Treatment of indigestion in children. Dyspepsia in children: classification, clinical signs and methods of treatment

Functional dyspepsia in young children occurs regularly. This problem causes discomfort in the upper abdomen and gives the baby a lot of torment. Since the disease significantly impairs the quality of life of the child, parents try to cope with it as soon as possible.

Functional dyspepsia - what is it in children?

This disease is an organic or functional digestive disorder. The problem develops against the background of disruption of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Functional dyspepsia is common in children. This is due to the anatomical features of the structure of organs and systems, as well as a different state of metabolism from the adult.

Indigestion - causes

Dyspepsia in children, as a rule, develops as a result of a violation of the neurohumoral regulation of the motor function of the upper gastrointestinal tract. In some patients, the problem appears against the background of visceral hypersensitivity. In both cases, the disorder can be observed at any level - the central nervous system, pathways, intestinal receptor apparatus, enteroendocrine cells - and almost always causes dyskinesia of subordinate organs.

Fermentative dyspepsia in a child

Disorders are of different types. Fermentative dyspepsia in young and older children develops when carbohydrates are not digested intensively enough. Why exactly this condition occurs, doctors cannot yet answer. It is only known for certain that excessive consumption of carbohydrates and coarse fiber contributes to its appearance.

Fermentative functional dyspepsia in children is exacerbated due to:

cold drinks;
stale food;
soda;
sweets (especially if you eat them in the heat).

Putrid dyspepsia in children

This type of disease is also called yeast. This type of disorder develops against the background of the abuse of protein foods or with enzymatic insufficiency of the digestive organs. In most cases, this dyspepsia syndrome in children is diagnosed after eating fatty meats or semi-finished meats that are difficult for the stomach to digest. As a result, the food begins to rot in the intestines, and a large amount of toxins are released.

In addition to the fact that cases of yeast disorders become more frequent during the holidays, the problem can appear when:

intestinal atony;
pancreatitis;
anacid gastritis;

Fatty dyspepsia

Functional fatty dyspepsia in children occurs due to the consumption of foods high in refractory fats. The latter include pork and lamb fat and dishes prepared on the basis of these products. Such functional dyspepsia in young children is accompanied by profuse diarrhea. The stool is light and looks greasy.

Symptoms of dyspepsia in children

It is desirable to recognize the diagnosis of dyspepsia in children as early as possible. The problem manifests itself with the following symptoms:

vomit;
frequent stools (up to 8 times a day);
greenish feces with an unpleasant sour smell;
bloating;
loss of appetite;
a sharp decrease in body weight;
anxiety;
intestinal colic.

Some babies develop concomitant ailments against the background of the disease: thrush, diaper rash, stomatitis. A simple form of dyspepsia disappears in 2-7 days, but in children with a weakened immune system, it sometimes transforms into a toxic one, which is recognized by the following signs:

fever
incessant vomiting;
very frequent watery stools (up to 20 times a day);
dry skin and mucous membranes;
convulsions;
impaired consciousness (in the most severe cases).

Functional dyspepsia in children - treatment

Before treating fermentative dyspepsia in a child or any other form of illness, you need to determine the cause of the problem. For therapy to work, it must be carried out in a course. Treatment of dyspepsia in children involves not only taking medication, but also a strict diet. This will help to quickly restore the functioning of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract and prevent the occurrence of complications.

Early therapy has a favorable prognosis. Uncomplicated dyspepsia in young children is treated with the following drugs:

Domperidone. The drug refuses prokinetic action, increases the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter, is rapidly absorbed after ingestion.
Buscopan. It blocks M-cholinergic receptors and has a ganglioblocking effect, due to which it can effectively stop pain.
Rutacid. Protects the gastric mucosa, has a binding effect on bile acids, reduces the proteolytic activity of pepsin.
Pirenzepine. Antisecretory drug. Improves microcirculation in the mucosa and inhibits intragastric proteolysis.

The toxic form of dyspepsia should be treated only in a hospital setting. The child is prescribed a water-tea diet. Often, this fluid is injected into the body intravenously. If necessary, a course of injections is carried out - a solution of glucose, sodium chloride, Ringer. A week after hydration therapy, the child should be fed with breast milk or fermented milk mixtures.

Diet for dyspepsia in children

The diet is selected depending on the type and form of the disease, but there are some general recommendations that should be followed by almost all patients. You need to eat with dyspepsia often and fractionally. Acute digestive disorders in children exclude hearty dinners and require the obligatory intake of first courses. It is recommended to remove all artificial food additives, dyes, preservatives from the diet. The food you eat must be warm. It is advisable to cook food for a couple, boil or stew.

Dyspepsia in children is a fairly common disease characterized by a violation of the digestive process. Often, such an ailment is diagnosed in children in the first year of life, and the severity of the course directly depends on the amount of food consumed. This is due to the fact that the volume of food consumed does not always correspond to the capabilities of the gastrointestinal tract. There are several varieties of this syndrome in children - simple and toxic. In the first case, the functioning of the digestive tract is disrupted, in the second, a metabolic disorder is observed.

There are several reasons for the occurrence of such a disorder in babies - the immaturity of the organs of the digestive system, a sharp transition to artificial nutrition, the introduction of new products into the child's diet. But some experts believe that genetic predisposition or insufficient production of enzymes can serve as predisposing factors for the occurrence.

Such a disease in children is manifested by characteristic symptoms - severe pain in the abdomen, complaints of fullness in the stomach, early satiety, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, which can be replaced by constipation, as well as the occurrence of heartburn and belching.

Diagnostic measures for dyspeptic syndrome include laboratory tests of feces and blood, as well as instrumental examinations, including ultrasound and endoscopy. All these procedures are necessary in order to find the cause of the disease. Treatment of the disease depends on the results of the diagnosis and the type of course. With simple dyspepsia, therapy consists in the abolition of the product that caused the disorder, and the administration of medications that reduce the manifestation of characteristic signs. In the toxic form, treatment in a medical facility is necessary, as plasma transfusions, intravenous medications and antibiotics may be necessary.

Etiology

There are several groups of factors that affect the appearance of dyspeptic syndrome. They depend on the age group of the child. Thus, the reasons for the formation of dyspepsia in young children are:

irrational or irregular feeding of the baby;
frequent overfeeding of the child;
early and illiterate introduction of complementary foods to infants;
introduction to the diet of foods or dishes that do not correspond to age;
insufficient production of beneficial intestinal bacteria;
non-compliance with the established diet by a woman during breastfeeding;
defects in digestive enzymes is a hereditary disorder during which diseases associated with metabolism develop;
overheating of the body of the child.

Causes of the onset and development of the syndrome in older children:

malnutrition - the predominance of one or another group of nutrients, for example, only fats or carbohydrates;
eating low-quality products;
increased secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach with its inflammation - gastritis;
taking certain medications, such as antibiotics or hormonal substances;
prolonged exposure to stressful situations;
acute intoxication - in case of food poisoning or infectious and purulent diseases;
violation of the movement of food due to improper motility of the digestive tract.

A pronounced dyspeptic syndrome in a child requires immediate treatment, since a long-term illness can cause serious complications.

Varieties

Medicine knows two main types of the disease:

simple form- characterized by damage only to the organs of the digestive system;
toxic- represents a much greater danger, because metabolic disorders occur. Symptoms in this form are pronounced and disappear for a long time.

In addition, dyspeptic syndrome is divided depending on nutritional errors and causes. Thus, the disease is divided into:

fermentation- It is formed on the basis of eating a large amount of carbohydrates. For example, kvass and beer, legumes and fruits, cabbage and bread;
putrid- the predominance of protein in food, due to the use of a large amount of meat and eggs;
fatty- excessive intake of fats in the body.

Classification of the disease as the characteristic symptoms of the syndrome appear in children:

ulcerative- expressed by severe pain in the stomach, which disappear after eating. Therapy is carried out by taking medications;
reflux-like- there is the appearance of belching, heartburn and bloating;
dyskinetic- expressed by the occurrence of discomfort in the abdomen, which intensifies after eating, and increased gas emission;
non-specific.

There are also several other classifications, but they are most typical for adults.

Symptoms

The clinical manifestation of dyspeptic syndrome in newborns and older children begins with the expression of a simple form of the disease, which is characterized by the following symptoms:

constipation, which later gives way to diarrhea. The frequency of emptying can be more than five times a day;
the presence of mucus and characteristic lumps in the feces, which may have a white, yellow or green tint;
an increase in the volume of the abdomen;
increased gas separation;
fast saturation;
decrease or complete lack of appetite;
the occurrence of intestinal colic;
belching.

The duration of this form of the disease is approximately one week. If treatment is not started during this time, a more severe form of the disease develops - toxic. In this case, the expression of symptoms such as:

a significant increase in body temperature, up to a feverish state;
persistent nausea and frequent vomiting;
diarrhea - the frequency of emptying reaches twenty times a day;
severe dehydration;
sinking of a large fontanel in newborns;
significant weight loss;
decreased manifestation of reflexes;
lack of interest in new toys or people;
convulsions.

The toxic form of the syndrome can cause impaired consciousness, the development of a coma and the death of young children.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of dyspepsia in children includes a whole range of tools, and consists of an examination by a pediatrician and a pediatric gastroenterologist, laboratory tests and instrumental examinations.

First of all, the doctor needs to get acquainted with the medical history of the patient and his immediate family. This is necessary in order to exclude or confirm the genetic factors for the onset of the disease. After that, the specialist needs to find out the first time, intensity and duration of symptoms. Then a thorough examination is carried out.

Instrumental diagnostic methods include:

acidity test;
EGDS is a procedure during which a specialist examines the inner surface of the organs of the digestive system using a special tool. In this case, a mandatory biopsy is necessary;
determination of acidity in the stomach;
respiratory diagnostics - necessary to detect the bacterium Helicobacter pylori;
Ultrasound of the abdominal organs;
colonoscopy;
radiography with the use of a contrast agent;
determination of motility of the stomach and intestines;
manometry - carried out to assess the motor function of the esophagus;
probing - gastric or duodenal.

In addition, additional consultations of a pediatric neurologist and psychologist are necessary, since such a disease is often accompanied by disorders of the nervous system.

Treatment

After the detection of the characteristic symptoms of the disease and the diagnosis, drug and non-drug therapy is used to treat the disease in children.

Non-drug treatment consists of:

restriction of food intake - for six hours to give only liquid. In the future, follow the rules of nutrition according to the age group of the child;
the implementation of massage movements on the abdomen, clockwise;
walk with the baby after he has eaten. For twenty minutes, provide him with a vertical position;
exclusion of excessively tight swaddling;
dietary regulation in older children and adolescents;
complete elimination of overeating.

Drug treatment of dyspepsia consists in taking medications aimed at eliminating the signs of the disease. Patients are often prescribed - painkillers, proton pump blockers, drugs to reduce acidity, enzyme substances that normalize the digestion process. In addition, it is necessary to visit a psychotherapist and take psychotropic drugs.

Severe forms of dyspepsia in children are eliminated in a medical institution. In such cases, therapy includes plasma transfusion, the introduction of plasma replacement or saline solutions. You may need intravenous injections of drugs aimed at eliminating the symptoms and the disease that caused this ailment.

Prevention

Preventive measures for such a disorder are to follow simple rules:

maintaining a rational and balanced diet, according to the age of the child;
complete exclusion of overeating, eating low-quality foods and fast food;
maintaining a healthy lifestyle - for teenagers;
regular performance of moderate physical activity;
hygiene before eating;
regular visits to the pediatrician, at least once a year.

In most cases, dyspepsia in children has a favorable prognosis, ends in complete recovery and does not entail complications. But with untimely treatment, the prognosis is not so comforting. A toxic form of the disease can develop, which can lead to coma or death.

How to Diagnose

At the first signs of a disorder, you should contact a pediatrician who will examine the child and, if necessary, appoint a consultation with a pediatric gastroenterologist. You may need consultation and treatment with a pediatric neurologist and psychologist for problems with the nervous system.

The diagnosis is based on the results of instrumental and laboratory studies.

Instrumental methods of examination include all of the following.

X-ray of the stomach and subsequent examination of the intestine.
Carrying out duodenal or gastric sounding.
Endoscopic examination of the stomach and duodenum.
Abdominal ultrasound.
Measurement of the acidity of gastric contents using a special test.

Laboratory diagnostics includes the following main tests:

A blood test from a vein for biochemistry.
Examination of blood and urine for the enzymatic activity of the pancreas.
Examination of feces for the presence of bacteria, worms (all information on worms in a child).
Carrying out a coprogram in order to diagnose the working capacity of the digestive organs.

To diagnose dyspepsia in a child, an ultrasound of the abdominal cavity is performed.

Treatment

Do not worry with a single case of vomiting or diarrhea - you just need to adjust the baby's nutrition. For example, a new product should be introduced gradually, given in small amounts, and follow-up response to the new product should be monitored. It should be noted that signs of an upset digestive system can be observed if the child is overheated in the sun.

The basic principles of treatment can be represented by the following actions:

Correction of the child's nutrition.
Drinking regimen optimization.
Folk methods of therapy.
Belly massage.
Medical therapy.

With frequent diarrhea (more than 10 times a day) and vomiting, you should definitely seek medical help. Such a condition may portend not only functional disorders of the digestive organs in children, but also be expressed by the appearance of an intestinal infection (dysentery).

Treatment of nutritional dyspepsia

The principles of treatment of this type of dyspepsia are:

normalization of nutrition;
enhanced drinking regime;
use of folk remedies;
medical treatment.

Treatment of alimentary dyspepsia suggests that the volume of food must be replenished with the volume of liquid. That is, during the period of exacerbation, give the child as much water as possible. If the child is breastfed, then it is worth abolishing complementary foods and leaving only breastfeeding.

To cure dyspepsia in a child, it is necessary to strengthen his drinking regime

Treatment of nutritional disorders is usually carried out at home. When normalizing nutrition, it is important to know what will help the baby to recover as soon as possible. The mother's daily action plan is presented below.

First day

Leave the baby without mother's milk up to 12 hours.
During the absence of milk, replace feeding with baby tea with sugar.
The maximum amount of tea should not exceed 300 ml.
After 12 hours, breastfeed.
The dose of milk after a break is not more than 100 ml.

Second day

Feeding mother's milk 5 times a day.
The maximum volume for one feeding is 100 ml.
If the child needs more food, then add children's tea.

From the third to the fifth day

The amount of milk per feeding increases to 175 ml.
Weigh your baby regularly.
If the stool is abnormal, then replace mother's milk with protein in a volume of 100 ml.

What to do if the mother does not have milk

With artificial feeding, food unloading is carried out, the principle of which is to cancel 2-3 feedings. Feeding is replaced by drinking. If formula fed, dilute half with water. Such therapy is carried out until vomiting and diarrhea stop. The mother's daily behavior plan is presented below.

With artificial feeding, food unloading is carried out and sometimes the mixture is replaced with water.

First day

The first 12 hours of food only tea.
The maximum volume of tea is 300 ml.
After 12 hours, use rice water.
Multiplicity of feedings with decoction 4 times.
The maximum dose of decoction is 150 ml per feeding.

Second day

The number of feedings per day is not more than 6 times.
Feed four times out of six with rice water.
A single dose of decoction is not more than 150 ml.
Add kefir two remaining times.
Dose of kefir 150 ml.

Third day

Multiplicity of feedings 5 times.
Two times out of five feed with rice water.
Three times out of five, use kefir or protein milk.
The dose of decoction or kefir is 125 ml per feeding.
In kefir or milk, you can add 5 grams of sugar.

Fourth day

Multiplicity of feeding the baby 7 times.
Apply protein milk or kefir five times.
Feed twice with rice water.
The dose of any feeding is 150 ml.

From the fifth day, the frequency of feeding is returned to what it was before dyspepsia. Rice broth is kept for another one or two days. Then they are transferred to classic mixtures, preferably sour-milk ones. Sugar can be added to the broth up to 10 grams.

In the treatment of alimentary dyspepsia, traditional medicine helps well. So, for example, decoctions of chamomile have an anti-inflammatory effect, and tea brewed from blueberry leaves is an indispensable remedy for diarrhea.

Eubiotics (“Bifidumbacterin”) will help eliminate dysbacteriosis and normalize the microflora. For colic, antispasmodics are used - "Papaverine" or "Drotaverine".

You can normalize the intestinal microflora with the help of "Bifidumbacterin"

Treatment of toxic dyspepsia

With toxic dyspepsia, the child is hospitalized urgently. To eliminate the acute symptoms of dyspepsia, it is advisable to prescribe antibiotics, saline solutions (Acesol, Disol, Trisol, Ringer's solution), as well as a 5% glucose solution. If a secondary infection is not excluded, antibiotic treatment is carried out.

So, the main points of treatment of the toxic form of the disorder:

Hospitalization.
Replenishment of the volume of lost fluid.
The use of eubiotics.
Correction of pathological flora with antibiotics.

Lost fluid is replenished with 50 ml of drink every half hour after vomiting or defecation.

How massage can help

Not the last place in the treatment of indigestion in children is massage. With flatulence and colic, abdominal massage helps a lot. To carry it out, the child is laid on his back and with a light stroke with a gradual increase in pressure, the tummy is massaged in a clockwise direction. This massage for 5 minutes will help relieve spasm and relax the muscles.

In addition to massage, applying a warm diaper or heating pad to the epigastric region will help alleviate the pain of colic. Of the drugs in this case, "Espumizan", "Bobotik" or "Plantex" are used.

Parenteral dyspepsia is eliminated by excluding the associated disease.

Conclusion

Thus, dyspepsia always needs a careful assessment of the risk of the further condition of the child. With the development of serious painful symptoms, especially in infants, immediate therapeutic measures are indicated. A simple and effective method for the timely recognition of problems dangerous to the health of the child is to contact a specialist in time.

The child has indigestion, accompanied by unpleasant symptoms. Parents are lost and don't know what's wrong. What comes first: deviations in the functioning of organs or indigestion as a result of malnutrition? These factors are interrelated. A small problem in the work of the gastrointestinal tract can provoke the development of a disease called dyspepsia.

What is dyspepsia

Dyspepsia is a digestive disorder caused by abnormalities in the activity of the gastrointestinal tract, in particular in the work of the stomach.

Synonyms of the disease - indigestion, indigestion.

Among the most common manifestations of dyspepsia in children are:

discomfort, pain in the stomach of varying degrees;
slow, difficult digestion of food;
heaviness in the stomach;
early saturation.

Dr. Komarovsky about abdominal pain in a child: video

Types of disease and causes

Dyspepsia is divided into:

functional;
alimentary;
toxic;
organic.

Indigestion can occur both as a result of violations of the rules of nutrition, and as a result of poisoning the body with toxins, in which case treatment in a hospital may be required.

Simple (functional)

Simple, or functional, dyspepsia in children occurs due to improper enzymatic activity of the endocrine glands, motor disorders and problems of the nervous system.

Subtypes of functional dyspepsia:

ulcerative;
dyskinetic;
nonspecific.

Alimentary

The development of the alimentary form of the disease is provoked by malnutrition: systematic overeating, eating poorly cooked or stale foods.

Causes of dyspepsia in infants:

overfeeding;
non-compliance with the rules for introducing complementary foods;
lack of diet.

Fermentative, putrefactive and other forms of alimentary dyspepsia: table

View	Characteristic	Eating Disorders
fermentation	It is characterized by a lack of pancreatic juice components involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates. As a result, the food is not digested completely. Consequences: decreased motor activity of the small intestine; the formation of bacteria; fermentation development.	Excessive or unbalanced consumption of foods such as: cabbage; legumes; sausages; confectionery; raw fruits and vegetables.
putrid	the formation of putrefactive processes associated with improper breakdown of proteins; irritation of the intestinal walls with decay products; decrease in pancreatic secretory activity.	eating meat in excess of the norm; stale produce.
fatty	a decrease in the number of enzymes that break down fat; decreased secretion of bile.	Inclusion in the diet of foods containing saturated fats (lamb, pork).

toxic

Toxic dyspepsia is a nutritional complication that occurs in children under one year old. It begins as a violation of digestion, as a result of which intoxication of the gastrointestinal tract occurs: harmful substances enter the bloodstream, which leads to poisoning of the whole organism. In this case, there is a negative effect on the nervous system, metabolism suffers.

In the role of provoking factors are not only errors in nutrition, but also infection with microbes.

organic

Organic dyspepsia is a secondary digestive disorder. It is caused by a disease that is infectious in nature or is the result of damage to any organ. Toxins (causative agents of the main pathology) affect the autonomic nervous system, as a result of which it ceases to cope with the regulation of the digestive system. Consequences of this process:

acceleration of peristalsis;
decrease in bile secretion;
decline in enzyme activity;
changes in absorption processes in the intestine.

Symptoms in children depending on the type of dyspepsia: table

View		Symptoms
functional	ulcerative subspecies	pain in the epigastric region
	dyskinetic subspecies	feeling of fullness in the stomach; discomfort after eating; bloating.
	nonspecific subspecies	mixed signs of ulcer-like and dyskinetic types
Alimentary	fermentation	bloating; heaviness and dull pain in the stomach; diarrhea.
	putrid	belching; nausea; bloating; stomach discomfort.
	fatty	full stomach; heaviness in the abdomen; pain in the stomach after eating; belching; flatulence.
toxic		nausea; frequent vomiting; watery stool; toxicosis; dehydration; increase in body temperature; lethargy, apathy.
organic		vomit; diarrhea.

Diagnostics

Symptoms alone are not enough to make a diagnosis; the doctor must determine whether dyspepsia is functional or whether indigestion signals a malfunction in the internal organs.

When making a diagnosis of "alimentary dyspepsia" in infants, the doctor:

analyzes symptoms;
appoints a fecal analysis;
asks the mother questions about the food consumed, the diet and the regularity of the stool in the child.

Endoscopy and x-rays to assess the condition of small patients are not performed.

Diagnosis of toxic dyspepsia is carried out in a hospital, when the first alarm signals are detected, a doctor is called to the house and the child is hospitalized.

To identify simple dyspepsia, the simultaneous presence of the following points is necessary:

absence of pathological changes in organs;
manifestation of indigestion for at least three months;
the severity of symptoms does not depend on the process of bowel movement (thus, irritable bowel syndrome can be excluded).

Research types:

Similar studies can be carried out in the clinic. They are carried out at the initial stage in order to prescribe the correct therapy. However, if progress in treatment does not occur, the patient may be admitted to the hospital for an in-depth diagnosis, which includes:

X-ray of the stomach. The conformity of the organ to normal sizes is recorded.
Electrogastrography. The rate of peristalsis is measured.
Examination of gastric juice, measurement of its Ph. The acidity of the stomach is determined.

As a result of the tests, the doctor receives data for making a differential diagnosis. If no pathological disorders of the internal organs are found, then the digestive system is healthy at the level of its structure, however, the symptoms indicate the presence of deviations in the implementation of the interaction between the organs. This is called functional dyspepsia.

When a pathology of any organ is detected, a diagnosis of a primary disease is made and "organic dyspepsia" as a consequence.

Treatment

Treatment of dyspepsia is associated with the elimination of causes and symptoms. The causes are eliminated with the help of diet, and the symptoms - with medication. Timely normalization of the work of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract is necessary due to the fact that any disturbances in the digestive system lead to serious complications.

Medications prescribed in childhood, depending on the symptoms: table

Symptom	Indication for use	Group	Preparations	Operating principle	From what age is it allowed to use
Diarrhea	They are prescribed to alleviate the condition with symptoms of loose stools, treatment of irritable bowel.	Adsorbents	Neosmectin.	adsorption of bacteria; slowing down inflammatory processes; restoration of the mucous membrane; normalization of intestinal motility; destruction of Helikobacter pylori bacteria; removal of bile salts; increasing the resistance of the mucosa to the effects of hydrochloric acid.	Since birth
Heartburn	They are used to eliminate discomfort in the stomach, normalize the digestive process.	Antacids		removal of irritation of the gastric mucosa; protection of the intestinal walls from damage.	From 1 month
Violation peristalsis, processes fermentation, nausea, vomiting	They are prescribed for violations of peristalsis, slow or, conversely, increased activity of the intestinal walls.	Motility activators		Equalization of the intensity of bowel movements	From 3 years old
		Antiemetics		Activation of smooth muscle contraction of the small intestine	Since birth
Increased stomach acid	Used to eliminate the cause of burning in the epigastric region.	Hydrochloric acid blockers	Omeprazole	Suppression of the synthesis of hydrochloric acid in the stomach	From 5 years old
Dysbacteriosis, diarrhea, constipation, intestinal colic	Indicated for use in functional dyspepsia for the treatment of intestines.	Prebiotics and Probiotics		Restoration of intestinal microflora; normalization of stomach acidity; mucosal recovery.	Since birth
			Linex	Enrichment of the body with beneficial bifidobacteria
				Enrichment of the body with beneficial bifidobacteria
Complicated digestion	They are prescribed for low enzymatic activity, with an ulcer-like variant of functional dyspepsia.	Enzymes		Introduction of enzymes into the body to facilitate the process of digestion
Presence of toxins	Appointed when an intestinal infection is detected.	Antiseptics		Destruction of bacteria that cause intestinal infections	From 2 years old

Drugs used for indigestion, pictured

Almagel normalizes the process of digestion
Alfa Normix is prescribed when an intestinal infection is detected Bifidumbacterin is prescribed for dysbacteriosis, diarrhea, constipation
Mezim Forte refers to enzyme preparations Motilium - an antiemetic prescribed from birth Smecta is a popular enterosorbent widely used in pediatrics. Trimedat is indicated for violation of peristalsis
Hilak Forte enriches the children's body with beneficial bifidobacteria

Diet

There is no single diet to treat all types of dyspepsia. The list of recommended and prohibited foods is formed depending on the nutritional errors that caused the disease. Products that caused indigestion and the formation of pathogenic microflora in the intestines should be excluded from the patient's menu until he is completely recovered.

Features of the diet for alimentary dyspepsia: table

Diet for alimentary and toxic dyspepsia for newborns and infants

Allowed and prohibited foods for functional dyspepsia: table

Approved Products	Prohibited Products	Products in small quantities
chicken meat; fish; chicken egg (boiled, scrambled eggs); thin soups; dairy products; wheat crackers; vermicelli; plant food; cereals; juices, compotes.	pork, lamb, beef; smoked meats; soups-puree on meat broth; scrambled eggs; hard cheeses; cornmeal products; confectionery; legumes; sorrel, onion, garlic; sausages; caviar, canned food, herring in oil.	fatty dairy products when added to meals; dumplings; flour; honey, chocolate.

Table number 4

When you visit a doctor, you will receive a memo with the name "Table No. 4".

oatmeal, rice, buckwheat;
fruit and berry compotes and kissels;
skim cheese;
low-fat varieties of fish in boiled form;
minced meat dishes;
boiled meat (chicken, turkey);
wheat crackers;
cocoa, tea, decoctions of quince, wild rose, blueberries and currants;
egg (steam omelet);
butter in small quantities when added to dishes.

The diet is very strict and allows the use of only dishes from the list, all other products must be excluded, it is unacceptable to use spices in the cooking process.

Folk remedies

Phytotherapy is widely known from folk methods. Herbs should be selected to eliminate the identified pathologies of digestion.

To normalize the digestive system, it is necessary to establish the work of several organs at once: the stomach, gallbladder, liver.

The pancreas is poorly treated with herbs, its function is restored with the help of a diet. However, ensuring a sufficient flow of bile allows you to reduce the load on it, thereby helping to start the self-healing mechanism. Some herbs have a positive effect on several organs at the same time.

Only a few types of herbs can be consumed at any age.

Herbs that have a choleretic effect, improve digestion, are allowed for children from 12 years old: calamus rhizomes, yarrow, St. John's wort, celandine. Dosages are determined individually after consultation with a doctor.

Medicinal properties of herbs: table

grass name	Properties	Recipe	Dosages
Peppermint	analgesic effect on the stomach; anti-inflammatory effect; neutralization of bacteria.	Take 1 teaspoon of herb for 1 cup of boiling water. Insist 5 minutes. Strain.	Dosages for one dose after meals: newborns - 1/8 cup; children aged 1–2 years - 1/7; 3–4 years -1/5, 5–6 years - 1/4; 7-10 years - 1/2 cup; teenagers - 1 glass.
Chamomile	cessation of fermentation and gas formation; restoration of intestinal microflora; removal of spasms of smooth muscles of the stomach; antibacterial effect.
Dandelion	improvement of appetite; choleretic effect.	10 grams of dandelion flowers (1-2 tablespoons) pour 1 glass of water. Boil for 15 minutes on low heat. Insist 30 minutes.	Children - 1 teaspoon 3-4 times a day 15 minutes before meals.

Treatment prognosis and possible complications

With timely detection of symptoms and taking the necessary measures, the prognosis is favorable. Not all medicines immediately give the desired effect, this is due to the fact that they remove the consequences. Transferring a child to a diet allows you to eliminate the causes that cause the development of symptoms. The goal of treatment is to eliminate pathologies and normalize digestion.

Interruptions in the proper functioning of the stomach without timely treatment can cause the following complications:

belching;
nausea and vomiting;
heartburn;
constipation;
diarrhea.

Prevention

Parents can ensure the prevention of diseases of the digestive system by adjusting the diet of the child.

Principles of a preventive diet:

All nutrients must be present in equal proportions. This can be ensured by making sure that the diet contains vegetables, fruits, meat products, eggs, cereals.
Do not abuse confectionery.
Prefer boiled food over fried food, this will help protect against the occurrence of fatty dyspepsia.
Refuse carbonated lemonade, fast food.
Monitor the volume of servings, the amount of meat at one time - no more than 100 g.
Cook vegetables boiled or stewed. Do not eat a lot of cabbage, legumes, use these vegetables only when added to dishes.
Increase the content of sticky, enveloping foods in the diet: cereals, soups, mashed potatoes. This has a positive effect on the functioning of the intestines.
Eat according to the regimen, include easily digestible foods in dinner, for example, sour-milk.
Don't eat before bed.

Rules for the prevention of nutrition for children under 1 year old:

You can't overfeed your baby.
Complementary foods should be introduced in small portions, carefully monitoring the reactions of the body, the mood of the baby, the color and regularity of the stool.
It is important to start complementary foods with hypoallergenic and specially adapted foods, such as cereals.
At the first signs of indigestion, it is necessary to stop complementary foods and seek advice from a pediatrician.

Interview with PhD Elena Adamenko: video

Of course, dyspepsia in a child is an unpleasant phenomenon, but after getting acquainted with information about the types of diseases and methods of treatment, parents can begin their research on how drugs, products, folk remedies affect the child's body. A well-chosen diet can become the basis of a preventive diet.

In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of patients diagnosed with functional dyspepsia. And, despite significant advances in the field of pediatrics, the growth trend is sustainable.

According to research results, functional dyspepsia in children ranks second in the structure of childhood morbidity. That is why this problem is so acute today.

Dyspepsia is a symptom complex of digestive disorders. This concept is preliminary.

It is used in the initial stages of in-depth diagnostics. In the future, after a series of analyzes and studies, this diagnosis can be deciphered:

organic dyspepsia - gastritis of various forms, peptic ulcer;
functional dyspepsia - disorders of the digestive system.

Today, it is quite difficult to get a detailed answer to the question of why and why it occurs in children of different ages.

This is not possible because the pathogenesis of the disease has not yet been fully studied. However, most development mechanisms today have already been deciphered.

Functional dyspepsia in children can manifest itself in many ways and include many symptoms, such as indigestion, heaviness after eating, early satiety, frequent belching and sometimes nausea, so careful diagnosis and treatment is required.

Causes of pathology

In a child, like any functional disorder, functional dyspepsia is an ailment caused by a malfunction in the motor function, in this case, the upper digestive tract and duodenum. In young children, a disease such as functional dyspepsia can develop with malfunctions at any level:

local - the nervous system of the stomach and intestines, the receptor apparatus;
peripheral - pathways;
central - the brain;
motor disorders - a decrease in the preparedness of the stomach for incoming food, its timely emptying.

There are many reasons for the development of functional dyspepsia, among them there are alimentary ones:

irregular meals;
eating flour products in large quantities without drinking liquids;
abuse of spices, fatty foods;
binge eating.

Sometimes the cause of the development of the disease can be neuropsychic stress, when the child is faced with problems that are difficult for him to endure. For example, the death of a relative, abuse in the family, the rejection of a teenager among peers, constant fear, anxiety.

Recently, the role of Helicobacter pylori infection has been actively studied, since approximately 70% of children who have been diagnosed with functional dyspepsia, the analysis for HP was positive.

This infection has been found to have a negative effect on gastric motility.

Symptoms of the manifestation of the disease

The general symptoms of functional dyspepsia can be divided into several main areas, depending on the clinical manifestations:

Ulcer-like - characterized by localized pain in the stomach of the anterior abdominal wall. An exacerbation occurs after eating and drugs that negatively affect the child's intestinal tract;
Reflux-like - after eating, belching, nausea, vomiting are often observed, there is a feeling of bloating;
Dyskenetic - there are regular pains in the stomach, aggravated after eating. There is a lack of perception of fatty and dairy foods;
Nonspecific - does not occur in children.

Symptoms may vary depending on the age and nature of the disease. Therefore, in order to better understand how this disease proceeds and to identify its first signs, it is necessary to understand in detail the manifestations of this disease depending on age.

Dyspepsia in children of the first year of life

So, it occurs quite often in the first years of their life. It can proceed in different ways: develop instantly or progressively. Harbingers of this disease may be such symptoms:

defecation begins to occur more often;
there is a decrease in appetite;
anxiety may be present;
regurgitation becomes more frequent after eating.

After a few days, the frequency of stools can reach up to 7 times a day. Moreover, it becomes more liquid, its color and smell change.

Mucus may be present in the stool. Minor regurgitation is replaced by regular vomiting. Appetite is reduced until the complete refusal of food. Severe colic in the abdomen is often disturbing, the child shows this by stretching his legs up and crying.

Against the background of this disease, many other diseases can develop, in particular, thrush, stomatitis.

In premature or weakened babies, dyspepsia occurs in a more acute form. There is an increase in temperature, the stool becomes watery, and its frequency can reach up to 20 times a day.

Frequent vomiting, high temperature, together with diarrhea, lead to a significant loss of fluid - dehydration of the body, retraction of a large fontanel, weight loss. The face changes, pallor appears, his gaze will be fixed at one point, his reflex functions are significantly reduced. Such standing without timely treatment can be fatal for the baby.

Functional dyspepsia in adolescents

Older children have frequent abdominal pain, weakness. As a rule, there is rapid satiety, after eating there is nausea, a feeling of heaviness, belching.

In the advanced stages of indigestion, there is an alternation of constipation and diarrhea, headaches are present, and the likelihood of developing duodenogastric reflux increases. It should be noted that the situation is exacerbated by the stressful state of adolescents.

Diagnosis of the disease

First of all, it is aimed at differentiating the nature of the disorder: an organic disease or a functional one?

Since there is no clearly established cause of the disease, the study of children with suspected functional dyspepsia is carried out comprehensively. It includes:

examination of the patient with a complete collection of anamnesis;
the nature of the disorder of the digestive system is established. The doctor prescribes an ultrasound of the abdominal organs, an x-ray of the stomach. The time of admission and the type of examinations are calculated individually depending on the course of the disease;
laboratory tests are a detailed analysis of blood, feces and urine;
study of the coprogram - using the method, single leukocytes, mucus are detected;
study of the gastrointestinal tract.

Since this is almost always associated with a violation of the nervous system, a consultation of a neurologist and a psychologist is prescribed.

During the consultation, the doctor takes into account all the symptoms and draws up an examination plan that will identify the cause of the development of disorders in the gastrointestinal tract.

Treatment of functional dyspepsia in children

Functional dyspepsia of mild form in children is treated on an outpatient basis. The basis of treatment is the selection of nutrition. In most cases, a simple adjustment is enough. But in some cases it is required:

cancellation of all products that can lead to violations. Undesirable include: spicy seasonings, semi-finished products, smoked meats, carbonated drinks;
compliance with the diet and diet, but when choosing a diet, age must be taken into account so that a sick child has the opportunity to receive all the nutrients he needs, according to his years;
infants are recommended to reduce the amount of food, as well as replace one or two feedings with water or tea;
babies are recommended glucose-salt solutions;
enzymes are prescribed to improve digestion;
sorbents - remove toxins from the body;
antispasmodics to relieve abdominal pain.

However, the dosage of all drugs should be age-appropriate, and after the onset of the first signs of improvement, bifidus and lactobacilli are recommended.

A severe variant is treated in a hospital setting. Therapy is prescribed taking into account the age and characteristics of the course of the disease. In the most difficult situations, plasma transfusion and antibiotic therapy may be required.

One who suffers from a disease must lead a special way of life. When it comes to infants, compliance with the temperature regime, a thorough examination and monitoring of the dynamics are required.

Disease prevention

The complexity of functional dyspepsia is such that it can strike no matter what lifestyle the child has. .

Therefore, even with diet and feeding regimens, the risk of developing the disease does not decrease.

However, parents can prevent the formation of indigestion. Babies need to be very careful to introduce complementary foods, monitor their cleanliness and undergo regular examinations. As for teenagers, things are a little more complicated here.

It is simply impossible to keep them from eating junk food, such as chips, crackers and other things. Therefore, parents can do one thing - to ensure that children receive vitamins in the right amount for them.