African precipitation in summer and winter. Seasons, weather and climate of north africa
Winter occurs in some parts of Africa, but not all. She comes there in the summer. While it's warm here, it's snowing. This is due to the fact that Russia and Africa are on opposite sides of the globe. When earth turns on its axis, with one side it looks at the sun, and its other side is in the shadow. On that part of the land, which is currently closer to the sun, spring and summer occur, and on the remote part, autumn and winter come.
There are two tropical zones on the African continent - northern and southern. The climate in them is different. The warmest and most stable weather in that part of the land, which is closer to the equator. At the equator, the weather is always stable. In those parts of Russia that are close to zero latitude, snow does not fall in winter either. For example, he is not in the city of Sochi. At the equator during the year there is only tropical air mass and there is no change of seasons. Summer is very hot, and in winter it is usual warm weather... In the tropical zone there is a heat pole, that is, the hottest place on the planet. For example, near the city of Tripoli, the capital of the state of Libya, an air temperature of + 58 ° C was recorded in the shade. It was not possible to measure the temperature in the sun, because there were not so many divisions on the thermomiter. In a desert of sand, the air is very dry. During the day, the surface of the earth heats up quickly. There can be a difference of 20 degrees between daytime and nighttime air temperatures in one day. Therefore, camel travelers usually travel at night and try to get from one staging point to another before sunrise.
There is another difference between the tropical climate in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres of Africa. On southern part the continent is blown by trade winds coming from the Indian Ocean, and to the north - air from Eurasia. The trade winds do not change the tropical climate in the northern part, and they bring precipitation to the southern part. Therefore, rain and snow are more likely to occur in the Southern Hemisphere.
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Usually real winter with snow and stable cold temperature happens only on the tops of mountains and plateaus of Africa. At this time, animals living in cold areas begin to migrate to other areas. The reason is that when the ground dries up, herbivores like zebras have nothing to feed on. According to eyewitnesses, the strings of animals stretch for tens of kilometers. After the cold has passed, they return back as our migratory birds.
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Interestingly, precipitation in Africa is distributed almost. Their number decreases symmetrically in both directions from the tropics, where it reaches its minimum values, and then increases again on the subtropical outskirts of the continent. In equatorial latitudes, approximately between 5 ° N. and 5 ° S, precipitation is regular and abundant. In Congo (Zaire) and on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, up to 2000-3000 mm of precipitation falls per year. And on the windward slopes of the massif - up to 9000 mm. In subequatorial latitudes, up to about 17-19 ° N. and y.sh. the amount of precipitation decreases from 1500 to 300-250 mm at the borders with tropical deserts... In the tropics, up to 30 ° N lat. and 30 ° S, extremely insufficient moisture. The extensive dryness is particularly dry - 50 mm and less precipitation per year. Here the volatility is 20-25 times the actual evaporation. In the subtropics of Africa, the amount of precipitation increases again: up to 300-500 mm on the Libyan-Egyptian coast of the sea and up to 500-800 mm on the windward slopes of the Atlas and Cape mountains.
On the territory of Africa, equatorial, two subequatorial, two tropical and two subtropical are distinguished.
The equatorial belt is constantly hot and humid climate forms on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea (up to 7-8 ° N) and covers a significant part (between 5 ° N and 5 ° S). Average monthly temperatures are high - + 25 ... + 28 ° C. There is a lot of precipitation (up to 2000 mm and more), they are evenly distributed over the months. However, there are two particularly rainy periods - spring and autumn. These maximum precipitation are associated with strong evaporation at the zenital position of the Sun in these latitudes.
The subequatorial belts - (northern and southern) - encircle, join in the east of the mainland and extend from 17 ° N. up to 20 ° S monsoon climate occupies about 1/3 of the territory of Africa. In summer, equatorial air prevails, brought in by equatorial monsoons (humid summers), in winter dry tropical air, brought by trade winds, prevails (dry winters). Annual amplitudes temperatures compared to equatorial belt increase. The hottest time of the year is at the beginning of the rainy season (up to + 30 ° С). However, even in the coolest months of the year, the temperature does not drop below + 18 ... + 20 ° С. The duration of the humid period decreases in the direction from the equator to the tropics from 10 to 3-2 months. The annual precipitation decreases from 1500 to 250 mm.
(north and south) extend to 30 ° N lat. and 30 ° S. They cover almost the entire Sahara and the basin with its marginal uplifts. In these zones, continental tropical air is kept all year round and the trade winds dominate. Average temperatures of the warmest month are + 30 ... + 35 ° С, the coldest - not lower than + 10 ° С. The temperature amplitudes are very significant: annual - about 20 ° С; daily - up to 40-50 ° C. There is little rainfall - no more than 50-150 mm per year. They fall out sporadically, in the form of rare and short-term showers.
Special climatic conditions within the tropical zones are created on the western coast of Africa (Atlantic Sahara and Namib). Cold currents pass here. the air is great, but very little precipitation falls. But in cold night hours on the coast, abundant dew is formed and. Temperatures are relatively low for tropical latitudes: in summer - about + 20 ° С, in winter - about + 15 ° С.
Wet is forming on the east coast of South Africa. This is favored warm currents off the coast, over which the southeastern trade wind is saturated with moisture and gives abundant rainfall on the windward slopes of the Drakensberg Mountains.
Subtropical zones (northern and southern) occupy the outskirts of the mainland in the north and south. The Atlas Mountains, the Libyan coast and the foothills of the Cape Mountains have a subtropical Mediterranean climate with dry, hot summers and warm, humid winters. On the African coast Mediterranean Sea average July temperatures reach + 27 ... + 28 ° С, January temperatures - + 12 ° С. On the Cape coast, the temperature of the warmest month does not exceed + 21 ° С, the coldest - + 13 ... + 14 ° С.
In the extreme southeast of Africa, within the belt, the climate is subtropical monsoon, with hot rainy summers and relatively cool and dry winters. In summer, humid air from the Indian Ocean enters the coast. As in the tropics, it rains on the eastern slopes of the Drakensberg Mountains. In winter, the Cape Mountains impede the penetration of the humid western mountains and relatively little precipitation falls.
CLIMATE OF AFRICA
North trade wind moves from 25 ° N towards the equator in the form of three main streams of heated air with relative humidity from 30 to 15%. In the greater eastern part, this so-called Egyptian current of the northeastern direction penetrates to the northern part of the Congo basin, does not cross the equator. To the east, an even drier Arabian trade wind operates, capturing the Somali Peninsula and penetrating south of the equator, where it merges with the southeastern trade wind running from the Indian Ocean along the periphery of the South Indian Maximum. To the west of the Egyptian current in the direction of the Guinean coast, the so-called harmattan moves, which in the northern part of the Gulf of Guinea meets the southwestern monsoon flowing along the eastern periphery of the South Atlantic Maximum. As a rule, harmattan does not reach the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, and weak south-westerly winds prevail there. But at high altitudes, the trade wind penetrates further south and prevents the upward currents in the southwest monsoon and precipitation. Therefore, January on the Guinean coast is the driest month.
The South Indian maximum in January is strongly shifted to the south. It captures the extreme south of Africa and gives rise to the southeastern trade wind, bringing abundant rainfall from the Indian Ocean to the eastern slopes of the high uplands of Africa. The amount of precipitation decreases sharply as it moves inland, reaching a minimum in the central part of the Kalahari.
West Coast Africa is under the influence of the eastern periphery of the South Atlantic Maximum. Due to the arrival on the heated continent of relatively cold air masses carried from higher latitudes by the winds of the southern points, precipitation on the western coast is absent in the strip stretching almost to the equator itself.
In the area of \u200b\u200bcontact of the Atlantic air with the masses coming from the Indian Ocean, a front is formed, in connection with which the amount of precipitation in the west of the Kalahari slightly increases compared to the more western and eastern regions of the mainland.
In July the northern hemisphere heats up more strongly (Fig. 104).
Figure: 104. Average air temperature in Africa at the level earth surface in July
Therefore, all baric zones are shifted to the north. The subtropical maximum of the northern hemisphere is shifting to the Mediterranean Sea and southern Europe, capturing only the extreme northwest of Africa. Due to strong heating over northern Africa, an area of \u200b\u200blow pressure is formed, extending to the equator. South Africa, together with neighboring oceans, is included in the zone of the baric maximum of the southern hemisphere. Only its extreme south finds itself in the conditions of the western circulation of the temperate latitudes of the southern hemisphere (see Fig. 9).
In North Africa (Sahara) dry northeastern and northwestern winds blow, along the Red Sea and the Nile Valley, they penetrate up to 20, and in the west - up to 18 ° N. Towards them, from the South Atlantic maximum, the southwestern monsoon rushes, carrying humid unstable air to the territory of Sudan and the Guinean coast. It rains in these areas.
Ethiopia, Somalia and all of eastern Africa north of the equator are under the influence Indian monsoon, which is a continuation of the southeastern trade wind, crossing the equator and bringing heavy rains.
In almost all southern Africa within the belt high pressure with weakened trade winds, the weather is dry at this time, especially in the interior. The exception is the Cape region, which is characterized by the intensification of cyclonic activity along the polar front.
High temperature throughout the year in the main part of Africa, they depend on the height of the sun above the horizon and strong insolation. On a large part of the mainland, the average annual temperature exceeds 20 ° C. The northern part of Africa is more massive, therefore, in general, it heats up more than the southern one, and there is the highest average monthly (35 ... 40 ° С), as well as the highest maximum temperature (up to 58 ° C) observed on Earth.
All of Africa is characterized by significant daily temperature fluctuations as a manifestation continentality climate. For example, in the Sahara, daily temperature ranges can reach 50 ° C.
Precipitation distributed over the continent is extremely uneven. Regular and abundant convective rains fall in the equatorial part, approximately between 5 ° N. and 10 ° S The maximum precipitation in Africa (about 10,000 mm) was recorded on the slopes of the Cameroon massif facing the prevailing southwestern winds.
In areas north and south of the equator, up to about 17 ° in both hemispheres, precipitation is associated with equatorial monsoon and fall out in the summer of each hemisphere; their annual amounts vary greatly depending on geographic location and relief. Even further north and south of the equator (up to 30 °) are areas with very low annual precipitation (Fig. 105).
Figure: 105. Average monthly precipitation in Africa, mm
In the far north and far south of the mainland, in the subtropical zone the amount of precipitation increases again, and their maximum in the north-west and south-west falls on winter, and in the southeast - in summer.
Due to the above, Africa is different a wide variety of climates.
Region humid equatorial climate covers a significant part of the Congo Basin, approximately between 5 ° N. and 5 ° S, as well as the Guinean coast to 7-8 ° N. In the Congo Basin, due to strong surface heating, convective precipitation falls throughout the year. In their regime, two maxima are clearly expressed, associated with the highest position of the sun. On the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, precipitation is associated with the prevailing southwestern winds and their annual amount is large. High and uniform temperatures (24 ... 28 ° С), a large number of precipitation, 1.5-2 times higher than the evaporation rate, and high relative air humidity create conditions for constant excessive moisture. Because of this, the climate of the equatorial part of Africa is difficult for not only Europeans who are not accustomed to it, but also local residents.
Subequatorial belt in North Africa it extends northward to 17 ° N. In the southern hemisphere, the subequatorial climate belt does not reach Atlantic Ocean, to the south extends almost to 20 ° S latitude. In the summertime, each hemisphere is dominated by the monsoon, which brings humid equatorial air and heavy rainfall. In winter, the subequatorial belt is influenced by the trade wind, which brings masses of dry tropical air. This is a period of complete absence of rain and very low relative humidity.
The duration of the wet season, annual precipitation and moisture within the belt vary from the equator towards the tropics and from west to east. From the equator to the tropics, the duration of the wet period gradually decreases from 10 to 2-3 months. From west to east, the amount of precipitation decreases due to the weakening of the monsoon. The driest areas within the subequatorial belt northern hemisphere are located on the Somali Peninsula, which is barred from the equatorial monsoon by the Ethiopian Highlands, and in the northern part of Sudan, on the border with the tropical belt. Temperatures in the subequatorial zones are high for most of the year, but the annual differences are more pronounced than in the equatorial zone. The hottest time is at the beginning of the rainy season when average temperature exceeds 30 ° C. However, even in the coldest months, the average temperature is never below 20 ° C.
Large areas of Africa, especially in the northern hemisphere, are characterized by arid tropical climate.
In the northern hemisphere, the hot dry tropical climate is characteristic of the Sahara. Summer surface North Africa it gets very hot and the north-east trade wind rushes there, bringing air with a relative humidity of 15-30%. IN winter time an anticyclonic regime is established over North Africa, therefore, throughout the year, conditions over the Sahara are not conducive to precipitation. Dry air and extremely low cloud cover, combined with the almost complete absence of vegetation, create conditions for sharp daily temperature fluctuations. Evaporation is about 20-25 times the actual evaporation.
The climate along the coast of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden is also extremely dry. The winter northeastern trade wind, sweeping over the Red Sea, is almost not saturated with moisture and gives only a little precipitation on the coast itself. The summer monsoon, which carries precipitation into the Sudan region, leaves a huge amount of moisture on the western and southwestern slopes of the Ethiopian Highlands. It penetrates to the east coast in the form of a hair dryer and does not give precipitation. Therefore, the shores of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden are some of the hottest and driest regions on Earth.
IN southern hemisphere the arid tropical climate is typical for the Kalahari Basin, but the amount of precipitation there is slightly higher than in the Sahara, thanks to the southeast trade wind blowing from the Indian Ocean.
This trade wind brings a particularly large amount of precipitation to the coast of the Mozambique Channel and the slopes of the Drakensberg Mountains. In this regard, on the eastern outskirts tropical belt southern hemisphere in Africa stands out wet trade wind area.
For the western outskirts of the continent in the tropical belt of the northern and southern hemispheres, where the influence of the eastern periphery of the Atlantic maximums affects the coast, coastal desert climate... The prevailing winds blowing towards the equator create flows of relatively cold waters on the ocean surface - the Benguela and Canary cold currents. The cooled air of the eastern periphery of the Atlantic maximums forming above them flows onto the heated surface of the continent, creating a temperature inversion. The air coming from the ocean contains a significant amount of water vapor, but during the inversion, condensation of these vapor does not occur and very little precipitation falls, although the relative humidity of the air is high. Temperatures are low (average monthly, as a rule, below 21 ° C), and diurnal amplitudes are less significant than in continental deserts. It rains in the southwestern part of Africa (Namib Desert) even less frequently than in the Sahara, but there is often abundant dew and fog, the moisture of which is absorbed by some plants. Humidity and stuffiness of coastal deserts is more difficult for people to endure than dry scorching heat of the continental desert.
South Africa - a highly developed country, a piece of Europe on African continent... A well thought out tourist infrastructure, a high standard of living of the population and a stable economy are not quite typical for Africa, is it? But in South Africa, all this is reality. And even the climate here disposes to itself: comfortable temperature air almost all year round, a warm ocean, and even opportunities for extreme skiing create optimal conditions for recreation. Seemingly heaven on earth? But even paradise has its own weather quirks that should be prepared for before the trip.
Climatic zones of South Africa
Climate in South Africa surprisingly soft. There are no extreme temperature peaks here. Although the country is located on the African continent, and there is a desert on its territory, unbearable heat is rare here.
The location in the southern hemisphere makes the South African climate exactly the opposite of the European one: winter - in summer, summer - in winter.
Geographically, South Africa is located in the tropics, but the weather on its territory is determined more by the influence of the air ocean masses, and only partly by the relief.
South Africa is the only country on the African continent with such a diverse population. 1/3 of the local residents are ethnic Europeans.
In winter, the country is dry and dry. hot weather... High area atmospheric pressure creates optimal conditions for visiting. It gets hotter in summer due to the influence of air masses from the Indian Ocean, which brings the rainy season.
The climatic zones of South Africa can be divided as follows:
- West Coast. The cold Bengal Current in the Atlantic Ocean has a major influence on the formation of the climate in the western part of the country. Here is the Namib Desert and Cape Town. There is very little precipitation. For several years in a desert area, not a single rain may fall at all. This is due to the fact that though air masses and carry moisture to the continent, but because of the Great Ledge, their way into the interior is blocked.
- Central South Africa.These are predominantly mountainous areas, so daily temperature fluctuations are a common phenomenon that characterizes altitudinal zonality... In winter, there are often frosts.
- East Coast. Unlike the western regions, in the east - high humidity and a significant amount of precipitation - up to 1200 mm / year.
Climate by region:
- Western Cape.This includes Cape Town. Prevails here subtropical Mediterranean climate ... Dry summer (December-February), cold winter (June August). Are characteristic strong winds.
- Hauteng... Center - Johannesburg. Subtropical climate. May-April is the peak rainy season. But the city itself is located in the highlands, so dry and comfortable weather remains there all year round.
- Kazulu-Natal. Center - Durban. Climate - subtropical oceanic , assuming a hot summer (up to + 34 ° C) and warm winter... Snow falls in the Drakensberg mountains.
- Eastern Cape... In Port Elizabeth - subtropical climate . All year round here you can go on a safari, and for beach holiday it is worth choosing a time between November and March.
- Mpumalanga. Subtropical climate. The coolest area is Kruger Park, in other areas the weather is much more friendly.
- Northwest... Most of the territory is occupied by the Kalahari Desert. The climate is appropriate.
- Limpopo. Tropical climate ... The northern part of the Kruger Park, which is located in this area, is unfavorable in terms of the climate in October-March (up to + 45 ° C).
The water off the coast of South Africa warms up to a maximum of + 26 ° C. The exception is the Atlantic Ocean, where, due to the Bengal Current, the water rarely exceeds + 18 ° C.
Tourist seasons of South Africa
The tourist peak of visits to South Africa falls on November-December. Interestingly, this is the rainy season. The fact is that during this period the weather is the hottest, and the water in the ocean is the warmest. So that the rains do not spoil your vacation, you should go away from central regions - to the coasts where precipitation is less. By the way, thunderstorms and showers in South Africa are usually a matter of night hours, so the sun often shines during the day. The smallest amount of precipitation occurs during the rainy season in the south of the country.
A characteristic feature of the South African weather is when it is sunny in the morning in the summer, and it rains with thunderstorms in the late afternoon. The exceptions are the west coast and Cape Town, where the rainy season is only in winter. The largest amount of precipitation falls in the north of the country.
The best time for nature observation and traditional safari is from May to August, when the grass is not so high and the visibility is maximum. For beach activities, it is better to choose the period from November to mid-March.
Tourism is one of the main sources of income for the South African budget. Almost a million tourists visit the country every year due to its natural diversity.
What to take with you
Cape Town, located on the west coast of South Africa and washed by the cold Bengal Current, is rarely hot. But it is often cold. Jacket with long sleeve or even a sweater with a jacket will not hurt even in the African summer.
For a safari, you need not so much shorts-shirts as a windbreaker, a warm pullover, a hat, or bondana, sneakers or boots. For a night safari, you need to dress even warmer. In a cold season, take with you: gloves, a fleece hat, a windbreaker, a raincoat.
Do not take khaki clothes on safari, or even for a trip to South Africa. There is an ambiguous attitude towards her.
Malaria is a separate topic. For its prevention, not vaccination is done (this is a big mistake), but special medications are taken orally. Before the trip, you should definitely consult a doctor and protect yourself from such an unpleasant ailment. But it should be noted that South Africa is not included in the "malaria" zone, plus the season of the trip must be taken into account. If it is dry, there is nothing to be afraid of, if the rainy season is at your discretion. It is compulsory to have a yellow fever vaccine when entering the country. Without question - the availability of health insurance.
Be sure to bring repellents, sunscreen, sunglasses, closed clothes and hats.
South Africa has a well-developed banking system, but there are still places (gas stations, for example) where credit cards are not accepted, you have to pay in cash. It is worth having with you dollars rather than euros.
From must-have things for traveling in South Africa: comfortable clothes made of cotton materials for safari and excursions, smart clothes for restaurants, woolen sweater for night or evening walks, windbreaker when visiting Cape Town.
South Africa Monthly Weather
December-February
Summer begins in South Africa in December. There is not a lot of precipitation, the air temperature is comfortable. In Cape Town, up to + 26 ° С and very cool at night - maximum + 16 ° С. In the south up to + 28 ° С, in the northeast + 32 ° С. Temperature in Indian Ocean up to + 25 ° С. The African summer lasts from January to February. There is little precipitation, the temperature in the country averages + 26 ° С during the day. Water in the Atlantic Ocean is + 19 ° С, in the Indian Ocean up to + 25 + 26 ° С. In January, you should not go to Durban, there is a peak in the amount of precipitation.
December - peak tourist season in South Africa, so the prices at this time, especially for travel services, are marginal. Many come here on Christmas Eve, which is celebrated on December 25th. On January 1, South Africa celebrates the New Year.
March-May
Since March, the air temperature begins to decrease slightly. The most cold weather on the west coast. The water temperature in the Atlantic Ocean is practically not suitable for swimming - it is already cold (+ 17 ° С). You can swim in the Indian Ocean - up to + 23 + 24 ° С.
Human Rights Day falls on March 21st. National holiday, Freedom Day, celebrated on April 27.
June August
The African winter begins. Most of the area is pretty cool. Snow falls in the mountains, frosts are frequent.
South Africa has opportunities for ski holiday... Drakensberg Mountains and Veld are the focus of ski holidays in South Africa. Surprisingly, at the end of the world, on the African continent, there is everything to do great skiing or snowboarding. The season in the Drakensberg Mountains is June-August. There is little natural snow cover here, therefore, taking advantage of the "minus" at night, on ski resorts launch snow cannons... Thus, the two-meter snow cover and densely sloped slopes create good conditions for skiers to ski.
At this time, the safari season in the south of the Kruger Park begins. It is worth going to Cape Town in August. There, off the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, the whale season begins. It lasts until the end of March.
September-November
September is a great time for a safari in Limpopo. November is the rainy season.
Take a ride on the retro Rovos Rail through the most picturesque corners! This is a historic train, the carriages of which were specially coupled in 1911 for the European royal family... If you get the chance, be sure to take it and embark on a multi-day train tour! The season is from September to April.
Heritage Day is celebrated on 24 September. National parks South Africa is a real natural treasure of the planet. Kruger National Park is an amazing place dominated by the animal kingdom in their natural habitat along 350 km of the original savannah. Hluhluwe Umfolozi Park is best visited from March to November. National park Mountain Zebra is famous for its unique zebras, while Addo Elephant National Park is famous for its elephants.
Weather in cities and resorts by months
Pretoria
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | June | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | But I | Dec | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average maximum, ° C | 29 | 28 | 27 | 24 | 22 | 19 | 20 | 22 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 28 | |
| Average minimum, ° C | 18 | 17 | 16 | 13 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 17 |
Bloemfontein
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | June | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | But I | Dec | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average maximum, ° C | 31 | 29 | 27 | 23 | 20 | 17 | 17 | 20 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 30 | |
| Average minimum, ° C | 15 | 15 | 12 | 8 | 3 | -2 | -2 | 1 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 14 |
Durban
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | June | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | But I | Dec | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average maximum, ° C | 28 | 28 | 28 | 26 | 25 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 27 | |
| Average minimum, ° C | 21 | 21 | 20 | 17 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 20 | |
| Rain, mm | 134 | 113 | 120 | 73 | 59 | 38 | 39 | 62 | 73 | 98 | 108 | 102 |
East London
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | June | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | But I | Dec | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average maximum, ° C | 26 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 25 | |
| Average minimum, ° C | 18 | 19 | 18 | 15 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 17 |
