Features of the logistics system. Goods as an object of logistics activities Goods are divided into

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1. Logistics as a science: definition, tasks, object, subject, rules of logistics

Logistics - an integrated system of active management of material flows based on the use of modern information technologies and optimization economic solutions, which considers material flows between economic entities and within them in unity and is aimed at achieving high final results of activity.

The purpose of logistics is to ensure the receipt (delivery) of products (goods) to the consumer at the right time and place at the lowest possible total cost of labor, material, financial resources.

The supply of materials, raw materials, finished products just in time has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the entire economic system and can significantly reduce material reserves and the costs of their formation and maintenance, as well as the total costs of production and distribution. Logistics, like marketing, comes from the interests of the consumer.

The goal of logistics activities is considered to be achieved when six conditions are met:

desired product;

required quality;

delivered in the required quantity;

at the right time;

to the right place;

with minimal cost.

The object of study of logistics are the material and corresponding financial, information flows accompanying production and commercial activities.

Since the logistic approach requires the introduction of a new object of study (flow), we will give its definition. Flow is a system of movable objects, a set of elements perceived as a whole. The flow is characterized by the following parameters: start and end points, speed, time, trajectory, path length, intensity. Flow intensity - the number of flow objects passing through points per unit of time.

Logistics can deal with diverse flows of material, transport, financial, energy, information, human. Most often in logistics you have to deal with material flows.

material flow - a set of goods, parts, inventory, considered in the process of applying to it a number of logistics (transportation, warehousing) and technological (machining, assembly) operations.

The material flow is characterized by such processes as transportation, loading and unloading operations, product processing, warehousing and storage.

The subject of study of logistics is the optimization of material and corresponding financial, information flows accompanying production and commercial activities. System optimization is carried out from the position of a single whole, i.e. minimization of costs in the entire logistics system, and not in a separate block.

The logistics system includes such enlarged blocks as supply (purchase) with transport support (delivery of products to enterprises), production, marketing of products with transport support (delivery of products to consumers). In accordance with this, the following functional areas of logistics are distinguished: logistics associated with the procurement or purchase of products (procurement logistics, or procurement logistics); production logistics; logistics specializing in sales, sales of products (distribution logistics).

Activities in the field of logistics have an ultimate goal, which is called "six rules of logistics" :

1. Cargo- the right product.

2. Quality- the required quality.

3. Quantity- in the required quantity.

4. Time- must be delivered at the right time.

5. Place- to the right place.

6. Expenses- at minimal cost.

The goal of logistics activity is considered to be achieved if these six conditions are met, i.e. the right product, the right quality, in the right quantity delivered at the right time to the right place with minimal cost.

The tasks of logistics are very diverse and are determined by the above ultimate goal of logistics management. Their classification and examples are given in Table 1.

Table 1

Classification and examples of tasks solved in logistics

Global

Are common

Private

1. Achieving the maximum effect of the functioning of drugs with minimal costs
2. Modeling of drugs and conditions for their reliable operation

1. Creation of an integrated system of regulation of MP and IP
2. Development of ways to manage the movement of goods
3. Definition of strategy and technology for the physical movement of goods
4. Development of a system for accounting and analysis of logistics costs
5. Implementation of a quality system at the enterprise
6. Forecasting volumes of production, transportation, demand, etc.
7. Identifying imbalances between needs and opportunities
8. Organization of pre-sales and after-sales customer service
9. Design and optimization of the structure of automated warehouse complexes
10. Implementation of MRP, JIT traffic control systems and their modifications
11. LC capacity planning
12. MP Control
13. Coordination of activities of various departments of enterprises
14. External and internal integration
15. Development of a logistics strategy

1. Reducing the level of safety stocks
2. Reduced inventory holding time
3. Reduction of transportation time
4. Determining the optimal number of warehouses in the served area
5. Search, selection of suppliers
6. Organization of acceptance, unloading, storage of MP
7. Increasing the current level of customer service
8. Choosing the location of the outlet

9. Short-term increase in power of drugs
10. Elimination of unproductive areas
11. Placing orders
12. Selecting the type of reseller
13. Choice of mode of transport for the carriage of goods
14. Choice of transportation route
15. Registration of a foreign trade transaction

Logistics operations- an independent part of the logistics process, performed at one workplace and / or using one technical device; a separate set of actions aimed at transforming material and/or information flows. Logistics operations include packaging, loading, transportation, unloading, unpacking, picking, sorting, warehousing, packaging, etc.

Logistic function- this is an enlarged group of logistics operations that are homogeneous in terms of the purpose of these operations and differ markedly from another set of operations. The classification of the main functions of logistics is given in Table 2.

table 2

Classification of logistics functions

Classification sign		Description
The nature of the tasks performed	Operational	Organization of work, direct management, flow control
The nature of the tasks performed	Coordinating	Identification and comparison of the needs and capacity of drugs, coordination of goals and coordination of actions of various departments within the enterprise and various parts of the drug center
	Basic	Supply, production, sales
	Key	Maintenance of service standards, procurement management, determination of volumes and directions of MT, demand forecasting, inventory management, physical distribution of products, determination of the sequence of goods moving through storage areas, transportation and all necessary operations with cargo along the way, management of production procedures, formation of economic relations supply of goods or provision of services
	Supportive	Management of warehouse operations, development, placement and organization of warehouse management, delivery and acceptance of goods, storage, sorting, preparation of the necessary assortment, packaging, labeling, preparation for loading, loading and unloading operations, cargo handling, protective packaging, ensuring the return of goods, providing spare parts and service maintenance, information and computer support
From a conceptual standpoint	Backbone	Organization of a management system for all resources
	Integrating	Consolidation, coordination, coordination of actions of participants in the logistics process within the enterprise and within the LC
	Regulatory	Saving resources, minimizing waste of all kinds (loss of time, inefficient operations, MP waste), minimizing costs
	Resultant	Aimed at achieving the ultimate goal of logistics management - the implementation of the six rules of logistics

The above classification of LF allows us to distinguish the following functional areas (spheres) of logistics management: procurement logistics; production logistics; distribution logistics; transport logistics; inventory logistics; warehousing logistics; service logistics; information logistics.

2. Reengineering in logistics

The typical path to systems integration is through a process called reengineering (reorganization) of the logistics process . The main idea is that to assess the possible and necessary scale of integration. First of all, it is necessary to identify and study the stages of implementation of specific actions. There are no general rules that define the ideal, or even minimum, degree of reengineering. It all depends on the decisions and intentions of the management.

To review and analyze the effectiveness of performing certain actions, solving problems, using resources, managing individual functional areas, or even the operation of the entire logistics system, almost the same procedures are used.

All logistics reengineering programs share four common features. First, the goal is to increase the level of integration of some or all aspects of the activity under consideration. The analytical foundations of integration are the principles of system analysis. Secondly, a very important element of the reorganization is the critical comparison of the existing system with the best examples of industry practice and the perception of best practices. Thirdly, in order to achieve the desired effect of integration, it is necessary to carry out a “averaging”, or decomposition, of the corresponding types of activities. To do this, it is necessary to establish an assessment of the effectiveness and costs by type of activity. Finally, reengineering involves constant work on improving quality.

CONCEPT OF LOGISTICS

Logistics- the science of organizing joint activities of all functional divisions of an enterprise for the passage of commodity flows from raw material suppliers through a manufacturing enterprise to end consumers.

Logistics studies not only commodity, but also related flows - informational and financial.

The main questions involved in logistics are:

1) managing the supply of the enterprise with raw materials and consumables (this includes solving such problems as choosing a supplier, calculating the optimal volume, structure and rhythm of delivery, evaluating the performance of the supplier);

2) planning, control, management of transportation and warehousing (at this stage, the tasks of choosing a carrier, the form of ownership of storage facilities, organizing the acceptance of goods and checking their quality are solved);

3) internal processing of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products;

4) bringing finished products to the consumer in accordance with the interests and requirements of the latter (maintaining the necessary assortment list of goods, timely processing of customer orders, searching for new forms and methods of marketing, analysis of trading activities);

5) transfer, storage and processing of relevant information.

Science coordinates such functional areas of the enterprise as supply, production and marketing.

Object of study of logistics- this is what can be individually described and considered by a logistics specialist, for example: material flows, flow processes, the process of fulfilling customer orders, the process of moving products along the supply chain, or any combination of them.

Subject of research logistics- this is the activity of logistics for management, planning, organization, control, regulation, accounting for the process of promoting products and services.

Purpose of logistics- creation of opportunities for improving the activities of employees of the enterprise's divisions, aimed at reducing the level of total costs and maximizing profits. The objective of logistics is achieved if the right product of the right quality is delivered at the right cost to the right consumer in the right quantity at the right time to the right place.

The purpose of logistics is achieved by excluding operations of an organizational and functional nature that do not create added value for the consumer. In other words, everything that does not benefit the consumer and, accordingly, the income of the enterprise is redundant.

Each company develops logistics concept- a system of views on improving the efficiency of the enterprise systems. It is based on the long-term goals of the enterprise and ensures the coordination of actions of all departments. Employees of the functional divisions of the enterprise should take an active part in the development of the concept. This not only increases the degree of their motivation to work in concert, but also, through the introduction of new ideas, can improve the content of the concept itself.

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF THE LOGISTIC APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT OF THE ENTERPRISE

The purpose of the logistics company is to increase revenue and minimize costs. In order to control ongoing processes, identify shortcomings and respond in a timely manner in order to reduce the negative effect, it is necessary to constantly answer the following questions:

1) evaluate the extent to which profit maximization was ensured;

2) in cases of unprofitable activity, identify the reasons for such management and determine ways out of the current situation;

3) to consider incomes on the basis of their comparison with expenses;

4) study trends in income changes;

5) to identify what part of the income is used to reimburse the costs of sales, taxes and profit generation;

6) calculate the deviation of the amount of net profit compared to the amount of profit from sales and determine the reasons for these deviations;

7) identify reserves to increase profits and increase profitability, determine how and when to use these reserves;

8) study the directions of use of profits and assess whether financing is provided at the expense of own funds.

Stages of income and financial results analysis:

1) assessment of the total profit from sales for the reporting period and in dynamics;

2) factor analysis of profit from sales;

3) study of profitability indicators and factors that influenced their change;

4) determination of measures to overcome unprofitability. The following indicators are most often calculated:

1) net profit - characterizes the final financial result of the economic activity of the enterprise.

Net profit= total revenue from sales of goods+ non-operating income - the amount of payment for the goods - distribution costs - non-operating expenses - taxes

Factor analysis involves the study of the main indicators that affect profit;

2) the indicator of product sales per ruble of cost is a general indicator that characterizes the assessment of the effectiveness of the use of both production resources and the costs of production and sale of products.

This indicator reflects the influence of all factors on the efficiency of production, primarily the factors of growth in labor productivity, capital productivity, reduction in material intensity and, ultimately, cost. It expresses the relationship between effect and cost;

3) return on sales - is the ratio of sold products (works, services) to its cost.

Profitability of sales= (profit from sold goods, works, services / cost of sold goods, works, services+ administrative and commercial expenses) x 100

In world practice, when characterizing the financial condition of an enterprise, they calculate the profitability ratio of products sold (Cr. p.)

Cr. P.= net profit from the sale of goods, works and services / sale of goods, works and services less taxes from sales

profitability ratio shows how much a company can get net profit per ruble of sold products.

GOODS AS AN OBJECT OF LOGISTICS ACTIVITY

Goods, as you know, have properties that make them useful to humans. The usefulness of a thing is determined by its use-value. Each product of labor has many properties, but its use value is formed only by those that determine the utility of the product of labor.

Use value of a commodity shows how it satisfies the specific needs of a person due to its properties.

By their nature, consumer properties are physical, chemical, biological, etc. Consumer properties of goods can be divided into three classes:

1) properties that satisfy material needs;

2) properties that satisfy non-material needs;

3) properties that ensure the satisfaction of the need in time.

The use-value of commodities is revealed in their consumption. In the conditions of market relations, a prerequisite for a correct assessment of the use value of a product is knowledge of its market. The potential use value of a product is realized in the process of satisfying physical, social needs, as well as material and non-material needs. A product in logistics can be considered as a specific product, extended and generalized. A specific product is a basic physical entity that has precise characteristics and is offered under a given description or model code.

Advanced Product- not only the image, but also the service (buying a car, for example, is linked to warranty service, the possibility of a return, etc.)

Generalized Product- a product in which consumer properties are expressed in the resulting socio-economic effect. The product must be brought to the level of commercialization. This means mastering the design production of goods, achieving their design cost, completing the necessary tests and obtaining the relevant documents, and creating warranty service stations. Goods are divided into consumer and industrial purposes. The nature of the use of goods of each of these groups is different, their purchase is caused by a variety of needs and is determined by different motives.

Consumer goods are divided into three groups:

1) durable goods– refrigerators, cars, furniture, clothes, etc.;

2) non-durable goods- food, detergents, i.e. those that are used either immediately or a limited number of times;

3) services These are actions that bring people a useful result. Services are considered an object of sale, but they cannot be packaged, stored or transported.

Industrial goods are divided into the following categories:

1) main equipment;

2) auxiliary equipment;

3) components and assemblies;

4) basic materials;

5) auxiliary materials and raw materials.

In logistics, the entire movement of goods from the manufacturer to the final buyer is studied: the mechanism for making a decision on the purchase, the organization of the purchase, transportation, warehousing and marketing.

This publication details modern concepts and tasks of logistics. The fundamentals of managing material, monetary, informational and other flows in the spheres of production and circulation are considered. A set of issues and tasks for the formation of production and commodity stocks is described. Attention is paid to such issues as intermediation in logistics, logistics of wholesale sales, etc. The option of choosing a supplier of goods is considered. The book is intended for students of higher and secondary educational institutions.

6. Goods as an object of logistics activities

Finished products are divided into:

1) means of production (which are made up of means of labor and objects of labor that are used by consumer firms);

2) commodities (which are sold to the final consumer).

Consumer goods are divided into:

1) consumer goods (such goods are characterized by constant demand for them, most often by daily consumption, while the consumer often does not think about the quality characteristics of the goods).

Goods are divided into:

a) the main goods of constant demand (characterized by constant purchase, large turnover due to the habit of consumers and the action of constant stimulating advertising);

b) goods of impulse purchase (characterized by unstable demand, sudden purchase depending on the need);

c) goods for emergency cases (purchased as needed, seasonal goods);

2) pre-selection goods (characterized by the fact that the consumer compares various options for goods when buying, he has a choice. Usually, simple distribution distribution networks with a small number of points of sale are created for such goods. This leads to a decrease in the level of logistics costs);

3) goods of special demand (in marketing, these are elite goods for which the consumer is ready to pay more and spend more effort to acquire them, these can be goods of a prestigious brand, fashion goods, etc.);

4) goods of passive demand (in marketing they are characterized by low demand, because they are not known on the market, for their sale the manufacturer needs additional efforts in the form of advertising costs, marketing campaigns, etc.).

Logistics management is determined by the product life cycle:

1) the development stage (characterized by a long duration, associated with the organization's investment in research and development work);

2) the stage of introducing the product to the market (a long stage, characterized by high logistics and marketing costs, almost complete lack of profit);

3) the stage of growth (this stage is determined by the rise in the level of demand for manufactured products, difficulties for logistics management - to correctly predict demand, determine the main places and points of sale of products, manage inventory, transportation, warehouses. Inaccurate information can lead to high costs.);

4) maturity stage (production growth rates, profit levels reach their maximum, at the end of the stage there may be a decrease in sales volume due to the action of competitors and the emergence of new products. At this stage, the action of logistics management is aimed at the active distribution of goods in the distribution network, controlling sales. );

5) the stage of decline (characterized by a decrease in sales volumes and a decrease in profits due to saturation of the market with goods, the emergence of new products, competing products, scientific and technological progress. The action of logistics management at this stage is aimed at reducing the number of points of sale of goods, reducing logistics costs, reducing stocks in warehouses).

Logistic cycle- a complex of cycles connected by integrated logistics functions.

The constituent cycles of the logistics cycle:

1) ordering, creating stocks;

2) processing consumer orders, organizing purchases and placing orders;

3) delivery, production;

4) collection of consumer orders and preparation of documents;

5) analysis and preparation of reporting documentation.

The object of study of a fairly new discipline "Logistics" are material and related information and financial flows. Activities in the field of logistics are multifaceted. It includes the management of transport, warehousing, stocks, personnel, organization of information systems, commercial activities. The fundamental novelty of the logistics approach is the organic interconnection, the integration of the above areas into a single material-conducting system. The purpose of the logistics approach is the end-to-end management of material flows.

Logistics defines the principles of managing the organization of joint activities of all functional divisions of the enterprise for the passage of commodity flows from raw material suppliers through the manufacturing enterprise to end consumers. This is the process of managing the movement and storage of raw materials, components and finished products in economic circulation from the moment money is paid to suppliers until the moment money is received for the delivery of the final product to the consumer.

If we consider in the aggregate the problems that are affected by logistics, then the issues of managing material and corresponding information flows will be common to them.

In domestic and foreign economic literature, one can find a broader interpretation of the concept of logistics, in which the control object is not limited to the material flow. Today, logistics includes the management of human, energy, financial and other flows in economic systems. Terms such as "banking logistics", "information logistics", etc. have appeared. The term "logistics" is beginning to be used in situations related to the clear planning of an agreed sequence of actions.

The main issues that logistics deals with are:

managing the supply of an enterprise with raw materials and consumables (this includes solving such problems as choosing a supplier, calculating the optimal volume, structure and rhythm of delivery, evaluating the performance of a supplier);

planning, control, management of transportation and warehousing (at this stage, the tasks of choosing a carrier, the form of ownership of storage facilities, organizing the acceptance of goods and checking their quality are solved);

internal processing of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products;

bringing finished products to the consumer in accordance with the interests and requirements of the latter (maintaining the necessary assortment list of goods, timely processing of customer orders, searching for new forms and methods of marketing, analysis of trading activities);

transmission, storage and processing of relevant information.

Science coordinates such functional areas of the enterprise as supply, production and marketing.

The object of study of logistics is that which can be individually described and considered by a logistics specialist, for example: material flows, flow processes such as fulfilling consumer orders, moving products along the supply chain, or any combination of them.

The subject of logistics research is the activity of logistics specialists in managing, planning, organizing, controlling, regulating, accounting for the process of promoting products and services.

Material flow management, like any other object, consists of the following two parts:

decision-making;

implementation of the decision.

In order to make informed decisions on the management of material flows, certain knowledge is required. Activities for the development of this knowledge are referred to as logistics. A large group of definitions interpret logistics as a science or scientific direction: logistics is an interdisciplinary scientific direction directly related to the search for new opportunities to improve the efficiency of material flows.

In addition, logistics sets and solves the following tasks:

demand forecast and stock planning based on it;

determination of the required capacity of production and transport;

development of scientific principles for the distribution of finished products;

construction of various variants of mathematical models of the functioning of logistics systems

The knowledge developed by science allows you to make informed decisions in the field of material flow management. For the practical implementation of the decisions made, specific actions are needed, therefore, another group of definitions considers logistics as follows: logistics is a direction of economic activity, which consists in managing material flows in the areas of production and circulation.

In the course of logistics activities, the material flow is brought to the enterprise, then its rational promotion through the chain of storage and production sites is organized, after which the finished product is brought to the consumer in accordance with the order of the latter.

The listed types of material flow management activities constitute the content of logistics, which the terminological dictionary of the same name defines as follows: logistics is the science of planning, controlling and managing transportation, warehousing and other tangible and intangible operations performed in the process of bringing raw materials and materials to a manufacturing enterprise, intra-factory processing of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products, bringing finished products to the consumer in accordance with the interests and requirements of the latter, as well as the transfer, storage and processing of relevant information. This definition, as follows from its content, treats logistics as a science.

As an economic activity, logistics is presented in the following definition: logistics is the process of managing the movement and storage of raw materials, components and finished products in economic circulation from the moment money is paid for the delivery of finished products to the consumer (principle of payment - receipt of money). This interpretation is more common in foreign literature.

The key concept of logistics is the concept of material flow. Material flows are formed as a result of transportation, storage and other material operations with raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products - from the primary source of raw materials to the end consumer. Material flows also connect various enterprises.

The material flow is cargo, parts and inventory items considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to them and assigned to a certain interval.

Rice. 1.

Identification of the stages of operations on the way of moving goods, parts, inventory items through transport, production, warehouse links allows:

see the overall process of moving a changing product to the end consumer;

design this process taking into account the needs of the market.

The allocation of the material flow as the main object of management somewhat simplifies the vision of economic processes. However, such a simplification allows us to set and solve the problems of end-to-end monitoring of the movement of goods, starting from the primary source of raw materials through all intermediate processes up to receipt by the final consumer. Abstracting from a number of factors and highlighting the material flow as the main object of research and management allows you to design end-to-end logistics chains, study and predict their behavior, while significantly reducing the dimension of modeling tasks, and also opens up new opportunities for a formalized study of economic processes.

You can look at the logistics object from different points of view: from the position of a marketer, a financier, a manager for planning and managing production, a scientist. This explains the variety of definitions of logistics.

Each enterprise develops the concept of logistics - a system of views on improving the efficiency of the enterprise. It is based on the long-term goals of the enterprise and ensures the coordination of actions of all departments. Employees of the functional divisions of the enterprise should take an active part in the development of the concept. This not only increases the degree of their motivation to work in concert, but also, through the introduction of new ideas, can improve the content of the concept itself. The development of such a concept is based on the analysis of logistics systems created at the enterprise.

Thus, logistics is the theory and practice of managing material flows. Therefore, let us dwell on the specifics of the logistics approach to managing material flows both at the macro and micro levels.

At the macro level, the chain through which a certain material flow passes sequentially consists of several independent enterprises. Traditionally, each of them is managed by the owner separately. At the same time, the task of managing the end-to-end material flow is not set and is not solved. As a result, the indicators of this flow, such as the cost price, reliability of receipt, quality, etc., at the output of the chain are formed quite randomly and, as a rule, are far from optimal.

Rice. 2.

In the logistic approach, the object of control is a through material flow. At the same time, the isolation of enterprises - links in the material-conducting chain - is largely overcome for the coordinated management of end-to-end material flow. The right cargo begins to arrive at the right time, to the right place, in the right quantity, the right quality. The promotion of the material flow throughout the chain in this case begins to be carried out at minimal cost.

At the micro level, the chain through which a certain material flow passes in series most often consists of various services of one enterprise. With the traditional approach, the task of improving the end-to-end material flow within the enterprise, as a rule, is not a priority for any department. The indicators of the material flow at the exit from the enterprise have a random value and are far from optimal.

With a logistic approach, a service is allocated and receives significant rights at the enterprise, the priority of which is to manage the end-to-end material flow, i.e., the flow that comes from the outside, goes through supply services, a production workshop, warehouses for finished products and then goes to the consumer. As a result, the indicators of the material flow at the exit from the enterprise become manageable.

The fundamental difference between the logistical approach to material flow management and the traditional one lies in the allocation of a single management function for previously disparate material flows; in the technical, technological, economic and methodological integration of individual links of the material-conducting chain into a single system that ensures effective management of end-to-end material flows.

Logistics is closely related to many other areas of the enterprise.

Logistics and marketing. The most significant relationship between logistics and marketing. Marketing is a management system that allows you to adapt production to market requirements in order to ensure a profitable sale of goods.

Marketing was in demand in practice due to the difficulties encountered with the sale of goods historically in an earlier period than logistics. In the middle of the XX century. the orientation of production to the release of the goods needed on the market and the use of marketing methods for studying demand and the impact on demand turned out to be a decisive factor in increasing competitiveness. The task of creating systems that provide end-to-end management of material flows was not relevant then, firstly, due to the lack of technical capabilities for building such systems in the economy, and secondly, due to the fact that the use of marketing techniques new for that time allowed the enterprise " step forward quickly." In today's conditions, it is no longer possible to "go ahead" only on the basis of the use of marketing. The demand identified by marketing must be met in a timely manner through fast and accurate delivery (“quick response technology”). This "quick response" to the emerging demand is possible only with a well-established logistics system.

Entering the economic arena in a later period, logistics complements and develops marketing, linking the consumer, transport and supplier into a mobile, technical, technological, planned and economically coordinated system.

Marketing tracks and determines the demand that has arisen, that is, it answers questions about what product is needed, where, when and in what quantity. Logistics provides the physical promotion of the demanded commodity mass to the consumer. Logistics integration allows you to ensure the delivery of the required goods to the right place, at the right time with minimal cost.

Marketing explores the market, advertising, psychological impact on the buyer, etc. Logistics, on the other hand, is primarily aimed at creating a technical and technological system for transporting goods along commodity distribution chains, as well as a system for controlling their passage. Let us explain the interaction of these two directions with an example.

There are the following tasks solved at the enterprise by the marketing service:

environmental analysis and market research;

consumer analysis;

product planning, determination of assortment specialization of production;

service planning, optimization of market behavior for the most profitable sale of services.

If the first two tasks can be solved by the marketing service without the participation of the logistics service, then the third and fourth should be solved jointly.

For example, the marketing service justified the need to release a new type of product. Then the task of the logistics service will be to provide production with raw materials, inventory management, transportation, and all in the context of a new type of product.

Solving the fourth problem, marketing defines a strict framework for the requirements of the logistics service for physical distribution. These requirements are met by logistics systems.

In general, the activities of logistics and marketing services are closely intertwined. Let's show their interrelation on the example of drinks poured into tetra packs. Package design is a marketing function; strength parameters of packages - logistics; the volume of the package - both marketing and logistics. Logistics is more responsible for the geometric parameters of the packages. Applying a bar code, which allows you to track the movement of each commodity unit, is also a logistics task. However, given that the application of a bar code on the packaging is one of the factors that encourages the purchase, its application can also be recommended by the marketing service.

Logistics and production planning. The logistics service at the enterprise closely interacts with production planning. This is due to the fact that production depends on the timely delivery of raw materials, materials, components in a certain quantity and quality. Accordingly, the logistics service of the enterprise, which ensures the passage of a through material flow (and therefore organizes the supply of enterprises), must participate in the decision to launch products into production, since it will have to provide production with resources.

On the other hand, logistics interacts with production in the process of organizing the marketing of finished products. Managing material flows in the process of implementation and having comprehensive information about the sales market, the logistics service, of course, must participate in the formation of a schedule for the release of finished products.

An essential task of the logistics service is the delivery of raw materials and components to the workshops directly to the workplace and the movement of manufactured products to storage sites. The weak relationship between production and logistics in the implementation of this function leads to an increase in stocks in different areas, creating an additional burden on production.

One of the main indicators characterizing the supplier and influencing the organization of the entire logistics process is product quality. Determination of the optimal level of quality, as well as control over its observance, is a joint task of the logistics and production planning services.

Logistics and finance. Activities for the management of material flows in the enterprise, as a rule, are associated with high costs. Accordingly, the activities of the logistics service are closely related to the activities of the finance service. For example, when determining the optimal volume of stocks, the logistics service will proceed not only from economic calculations, but also from the real financial capabilities of the enterprise. Joint decisions of logistics and finance services are also made when purchasing equipment to support logistics processes. Transport and storage costs are jointly controlled and managed.

Like any other science, logistics has not only a subject and an object, but also a method. The main methods used to solve scientific and practical problems in the field of logistics include the following.

Expert evaluation methods

1. Scenario method. It is a means of primary ordering of a logistical problem, obtaining and collecting information about the relationship of the problem being solved with others, about possible and probable directions for future development.

Scenario - a predominantly qualitative description of possible options for the development of the investigated logistical object under various combinations of certain (pre-selected) conditions. The scenario in a detailed form shows the possible scenarios for the development of events for their further analysis and selection of the most realistic and favorable ones.

A group of logistics experts draws up a scenario plan, which outlines the functional areas of logistics, as well as environmental factors taken into account when setting and solving a logistics problem. Different sections of the script are usually written by different groups of experts.

2. Delphi method. Unlike the scenario method, this method involves preliminary familiarization of logistics experts with the situation using some model.

Stages of the Delphi method:

several experts are asked the same question;

each expert develops his own estimates independently of other experts;

responses are collected and statistically averaged;

experts whose answers strongly deviate from the averages are asked to substantiate their assessments after presenting the averages;

experts develop justifications and submit them for consideration;

the average value and the corresponding justifications are presented to all experts for the development of the final decision

3. The goal tree method. Logistics experts are invited to evaluate the structure of the logistics model as a whole and make suggestions on the inclusion of unaccounted links in it. The goal tree is a connected graph, the vertices of which are interpreted as the goals of the logistic system, and the edges or arcs are the connections between them. This is the main tool for linking the goals of the upper level of the logistics organization with the specific means of achieving them at the lower operational level.

In program-target planning (when the goals of the plan are linked to resources using programs), the tree of goals acts as a diagram showing the division of the general goals of the logistics plan into subgoals of various levels.

The presentation of goals begins with the top level of the logistics organization, then they are sequentially disaggregated. The main rule for disaggregating goals is completeness: each top-level goal must be represented as subgoals of the next level in an exhaustive way, that is, so that the union of subgoals completely defines the original goal.

Methods using special computer programs

The use of computer methods that help specialists make decisions allows:

make quick and high-quality decisions in the field of material flow management;

train experienced specialists in a relatively short period of time;

to preserve the know-how of the company, since the person using this system cannot take the experience and knowledge contained in these programs outside the company;

use the experience and knowledge of highly qualified specialists in non-prestigious, dangerous, boring and other places

The disadvantages of computer systems include the limited ability to use "common sense". Logistics processes include many operations with a variety of goods. It is impossible to take into account all their features in a computer program. Therefore, in order not to put a 100 kg box on top of a 5 kg box during storage, the user of this program must have “common sense”.

Total Cost Analysis in Logistics

An effective material management method is full cost analysis, often referred to as the full cost concept. This method underlies the theory and practice of logistics.

Full cost analysis means taking into account all the economic phenomena that arise from changes in the logistics system.

Applying total cost analysis means identifying all costs in the logistics system and rearranging them in such a way as to reduce total costs. Full cost analysis was originally used in transportation to compare different transportation options. Subsequently, this method began to be used in the professional activities of logistics managers wherever it is necessary to make a choice from two or more alternatives.

Such an analysis also implies the possibility of varying the price when looking for solutions, that is, the possibility of increasing costs in one area if this leads to savings in the system as a whole.

The main difficulties in applying the method, which often do not allow you to see and read the "hidden" cost of the solution, are as follows:

the need for specialized knowledge;

the need to take into account factors associated with indirect costs.

northern delivery logistics procurement

Features of the logistics system. Goods as an object of logistics activities Goods are divided into

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