip: Today, highly chlorinated water flows from the tap, which is considered safe for humans and supposedly can be used in everyday life. In fact, if you use it in its "pure" form, you can face digestive disorders, allergic reactions, penetration of worms into the body and, paradoxically, dehydration.

Choosing between boiling, settling and freezing, you need to take into account that you can control the quality of the product only in the latter case, because water rich in mineral salts freezes very slowly. Therefore, the use of this approach in the absence of a high-quality filter is considered by experts to be the most logical solution.

Rules for the use of cleaning components

A number of chemical compounds can be used as a cleaning filter. Most often, at home, water is purified with silicon, table salt, shungite, activated carbon and silver. The methods for preparing drinking liquid in these cases are as follows:

The use of table salt. For 2 liters of tap water, take a heaped tablespoon of salt and dissolve. We insist the product for 20 minutes, after which it can be consumed. With the help of such a kind of filter, the liquid can be made free of heavy metal salts and pathogenic microorganisms. Unfortunately, such purification of tap water cannot be used too often, because

Cleansing with pharmacy silicon. It is best to purchase the product at the pharmacy, so as not to face additional problems later. First, the ingredient must be thoroughly rinsed under lukewarm running water. Then we put it in a container with water at the rate of 3 g of stone per 1 liter of liquid. The container with silicon should be covered with gauze and removed in a bright place, but away from direct sunlight. This filter will purify the water in about 2-3 days. To get the maximum benefit from the product, it must be drained into a new container, leaving at least 3 cm of sediment in the old one.

Shungite. Another stone with which people are increasingly purifying water. To make tap water drinkable, you need to place a stone weighing 100 g in a liter of water and stand it for three days, then drain, leaving a little product at the bottom. From time to time, such a natural filter needs to be cleaned with a hard sponge or changed.

Activated carbon. The natural product not only purifies water, but also eliminates unpleasant odors, absorbs harmful substances that have entered the liquid from the surface of the pipes. You just need to wrap several tablets of the drug in gauze (1 piece per liter of liquid) and place them in water for 8 hours.

Silver. Its properties are still used, because the component acts much more efficiently than carbolic acid and bleach. In order to start water purification, you need to place a silver coin or spoon in a container with tap liquid and leave for at least 10 hours.

At home, if you wish, you can make a real filter, but in terms of the quality of work, it still cannot surpass the described methods or industrial products.

Simple and safe folk remedies

Before you purify water at home using one of the folk remedies, you need to take into account that their effectiveness will directly depend on the quality and environmental friendliness of the components used.

Rowan. We just put a bunch of berries in a container of water and wait a couple of hours. Such a natural filter purifies water no worse than activated carbon and silver.
Wine, vinegar. People knew how to purify water with wine thousands of years ago. You just need to take 300 ml of white wine (dry, young) per liter of water, mix and insist for at least 4 hours. In the absence of this ingredient, it is allowed to use vinegar. Only you need to take it no more than a teaspoon for the same volume.

Experts warn against trying to quench your thirst with distilled water. Although this product does not contain harmful components, there is no benefit from it either. But the regular use of such a liquid accelerates the process of removing vitamins and minerals from tissues, which is dangerous for the body. Well, the easiest way is to buy at least a simple jug with a filter that will not take up much space, will not cause trouble, and at the same time will provide the family with clean drinking water.

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I Introduction

All living things in our life are connected with water, so there is no more exciting and discussed topic than the topic of water. The quality of tap water is especially problematic. I proved this with my previous work. You can buy purified water in the store, but bottled water costs money and it is quite expensive to use it all the time. Taking care of your own health and the health of your family, you can find for yourself the best way to purify water at home, therefore I consider the topic "Methods of purifying tap water at home" actual.

Target: experimentally identify the most effective method of water purification at home

Tasks:

Study the literature and materials on the Internet about methods of water purification;

Conduct a survey among primary school students;

Determine empirically the most effective and affordable ways to purify water at home;

Evaluate the results obtained and draw conclusions;

Based on the results of the work, draw up a booklet for the students of your school and their parents;

Hypothesis: Tap water can be cleaned by yourself

Object of study: water.

Subject of study: tap water

Relevance: For the normal functioning of the body, water is needed that does not contain harmful impurities and mechanical additives, i.e. good quality.

Practical significance: materials and work results can be used in extracurricular activities, in circle work, in the classroom, as well as to inform students and their parents.

Research methods:

Working with an information source;

Social survey (survey);

Drawing up analytical diagrams;

Researching;

Literature study;

I decided to get information on this topic from primary school students and asked them the following questions:

Do you drink tap water?

What kind of water do you drink?

What cleaning methods do your family use?

We have systematized the obtained data and presented them on pie charts.

Most of the children I interviewed do not use tap water, but drink filtered and boiled water. I was interested in what other methods of water purification exist.

From the Ecological Alphabet for Children and Adolescents, I learned about various methods of water purification. I have carried out research to identify the most effective and affordable method of water purification.

II Main part

Water purification methods

Purification - removal of foreign and unwanted substances from water. And also from harmful impurities.

In the course of my research work, I studied different methods of purifying drinking water at home.

1.Filtering - the process of separating heterogeneous systems using porous partitions. Filtration of liquids in the laboratory is carried out using funnels, into which special filter paper is inserted. ... Some kind of similarity of them was created in China and consisted of ordinary reed reeds impregnated with coagulants. One of these simplest filters even went down in history as the "Hippocratic arm". Preimages of modern filters. Their principle of action was close to natural purification processes and consisted in the passage of water through a layer of various substances: crushed stone, sand and charcoal.

2 Water purification using filters

Various filters are used to eliminate harmful impurities from tap water. At home, a variety of jugs and tap nozzles are often used. This is the most common and affordable way to purify water. Drinking filters - jugs are able to remove excess chlorine, organic matter, scale (hardness salts) from the water. Jug filters are quite effective at purifying tap water, are cheap on initial purchase and are therefore widespread. All drinking filters - jugs are equipped with a replaceable cleaning element (also called "cassette" or "cartridge"). The cassette is designed to maintain a constant flow rate of water through the cleaning mixture. The mixture includes - activated carbon, polypropylene liner, ion-exchange resins of several types. This is important for uniform and complete water purification. Filtration of this type is aimed directly at purifying the liquid from harmful impurities such as chlorine or pesticides. It is also able to rid water of various unpleasant odors and make the water absolutely transparent. This cartridge should be replaced approximately every three months.

Activated carbon for water purification.

Activated carbon is a well-known water purifier and is used in a wide variety of filters. After being treated with coal, the water acquires a pleasant taste and smell, since coal absorbs almost all the harmful substances in tap water and also removes lime. But you can also purify water yourself with coal.

Upholding When the water settles, chlorine and ammonia are removed from it, and some salts and colloidal solutions settle to the bottom. However, salts of heavy metals from the settled water will not go anywhere, at best they settle to the bottom.

Freezing water

Today it is an increasingly popular method of water purification, which, moreover, is also considered effective. Melt water is very poor in salts. Therefore, the amount of minerals, especially potassium and sodium, must be replenished with other drinks or food. It is known that drinking melt water cleanses the blood and lymph, all internal organs and skin. At the same time, the work of the cardiovascular system improves, metabolic processes are activated. At the same time, an unprecedented influx of strength and energy is felt.

Purifying water with silver

Since ancient times, people have known a way to purify drinking water using silver. Silver is an excellent bactericidal agent, it is capable of killing various microbes. Silver also contributes to the long-term storage of water. Even in ancient times, people noticed that water from silver jugs was different from ordinary water. It does not go bad for many months, and food cooked on it lasts much longer and tastes much better.

Silicon water purification- the oldest way. Silicon is one of the main elements in Mendeleev's periodic table. Silicon got its name from the Greek word meaning "rock, cliff". It is the second most popular chemical element found on Earth. Clay, sand, opal, jasper - these are all varieties of silica, which contains the most silicon. With the help of silicon, even water is purified, which acquires absolutely amazing qualities and has a beneficial effect on the human body.

Cleaning with shungite.

Shungite is the oldest carbonaceous mineral on the planet. This stone is mined in Karelia. The amazing properties of shungite were known in Russia for a very long time, they only called it "slate stone". By order of Peter I, each of his soldiers was obliged to carry with them a "slate stone" in their travel knapsack in order to dip these stone pieces into a pot of water to get disinfected water.

Shungite - cleans water from organochlorine compounds, excess copper, manganese, iron, nitrates and nitrites, completely - from helminth eggs, removes turbidity, tastes, odors from the water, completely disinfects water.

At the same time, it can saturate water with various macro- and microelements to a concentration optimal for the human body.

Water purification using mountain quartz.

The simplest, most common and familiar example of quartz is sand. In its pure form, quartz is colorless or white in color. Quartz does not dissolve in water.

The method of infusing water on quartz came from distant Tibet. It is over 3000 years old. This is the oldest, simplest and most effective way to purify water. Quartz cleans water from metal compounds, radionuclides, various harmful impurities. Quartz water facilitates the transport of nutrients directly into cells and the elimination of toxins from organisms.

Folk remedies for water purification, there is also a place to be: cleansing with a bunch of mountain ash, cleansing with willow bark, iodine, nettle, etc.

III Experiment consists of three stages

Stage 1- water purification in different ways

Target: Show different ways to purify tap water

Equipment : tap water, water tanks, two types of filters, activated carbon, kettle for boiling water, freezer, silver spoon, silicon, shungite, mountain quartz

Test 1. Filtration with a jug filter. (Appendix I)

I poured water into a glass, filtered with a jug

Test 2: Filtration with a built-in filter (Appendix I)

She poured water from the filter into a glass. I took readings with the help of instruments.

Test 3: Activated carbon for water purification (Appendix I)

I wrapped tablets of activated carbon, about five, in gauze and dipped them into a container of water. I put it in a cool place and waited 10-12 hours. The water must be kept in a cool room, otherwise the coal will not only render the water harmless, but, on the contrary, will contribute to the growth of bacteria.

Test 4 Boiling (Appendix II)

I poured water into the vessel and boiled for at least 10-15 minutes. In this case, the process is accompanied by the release of steam.

Test 5 Deposition (Appendix II)

To purify the water in this way, I poured water into a container and left it for about 6-7 hours without closing the lid. For the first time in 3-4 hours, volatile impurities such as chlorine and ammonia will evaporate from the water, and in the next 2-3 hours, salts of heavy metals will settle. Then she carefully poured the water into a clean container, poured out the rest.

Test 6 Freezing water (Appendix II)

In order to prepare melt water, I needed:

Take a large dish and pour water into it, not reaching its edges about a centimeter;

I left this dish in the freezer for 4-5 hours. It is necessary that at least part of this water freeze;

When half of the water in the vessel froze, I broke the ice that formed on top and drained the water from the bottom. Only ice can be drunk and used for cooking. And only the transparent parts of it. The remaining parts have accumulated harmful substances, so they are not drinkable.

The method is based on the fact that it is the pure part of the water that freezes in the vessel first. And the harmful substances, in turn, settle to the bottom of the dishes, I successfully drain them.

Test 7: Purification of Water with Silver (Appendix III)

I filled a large container with water and put a silver object on the bottom - a spoon. By morning, silver ions will purify the water as well as any filter.

Test 8: Silicon Water Purification (Appendix III)

Flint must be rinsed before first use. I placed the stones in a container and filled it with water. I covered it with gauze and put it in a dark place, away from sunlight and insisted for 3 days. After that, the water can be consumed. As the consumption progresses, leave part of the water (at the level of pebbles), top up and insist for 8-10 hours, this is constant for 6-8 months.

Test 9.Cleaning with shungite (Appendix III)

To purify the water with shungite, I first washed the stones with running water. I poured minerals with tap water at the rate of 150g. 2-3 liters. She insisted for 3 days. As the consumption progresses, add water and insist for 8-10 hours. Rinse shungite once a week. Such water is suitable not only for drinking, but also for cooking, brewing tea and much more.

Test 10 Water Purification Using Rock Quartz (Appendix IV)

I washed the quartz in cold running water, then filled them with water at the rate of 200 grams of stones per 3 liters of water. It is necessary to infuse water for three days and use it in pure form, as the water is consumed, you can add it to the container. Once a week, it is advisable to remove the stones and rinse them from the formed plaque.

Stage 2 - measuring water TDS meter

The TDS meter is used to assess the quality of drinking water. It shows the amount of inorganic impurities suspended in water, mainly salts of various metals. Hence the second name - saline meter. In everyday life, it is used to determine the quality of tap water.

Target : empirically show the presence of salts of various metals

Equipment : instrument TDS meter, 10 samples of purified water

I poured a clean glass of purified water. She removed the protective cap from the device. Pressed the "ON" button to turn on the display. I immersed the sensor of the device in water and waited for about 10 seconds. Took readings from the display. I entered the results in a table and compared them with tap water.

Water purification methods	TDS is the amount of salts of various metals.
Filtration
Built-in filter
Activated carbon cleaning
Boiling
Silver cleaning
Upholding
Freezing
Silicon cleaning
Shungite cleaning
Refining with rock quartz

Tap water indicators

Tap water

Conclusion : According to the TDS-meter readings, the lowest salt content in water purified with shungite.

Stage 3 - measurement of water with an electrolyser

The electrolyzer is designed to test water for the content of impurities and trace elements. With the help of an electrolyzer, one can clearly see not only the presence of certain microelements, but also determine their amount by the intensity of water coloration. The more intense the color obtained during the experiment, the higher the concentration of substances in the water. The optimal color for clean and healthy water is light yellow to orange. He speaks of the presence of beneficial trace elements in water, such as calcium, sodium, potassium, fluorine, etc. in the right concentration, an overabundance of these microelements will color the water in a fiery red color. Exceeding the permissible level of harmful and hazardous microelements such as cadmium, lead, arsenic, nickel, chromium, mercury, etc. colors in water in green, blue and black with different shades depending on the concentration of these substances.

Target: empirically show the content of impurities in water

Equipment: electrolyzer device, 10 samples of purified water.

For the experiment, I prepared two transparent glasses for water with a capacity of 100-500 ml. She put them on the table next to her. She poured water. I put the electrolyser in a glass and then turned on the power. Pressed the "on" button and ran the test for 30 seconds, then turned off the device. Thus, I tested the water I purified. She entered the results into a table and compared them with tap water.

Water purification methods	Electrolyzer testing water for the content of impurities and trace elements.
Filtration	orange precipitate
Built-in filter	orange precipitate
Activated carbon cleaning	bright orange color
Boiling	orange precipitate
Silver cleaning	slight sediment
Upholding	orange sediment
Freezing	slight sediment
Silicon cleaning	orange precipitate
Shungite cleaning	orange precipitate
Refining with rock quartz	orange precipitate

Tap water indicators

Tap water

Black precipitate

Conclusion: According to the measurement results, the smallest amount of salt content in water purified with silver and in frozen water.

Conclusion.

In the course of the research work, the hypothesis put forward by me was confirmed. When performing the work, various methods of purifying tap water were studied and tested (filtration, boiling, settling, freezing, saturation with silicon ions, purification with silver, etc.) Based on the experiments, I concluded that it is really possible to purify water at home with minimal costs. Evaluating various methods of water purification, the following conclusion can be drawn: the most effective method is purification with silicon, shungite, quartz, filtered by a built-in filter. The most practical method was found to be freezing and standing. In my work, I shared my personal experience in determining the quality of drinking water at home.

Bibliography

V.P. Sitnikov G.P. Shalaeva "Who's Who in the Natural World" Polygraphizdat, 2011 (pp. 5-6)

A.E. Chizhevsky Children's encyclopedia "I know the world: Ecology" 2001 (p. 118-119)

Ecological alphabet for children and adolescents. Publishing house MNEPU Moscow 1995 (from 92)

Miklashevsky GS Pure water. Household filters. - SPb: Arlit, 2000.

The latest complete student reference book: grades 5-11: in 2 volumes: Biology; Chemistry; Geography. - M .: Eksmo, 2009. (494 p.)

Encyclopedia for children. Ecology. Moscow Avanta 2001 (324s.)

E. Mikheeva "Healing properties of silicon" S - P, 2002 (15 p.)

Kibardin Gennady "Shungite: Natural Healer" Eksmo 2012 (38 p.)

Shubnikov A. V. "Quartz and its application" 2012 (9p.)

Tap water

Built-in filter

Boiling

Upholding

Freezing

Silver cleansing

Silicon purification

Cleansing with shungite

Purification with mountain quartz

Environmentalists around the world are sounding the alarm: the water gets worse every year, and fewer and fewer places are left with clean spring or just drinking water.

And if a small African settlement with the absence of any water is far away, then here everyone in the house has pipes through which tap water flows into the apartments. And not always of good quality.

Many residents immediately install filters on their taps, and also buy special water purifiers, with the help of which they always have clean drinking water available. But while some water purifiers are relatively inexpensive, most of the population cannot afford them.

Knowing about the negative impact of not very clean water on health, many are looking for more affordable ways that can be used to purify water from harmful impurities and microbes at home.

How to purify water by boiling

The most, perhaps, the simplest and most affordable way to protect yourself from microbes entering the body along with not very good water is compulsory boiling. It is not for nothing that it is the first condition for the fight against intestinal infections.

To get rid of excess chlorine, just boil tap water in a kettle or saucepan with the lid open for fifteen minutes.

But do not drink this water right away. You need to let it settle, then pour it into another bowl, and only then can it be used. Moreover, it must be poured carefully so as not to stir up the sediment at the bottom, which, together with the remaining water, is mercilessly poured out.

Although this usual method has its drawbacks. The point is that boiling makes the water "dead". In such water there are no enzymes - biocatalysts, and useful microelements are modified.

There is a very good way to improve the condition of boiled water.... Especially if there are doubts about its quality. You need to pour boiled and cooled water with any sour berries or fruits - sea buckthorn, lemon, cranberries, apple peels, lingonberries. After insisting, such water can be drunk fearlessly.

How to purify water with silver

With the help of silver, people purified water in ancient times.

For example, the Persian king Cyrus disinfected water by keeping it only in silver vessels during the campaigns. And in India, to disinfect water, a red-hot silver sword was dipped into it.

In Russia, silver coins were thrown into wells, and the nobility drank water only from silver cups and jugs.

The custom to consecrate water with a silver cross has survived to this day.

Silver will not purify water from chlorine or heavy metals, but harmful microbes in such water die. This was proved back in the 19th century by the Swiss botanist Negeli, who discovered the phenomenon of oligodynamia, in which traces of silver have a destructive effect on microorganisms.

Therefore, cleaning with silver in our time is quite worthy of attention.

Silver water is used by doctors during washing and irrigation of wounds.
She disinfects water in swimming pools.
This water is used in factories for the production of juices, water, milk, butter.
On sale there is "Silver water" with silver ions.

Recipe for the occasion::

To get silver water at home, it is enough to dip a clean silver coin, spoon or silver jewelry into ordinary drinking water and leave it for several hours. By the way, such water does not "bloom", flakes and other sediment do not appear in it.

How to freeze water

It is believed that if raw water is frozen and then thawed, it will become truly miraculous.

To purify water from impurities, proceed as follows:

Water is poured into a plastic container and placed in the freezer.
They are waiting for the water to freeze by about 3/4 of its volume.
Then unfrozen water is poured, and the ice is thawed and used for drinking or cooking.

Such manipulations are explained by the fact that during freezing, ice crystals try to displace impurities into the unfrozen liquid in order to obtain a normal, "correct" ice structure.

By the way, this theory is also put forward by some scientists. Well, ordinary people believe that all sorts of microorganisms accumulate in unfrozen water, ostensibly in this way trying to prolong their existence. And if such water is poured out in time, then the rest of the water after defrosting will become much cleaner.

How to purify water with activated carbon

Activated carbon is known to everyone. And many have it in their first aid kit. After all, it is he who is prescribed for poisoning or indigestion in order to remove toxins from the body, since coal is a good adsorbent.

But charcoal can not only help the stomach, but also purify the water that people want to use for drinking.

To do this, 5-10 tablets are placed in a gauze bag and placed on the bottom of a jar or other container. Pour water and leave it for several hours. During this time, the coal will absorb all the impurities - and the water will become much cleaner.

How to purify water with shungite

Shungite is a carbonaceous mineral. It is believed to be the best sorbent on Earth. If you put it in water, it will perfectly clean it from impurities, make it transparent. They say that such water tastes like spring water.

This is due to its ability to mix with organic and inorganic compounds. At the same time, shungite enriches water with useful microelements.

This is due to its unusual carbon structure. Its molecules are called fullerenes.

Shungite is washed in several waters.
Place it in a jar and fill it with water (for 150 g of shungite, take 3 liters of water).
They insist for three days.
The water is carefully drained and used for drinking, cooking, and washing.
And the stones are again poured with water and left for 8-10 hours.

Once a week, shungite should be washed well, and every six months, the pebble should be replaced with a new one, as its effect weakens over time.

Silicon, which can be bought at any pharmacy, has the same property.

How to purify water by settling

This method of water purification is used all the time by housewives who have flowers at home. After all, they do not water their green spaces with water that they just took from the tap.

Hostesses pour water into a container and leave for a day with the lid open. During this time, all chlorine will evaporate, and small particles that may be present in the water will settle to the bottom.

Thus, water is also purified for home use.

The settled water is carefully poured into another container, and the sediment is poured out. If the water was previously very cloudy or rusty, the procedure is repeated.

If this cleaning method is not enough, then the transfusion procedure can be carried out through a funnel, into which a small piece of gauze or bandage and cotton wool have been placed. This will also help to make the water cleaner. But this simplest way requires patience and extra free time.

Water with a lot of limestone is called hard water. But in soft water it is not enough. But hard water is healthier because it contains more magnesium, calcium and other trace elements that help cope with insomnia, headaches, weakness, heart disease and other ailments.
And soft water contains a lot of sodium, the excess of which is deposited in the body in the form of salt, at the same time, as it were, pushing out the salts of calcium, phosphorus and other trace elements.
People who decide to replace ordinary tap water with distilled water should know that it is purified not only from harmful impurities, but also from useful substances. After all, distilled water contains only traces of calcium, fluorine, magnesium and other trace elements. And therefore, it is practically useless for maintaining health.
If there is no filter in the house for water purification, then the following method is used: one drop of iodine is added to one glass of unboiled water.
Some recommend using salt to purify the water. Even if there is a positive effect from this method of purification, you cannot drink such water, as it damages the kidneys.

Using any of these methods of water purification at home, one should not forget about the water that fills rivers, streams, lakes around. It is necessary to do everything possible to maintain the purity of the water and the coastal zone. After all, it can happen that clean water becomes worth its weight in gold. And the rest of the water will be so dirty that no amount of cleaning will help.