Eurasia climatic belts. Mainland Eurasia

After analyzing the data of observations of weather conditions and their seasonal changes, scientists identified the climatic belts of Eurasia. In the mainland, all their variety is presented. Each belt is divided into separate areas with special climatic conditions.

If you bring together the climatic belts of Eurasia, the table will turn out in the form of branching. This is due to the fact that in each of them there are smaller zones, which are also crushed.

Arctic belt

The characteristic of the climatic belts Eurasia begins with the Arctic. Its zone includes the islands located far from the north of the continent, and a small mainstream strip in the Asian part, which borders the North Arctic Ocean.

Sea is located in the European sector of the Arctic Ocean. It includes Svalbard and other small islands. They are under the influence warm current With the North Atlantic, which leads to mild winters with temperatures from -16 to -20 ºC. During the year up to 300 mm of precipitation falls.
The continental Arctic climate is characterized by cold dry air flows. Under their action the whole ocean round year Located under the icy crust, with the exception of coastal waters. From the territory on which this climate is dominated, cold air flows are moving in the south.

Subarctic belt

It stretches to the non-trap strip along the mainland. Cold climatic belt Eurasia includes. Iceland and the northern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula. To the east of the continent of the zone expands, approaching the Bering Strait. The belt is located between the boundaries of the Arctic Front in the summer and winter. In the warm season, moderate air flows affect it, and in the cold - arctic. The belt is divided into two areas: continental and sea. The latter captures Iceland and part of the islands of West Scandinavia. The number of 300-700 mm per year in the form of snow and rain. The climate is characterized warm winter (-5 and -10 ºC) and cold summer (up to +10 ºC).

Temperate zone

A moderate climatic belt Eurasia has a border extending from the southern coast and crossing black and Caspian Sea. Stretches to the northern part of the Korea Peninsula and the middle of about. Honsel.

In the territory of this zone, the winds of temperate latitudes are dominated all year round. The main part of Eurasia within the belt is influenced by the following climates:

Moderately continental: under his authority is the whole Russian plain.
Continental: Siberia, Middle and Central Asia.
Musson formed in North-East China, on about. Hokkaido and the northern part about. Honsel.

In winter, the district is in the power of dry frosty air coming from the Baric Center in Central Asia. AT summer period Warmly high moisture in this region with Pacific Monson. In summer, more than half of the annual rapid norm falls. Winter frosty, and Summer Summer.

Moderate climatic belt in Western Europe It is divided into 2 subdomains: North and South.

Northern subland

The zone includes Fennoskandia and Scotland. Characterized temperate climates With cold summer. Plumat is divided into 2 districts:

Marine - Norwegian in the western part of the Scandinavian Peninsula and the North of Great Britain. Summer is cool and short. There are many precipitation in the form of rain and snow. The weather is almost always cloud, raw with constant winds.
Continental - Swedish climate type on the territory of the country of the country and Finland. Cold season in this area of \u200b\u200bfrosty. Snow cover is formed. Summer period is short, cool and rainy. On the flat tops of the Mounts of Scandinavia, a cool climate was formed high humidity and average temperatures in summer no more than +10 ºC.

South Pillast

It includes the following climatic regions:

Sea formed B. European countriesadjacent to the Atlantic Ocean. It is characterized by a soft winter without negative average temperatures. Summer period moderately warm. The wind in the area is strong and blowing often, rains are abundant.
Transition from marine to continental. In winter, snow cover is formed, which does not lie long. Within 2-3 months, the average temperatures below zero. The summer period is hotter and humid. Spring and autumn are clearly expressed. A climate in the eastern part of German-Polish lowland has been formed.
Continental is located on the territory of the plains near the Danube. Summer temperatures reach + 22-24 ºC. The precipitation falls a bit. In winter, frequent guests are frosty winds from the east and north, causing a rapid decrease in temperatures.
Gercinian middle mountains. Humidity in this area is high, compared with the plains located at the foot. Western slopes are plentifully rain than the eastern. Temperatures in the mountains are lower, and snow cover is saved for 3-5 months.
Alpine is characterized by high humidity, tops of the mountains with reduced temperatures, snow cover and glaciers.

Subtropical belt

The subtropical climatic belt Eurasia goes through the entire continent from one ocean to another. In his power there is all southern part of the old world, the highlands of anterior Asia to 30º s. Sh., Northern Arabian Peninsula, Tibet and Pool P. Yangtze. The characteristic feature can be called that in the summer, the air is dry and hot, and winter is wet and warm.

Climatic belts Eurasia is divided into smaller sections with special conditions. Their value depends, above all, from the relief and proximity of large water bodies. The subtropical belt is distinguished by the following climatic zones:

Sea Mediterranean formed on some Peninsulas (Apennins, Balkans) from the sea and is distinguished by a hot summer and soft winter.
Continental Mediterranean is located in the European part of the countries Mediterranean Sea, Western and southern shore on weather conditions it looks like the previous one. The temperature in winter in different areas ranges from +2 to +12 ºC. About 500-600 mm of precipitation falls in the equilibin sites for the year, and in mountains up to 3000 mm.
Continental. Precipitation drops a bit: 100-400 mm per year, the main part falls on the autumn winter. Formed in the Highlands of Front Asia, in the north of the Arabian Peninsula. For the year of temperature fluctuations reached 90ºС.
Alpine subdomain is located in the Tibet area. In winter, the snow drops a little, summer is dry and cold. The sediments are rich only east of Tibet, which is supplied with moisture monsoon from the Pacific. Here, the dry and cool air is fixed here.
Monsoon. The eastern part of the Yangtzez has a climate with high humidity. The monsoon from the Pacific is raining in the summer, when they fall out ¾ annual norm. Fronts promote precipitation during the cold season. Depending on the relief, their quantity varies from 700 to 2000 mm per year.

Tropical belt

Mainland Eurasia Climatic belt has various, including a tropical trade machine. It includes: the desert Thar, the south of the Arabian Peninsula and the southern part over the course of all seasons dominate the tropical air masses. In the summer, heat, winter warm. High temperature differences during the day. In the area there is a lack of precipitation, for the most part of their annual number does not exceed 100 mm. The exceptions are the Yemen Mountains, where they fall 400-1000 mm.

Subscance belt

He was formed in the territory of Fr. Ceylon, Indostan Peninsula and Indochina, South of China and a number of other islands. In the winter period, dry air masses go from the continent, and in the summer - wet from the Indian Ocean. Spring is the hottest time. The winter-spring period is very dry, and the summer-autumn - wet.

If you compare the climatic belts of Eurasia, the subequatorial belt has very contrasting half. During the year, the dry and wet periods alternate.

a brief description of Climatic belts Eurasia

Climate belt	Preferential air	Description
Arctic	Arctic	Dry and cold
Subarctic	In winter, arctic, temperate in summer	Winter period Cold and dry, summer wet and moderately warm
Moderate	Moderate	Depends on the season
Subtropical	Winter moderate, summer tropical	Wet wet and moderately warm, summer dry and warm
Tropical	Tropical	Warm and dry
Subexvatorial	Winter tropical, in summer Equatorial	Warm and dry, summer warm and wet.
Equatorial	Equatorial	Warm and humid

Equatorial belt

If the climatic belts of Eurasia are complicated, the table will be very bloated due to their quantity. Equatorial belt is the most southern region of the continent. It was formed on most of the islands and peninsulas at the Equator. The precipitation during the year is distributed evenly with 2 peak periods.

Other climatic belts Eurasia do not have such high average annual temperatures, like this. The number of drop-down precipitation is 1500-4000 mm per year.

The material tells about the climatic belts of the largest mainland on the planet. Explains the meaning of branching and diversity climatic zones.

Climatic belts Eurasia

Based on the data obtained by observing weather changes and their seasonality, exhaustive information regarding the climatic belts of Eurasia was obtained by scientists.

In the mainland territory, all their variety is expressed. Each of the belts is divided into independent areas, which are characterized by special climatic conditions.

Fig. 1. Zones of the influence of climatic belts on the map of Eurasia.

If you combine the climatic belts of Eurasia to the table, then the list with an extensive structure will be.

Such branching structure is due to the fact that, in each of the belts, Eurasia is small sites, which are also subject to division.

The main climatic belts of the mainland are presented as follows:

Climate East Eurasia

In this part, the mainland dominates, mainly a moderate climatic belt. His possessions pass from the southern coast of the Biscay Bay, and then distributed to the Black and Caspian Sea. In these areas, the wind is dominated all year round, characteristic of moderate latitudes.

The main part of the mainland is influenced by a moderately continental climate.

Under his authority is completely the Russian plain. Continental climate is peculiar to Siberia, Central and Central Asia.

Fig. 3. Eastern Eurasia on the map.

The monsonic climate originated in the areas of Northeast China, as well as in the Korean Peninsula, on. Hokkaido and the northern tip about. Honsel. In winter, the region is affected by dry frosty air, which moves from the Baric Center for Central Asia.

AT summer months The streams of air masses are warm and contain a high percentage of humidity. Moisture comes here thanks to Pacific Monsoon. For the summer period, there is a loss of over half of the annual rainfall norm.

The winter here is quite frosty, and the summer period is characterized by akin.

What did we know?

From the article we found out, the influence of what climatic zones is subject to the greatest mainland territory of the Earth. Learned about the diversity and the vastness of the desert territories of the mainland. It turned out that the deserts can be not only in warm latitudes. We received information about the climate inherent for the eastern part of the mainland.

Test on the topic

Report assessment

Average rating: 4.3. Total ratings received: 125.

The territory of Eurasia is huge. It extends through all the existing belts of the Northern Hemisphere. This feature makes the mainland a variety of climate and nature. There is no such phenomenon in nature anywhere else. Eurasia climatic belts are formed by the heterogeneity of incoming solar radiation and various types atmospheric circulation, as well as a variety of relief.

Arctic and subarctic belt

The northern part of the mainland is located in the Arctic zone. In this place throughout the year, cold and dry winds dominate. This climatic belt Eurasia is characterized low temperatures. Summer - about zero degrees, and winter - from -30 ° C and below.

In the Arctic belt constantly blowing strong winds, the sun practically does not shine: clouds close it. The precipitation falls a little, and all - in the form of snow.

The subarctic belt covers the territory of the Far North from Chukotka to the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Island Island. Compared with arctic zone, here is warmer. In the summer, air masses from moderate latitudes come to the subarctic climatic belt of Eurasia. Therefore, in this part, warmer: in summer, the temperature can reach +15 ° C. In winter, arctic air masses rule over the territory.

The precipitation falls a little, but they practically do not evaporate, so there is a swampy terrain.

Temperate zone

The largest climatic belt Eurasia is moderate. It occupies the largest area of \u200b\u200bthe mainland. It distinguishes several areas. Names of climatic regions moderate belt Eurasia and their characteristics are as follows:

Territory with the marine climate. Under the influence of wet air masses from the Atlantic in the western part of Europe is formed marine climateat which the temperature in winter is about 0 ° C. In the summer, in this area about +16 ° C. For the marine zone is characteristic a large number of The precipitation is about a thousand millimeters.
Moderate continental. The farther east, the more soft weather in summer with colder winters. In a moderately continental climate in winter, about -7 ° C, and the summer here is warmer - about +20 ° C. The amount of precipitation is less than in the marine zone of about one hundred millimeters.
Behind the Ural Mountains, a climate belt from moderately continental goes into continental. In this zone in winter, frost reaches twenty degrees, and in summer the air warms up to +24 ° C. During the year on the territory, up to four hundred millimeters of precipitation falls.
Some central regions Asia is located in the sharp continental region. It is characterized by sharp fluctuations in temperatures. In some areas, the temperature in the summer can reach +52 ° C.
In the Far East rules monsonic climate. Pacific Monsoon brings wet air masses. Here the precipitate is quite significant - up to 900 mm. In winter, air from Siberia comes to the territory, bringing frost to -14 ° C. In the summer, the temperature keeps about +20 ° C. On the territory of Japan, the climate is softer and winter warmer. This is due to the effects of warm ocean flow Kurosio.

The climatic regions of the moderate belt Eurasia are replaced by a subtropical belt.

Subtropical belt

This belt starts from the Pyrenean Peninsula in the West and comes to the Pacific Ocean in the East. In the summer in this latitude is dry and hot weatherand winter air is wet and cool. In the subtropical belt, three areas are distinguished:

Mediterranean climate. It is formed in the southern territory of Europe and the Peninsula of Small Asia. Here is dry, sultry summer, with an average daily temperature of about 25 degrees. Washes on the territory are warm, about +10 ° C. For the year it gives about 400 mm precipitation.
Continental climatic area is located in the central part subtropical belt. Here annual oscillations Temperatures are more pronounced.
Monsoon area. It is located in the east of the belt.

Tropical belt

The tropical zone applies to the Arabian Peninsula. Under the influence of dry air coming to Central Asia, there are little precipitation. There are territories where they are not at all. Precipitation does not happen, by the way, and on the coast Arabian Sea Because of the cold Somali current. Summer B. tropical climates The air warms up to 50 degrees, and in winter the temperature does not fall below +20 ° C.

Subscance belt

This belt covers the territory of Indochina and Indogenian Peninsulas, as well as the Philippine Islands. Summer air is wet and warm here, and in winter - hot tropical and dry. Throughout the year, warm weather with minimal fluctuations between average annual temperatures reigns in the sub-screen illustrator. The only difference in winter from summer is the number of drop-down precipitation.

Equatorial belt

On the territory of the large sordian islands, the equatorial air masses dominate throughout the year. In this place there are more than two thousand millimeters of precipitation, and the weather reminds the eternal summer.

High-rise climate

AT separate category contribute alpine climate. Climatic conditions It depends on the exposure of the slopes. In such territories, barrier insulation of the Nagrai and the stress of air is clearly manifested. Thanks to this phenomenon, a local climate is formed. An example of this is the highland deserts of the Pamir and Tibet.

Table climatic belts

The fact that is designed by Eurasia belt, the table will tell the best. We offer her attention to your attention.

	Aerial masses		Temperature
				Drop season season
Arctic	arctic	arctic		evenly
Subarctic	moderate	arctic		mostly in the summer
Moderate nautical; moderate continental; continental; monsoon	moderate	moderate		evenly throughout the year
Subtropical: mediterranean; continental; monsoon	tropical	moderate		rare precipitation
Tropical	tropical	tropical
Equatorial	equatorial	equatorial		during a year

Knowing what the climatic belts in Eurasia can be determined in which territories of this continent is colder than everything, and in which areas is hot. This information helps scientists to create meteorological forecasts, track the movements of the air masses, follow natural phenomena, as well as study the vegetable and animal world Eurasia.

In climate Eurasia manifests the features related to the huge sizes of its territory. The position of the main part of the mainland between the equator and the northern polar circle, the massiveness of the eastern and central parts, the dismemberment of the western and southern color, the influence of ocean basins, the complex surface of the surface create an exceptional diversity of climatic conditions in Eurasia.

Annual total radiation Eurasia changes in the following limits (Fig. 5): on the Arctic Islands it is equal to 2520 MJ / m 2 (60 kcal / cm 2), in the western part of Europe - from 2940 to 5880 (from 70 to 140), in the south and south - Asia-5000-7570 (120-180), and in Arabia, reaches a maximum value on Earth - 8400-9240 (200-220).

Fig. 5. Total solar radiation in a year

Annual radiation balance varies within Eurasia from 420 to 3360 MJ / m 2 (10-80 kcal / cm 2). In January north of the line Brittany - North of Adriatic - Center of the Black Sea - South Caspian Severe Peninsula Korea - North of Japanese Islands The radiation balance is negative (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6. Radiation Balance for the year

The main atmospheric process For most Eurasia - West East Transfer and associated cyclonic activity. With Western transfer to the Mainland, air is entered throughout the year Atlantic Ocean and applies to its eastern outskirts. As you move to East, the Atlantic air is transformed, giving moisture, cooling in winter and warming up in summer. Due to the large horizontal dismemberment of the western part of Eurasia and the lack of sharp orographic obstacles, the process of transformation of air masses over Europe occurs relatively slowly, and therefore climatic conditions change gradually. Only behind the Urals, within Asia, there is a predominance of continental air masses throughout the year. The sharp contrasts in heating and in the baric conditions between the mainland and the quiet ocean, enhanced by the features of the orography of Central and East Asia, determine the monsoon circulation typical of East of East, expressed here is the most vividly compared to all other areas of the Earth. The monsime character also has circulation over the southern parts of Eurasia, only here it is manifested in the interaction between the mainland and the Indian Ocean.

Consider how meteorological conditions change in Eurasia by season.

Winter Contrasts in heating and distribution of pressure over the mainland, on the one hand, and the atlantic and quiet oceans - on the other, are especially expressed. On the cards of January Isobar over Eurasia and neighboring ocean basins, the following bary areas are clearly revealed ( fig. 7.).

Fig. 7. Air pressure and winds in January

In the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean there is a closed low pressure area (North Atlantic, or Icelandic, minimum) due to the impact of warm north-atlantic flow and frequent passage of deep cyclonic depressions moving from the shores North America to the East. Due to the impact of warm current and deep penetration of marine pools in the depth of the continent, reduced pressure also extends to the southern part of the Arctic Ocean and the West Coast of Europe.

The boundaries of the greatest spread of floating ice (in March, April - for northern Hemispherein September for southern Hemisphere) Areas for which radiation balance values \u200b\u200bare not defined: Mountain areas Mainland ice lakes and sea areas with marine

South, 30 ° С.Ш., exists high pressure area (North Atlantic, or Azore, maximum), which is part of the subtropical zone high pressure Northern hemisphere. The interaction of these baric regions has especially great importance For the formation of meteorological conditions in Europe. The air flowing through the northern and eastern periphery of the North Atlantic maximum is involved in the area reduced pressure Over the North Atlantic and Western outskirts of Europe, creating in moderate latitudes a system of cyclonic winds of the Western and South-Western direction, which breathers from relatively warm ocean on the mainland and bringing a lot of moisture. In the polar latitudes at this time, winds are dominated from the eastern component. The main pathways of cyclonic depression in the winter are held through Iceland, the Scandinavian Peninsula and the Barents Sea. Above the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, accumulating a large amount of heat, the local cyclicogenesis develops in winter. Most often, cyclones are formed over the Ligurian Sea and the Lyon Bay, above southern part Tyrrhenian Sea and Island of Cyprus. From here they are sent to the east and northeast, penetrated in some years until the Indus valley.

Passage of cyclones In Europe, accompanied by cloudy weather with rain or wet snow, typical of Western European winter. Often sea air of moderate latitudes is replaced by the arctic, causing a sharp decrease in temperature and decrease in precipitation. The Arctic air applies to the south, but relatively rarely penetrates the southern part of Europe, as it is delayed by subshir-located mountain ranges. The farther to the east, the invasion of the arctic air more often and longer.

When driving western air flow Above the continent occurs its cooling and drainage. In the inner areas of Asia in connection with the healing surface layers The atmosphere is created increased pressureOver which the suns is formed in the upper troposphere. The transformed air, which comes from the West, is involved in this hollow, cooled and settles, rolling the high pressure area in surface layers. The influence of the relief of the inner parts of Asia is also affected: high mountain structures, rising the south of the formation of the maximum, prevent the spreading of cold air masses and contribute to the concentrations of them on a relatively limited space. As a result of the interaction of all these processes in winter over the internal parts of Eurasia, the highest pressure area is created on Earth - Asian quasi-station maximum.

On the northern and eastern periphery of this maximum, cold and dry continental air flows towards warmer at this time of the Pacific Ocean. The emerging winds of the Northern and North-Western destination are known as the winter monsoon.

Asian maximum It can form a sorry that sometimes spreads up to Western Europe, causing a strong cooling there.

South Asia In winter, it is under the influence of trade in the circulation. The Arabian Peninsula, together with neighboring sugar, falls under the influence of the Eastern Periphery of the North Atlantic High and the Dry Northern Winds associated with it. Over the indoors and indochite, on the island of Sri Lanka, the Philippines and in the north of the Stern Islands dominate the Northeast Passat, leaving from the North-Pacific maximum towards the equatorial hollow, shifted at this time to the south. In the countries of South and Southeast Asia, it is called winter monsoon.

Despite the negative radiation balance north of 39-40 ° S.Sh., in districtsadjacent to the Atlantic Ocean, the average January temperature is significantly higher than 0 ° C, since in the winter time the atlantic air is relatively warm air mass. January isotherms are stretched by submeridionially at most of the moderate belt Eurasia and only east of the Yenisei take a sub-luminous direction (Fig. 8).

Fig. 8. average temperature air in Eurasia at the level ground surface (January)

At the western coast The Scandinavian Peninsula Zero Isothermant January rises up to 70 ° S.Sh., fixing the highest positive anomaly of medium-wide winter temperatures (more than 20 °). The farther to the east, the lower the average winter temperature becomes. Already in the eastern part foreign Europe It acquires a negative value.

Atlantic air Brings a large amount of moisture on land, which falls in the west of Europe in the form of rain or wet snow. Especially a lot of precipitation happens on the mountain slopes of the Western Exposition. Winter cyclonic sediments are also characteristic of the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and Western Areas of Asia. The amount of them from the west to the East sharply decreases due to the weakening of the front activity in the internal parts of the continent.

For most of the foreign Asia in winter precipitation No missing. In the inner areas, this is associated with the anticyclonal state of the atmosphere and the strong supercooling of the surface. On the eastern outskirts of the mainland, the cause of the absence of precipitation is the continental monsoon, which endures dry cold air towards the ocean. In this regard, for Central and East Asia, low winter temperatures are characterized with a sharply negative anomaly, which is felt up to the tropic, where the temperature drops to 0 ° C are possible. In the north, the average January temperature is -20, -25 ° C.

In the southern Peninsulas and Islands of Asia, where the freight winds act in the winter, dry weather also prevails. The sediments are only in those areas where the trade winds or the northern winds bring enough moisture (windward slopes of the Philippine Islands, the southeastern tip of Industan and Sri Lanka Island). In the Stern Islands, located at the equator and south of it, convective rains fall out. The temperature of January in the whole southern part of Asia is high: 16 ... 20 ° C, on the islands of the Malay archipelago, it reaches 25 ° C.

In summer Meteorological conditions in Eurasia and on neighboring oceans are significantly changed. Asian maximum disappears, and over a warm mainland is installed low pressure with a closed center in the indoor indoor pool and on the shores Persian Gulf (South Asian minimum). It is the northern outskirts of the equatorial hollow, which in Eurasia extends the most far from the equator (up to 22-28 ° C.Sh.). In the direction of the oceans, the pressure rises. Weakens Icelandic minimum and disappears North-Pacific. The high pressure area is maintained above the polar pool. The North Atlantic and North-Pacific maxima increase and expand north. In the Indian Ocean to the south of the tropic in the winter season of the southern hemisphere, the South Indian maximum grows. Such a distribution of pressure in the surface layers of the atmosphere creates conditions for transferring air masses from the ambient oceans to Eurasia ( fig. nine).

Fig. 9. Air pressure and winds in July

In the northwest of Europe, Between the high pressure area in the Arctic and the extent of the north-atlantic maximum, there is a lane relative to low pressure. Within its limits, cyclonic activities associated with the Arctic Front. In this regard, the western and northwestern winds prevail, which are with respect to cold air from the ocean on the mainland. Above the heated mainland, it is quickly transformed into continental. At the same time, marine arctic masses are transformed. In this case, not only the temperature, but also the moisture content of the air due to evaporation from the underlying surface. July isotherms in Europe is stretched everywhere subshir, with a slight deviation to the south of the coast of the ocean. The middle July temperature in the West varies from the north to south from 12 to 24 ° C, in the east it reaches 26 ... 28 ° C (Fig. 10).

Fig. 10. Average air temperature in Eurasia at the level of the earth's surface (July)

In summer in Europe It rains less abundant than in winter, as cyclonic activity weakens. In Southern Europe and Western Asiawhere winds blow from the eastern periphery of the north-Atlantic maximum carrying tropical air, there are almost no precipitation.

Ascending The middle July temperature and decrease in precipitation due to the transformation of the atlantic air when driving from the west to the East is felt almost all the length of the mainland. Especially dry and hot in the inner parts of the mainland (Central Asia), fenced by mountain lifts from wet air flows from the oceans. Dry and high temperature ( the middle of July Up to 32 ° C) are also characteristic of most of the Arabian Peninsula, which is influenced by the Northeast Passat, leaving from the north-Atlantic maximum.

In other conditions are located Eastern and South Outskirts The mainland adjacent to the quiet and Indian oceans. Temperature and baric contrasts between them and the huge land of Eurasia in the summer are particularly strong. On the western periphery of the Pacific maximum in Asia, wet and relatively cold air enters. As a result of its interaction with continental air masses Abandon rainseed rains fall out. This air flow is called summer monsoon in East Asia.

In the south of Asia (Industan, Indochina) The role of the summer monsoon plays the flow of equatorial air carrying from the Indian Ocean huge masses of moisture. Thanks to the configuration and dimensions of Eurasia and the expansion of the equatorial hollow, the equatorial air in the form of a monsoon the prevailing south-west direction penetrates very far to the north. Where the monsoon flow meets mountain raising, precipitation is especially abundant (for example, in the southeastern slopes of the Himalayas, on the southern slope of the Schillong massif, the maximum amount of precipitation is marked in Cherapundy globe - 10719 mm per year, etc.). Convective intramassum sediments (Fig. 11) are of great importance on the e-government islands.

Fig. 11. The average annual precipitation in Eurasia, mm

In a quiet I. Indian Ocean Every year, from June to November, tropical cyclones are born, or typhoons, bringing huge disasters to the population of the countries of Eastern and South Asia. These are the strongest cyclonic vortices whose speed over the open ocean in exceptional cases can reach 100 km / h (usually 30-50 km / h). They are accompanied by shrins, during which 150 mm of precipitation can fall out and more. On the coasts, there are a greater threat to catch waves, which, together with the rains, are the cause of catastrophic flooding. The Philippines and Japanese Islands are especially affected by Typhinov, but sometimes disaster captures the edge of the continent until the south Far East. In the Indian Ocean, tropical cyclones move to the north and northwest to the northern coasts of the Bengal Bay and the Arabian Sea.

Accordingly, by its size and geographical position of Eurasia with the islands adjacent to it, it is located in all climatic belts of the northern hemisphere, and within each belt are all the inherent in it climatic regions. Thus, we can say that in Eurasia there are all types of climates, known on Earth.

Nordic Islands Eurasia, and in the east and strip of the mainland adjacent to the Arctic Ocean, are located within arctic belt. From foreign territories, Eurasia, the Arctic climate is characteristic of the Svalbard Archipelago and the Small Ocean Islands. Thanks to the geographical location and influence of warm currents, the islands are inherent in the naval arctic climate with relatively high winter temperatures (from -16 to -20 ° C) and a significant amount of precipitation (about 300 mm).

Narrow stripe, capturing Iceland and Scandinavia north of the polar circle and slightly expanding in the east, Eurasia crosses subarctic belt . It is located between the summer and winter position of the Arctic Front and is characterized by the predominance of Western circulation in the summer and cold eastern Arctic winds in winter. In the West of Europe, especially in Iceland, for subarctic areas are characterized by relatively soft (-5, -10 ° C) winter, cool (no more than 10 ° C) summer and a large amount of precipitation (300-700 mm) falling in all seasons in The form of rain and snow.

The most wide and massive part of Eurasia is within moderate climatic belt, the southern border of which, determined by the summer position of the polar front, passes from southern Shore Biscay's bay through the middle of the Black and Caspian seas to the northern part of the Korea Peninsula and the middle part of Honshu Island. Despite the domination throughout the year of West Eastern transfer, a moderate belt within Eurasia is characterized by large differences in climatic conditions, which gives reason to consider it by regions.

Region oceanic moderate The warm climate includes the south of Iceland, the western outskirts of the Scandinavian Peninsula, the British Islands and the Last West of the Mainland - Peninsula of Jutland, the West and the North of France. There are reason to refer to this area of \u200b\u200bthe moderate belt also the north-west of the Pyrenean Peninsula. Throughout the year, the Atlantic air, brought by the winds of Western Rumbers, prevails, and cyclonic activity is manifested. For winter, the unstable rainy and foggy weather with the middle temperature of the coldest month from 1 to 6 ° C, frost and snowfall are rare, sustainable snow cover does not happen. The average temperature of the summer is 10 ... 18 "C. The preciputes fall throughout the year, with a maximum winter due to particularly intense cyclonic activities. The annual amounts of precipitation almost throughout the region more than 1000 mm, and evapoability does not exceed 800 mm per year. Therefore For the atlantic areas of Europe, excessive moisturizing is characterized ( fig. 12).

Fig. 12. The difference in precipitation and evaporation for the year

The climate of the rest of the moderate belt of Europe up to the Ural Mountains can be called transient, from oceanic to continental. The most important role in climatic formation is the transformation of the atlantic air and the increasing influence of continental air masses that are formed over the mainland. Compared with the previous one, this area is characterized by a smaller amount of precipitation, large amplitudes of temperature fluctuations, the presence of a frost period of different duration. Within the area under consideration, more than in the previous one, the differences between the North and South are expressed. For Scandinavia and Finland, there is a continuous and harsh winter. The Scandinavian Mountains enhance the transformation of the atlantic air and at the same time do not prevent the penetration of cold air masses from the Arctic. Therefore, the temperature in Sweden and Finland may fall to -40 ° C, and in exceptional cases and up to -50 ° C, with an average temperature of January -10, -15 ° C. Summer north of the 50th parallel is cool, the maximum of precipitation falls on its beginning. Annual precipitation from 500 to 1000 mm during evaporation of less than 600 mm provides excessive moisture throughout the year. The southern part of the region is characterized by less sharp amplitudes of temperatures, moderately cold in winter with the average January meter, only a little below 0 ° C. The duration of snow cover and ice-bearing on the rivers is small, it increases from the west to the East. Summer is warm, with the middle time of July 12 ... 20 ° C. The maximum of sediments falls on the first half of summer, evaporation increases to 800 mm, and moisturizing compared to the northern regions decreases.

A significant part of Asia within Russia, the countries of Central Asia, as well as Mongolia and the North-West China (Gobi and Jungaria) are located in the area continental climate A moderate belt, which is under the influence of intramicious air masses all year. Due to the influence of the Asian maximum for the region, cold winters are characterized with sharp differences in temperature from places to place. Under the middle javar temperature from -3 ° C in the west of China to -12 ° C in the north of Kazakhstan and -25 ° C in Mongolia, with windless and cloudless weather there are decreases to -35 ...- 50 ° C. Due to stable low winter temperatures And the almost complete absence of snow in the eastern regions of the region is developing a long-term Merzlot. Almost all annual precipitation (about 200 mm) falls in summer in the form of frontal rains. The average July temperature reaches 30 ° C in the south. Moisturizing is insufficient.

East of the Large Hinggang Ridge, including Northeast China, North Korean Peninsula, Hokkaido Island and North Honshu, Climate monsoon. The whole area is characterized by sharp differences in temperatures, precipitation and moisturizing by season of the year. In winter, dry frosty weather with strong winds, which, from the Asian maximum, and raising a lot of dust are dominant. Only on the Japanese islands are abundant snow, as the continental air, passing over a relatively warm Japanese sea, in the lower layers, moisture is saturated. Southeast monsoon blows in the summer, which rendered moisture unsustainable air from the southern and western periphery of the Pacific Anticyclone. With its arrival, approximately 70% of the annual amount of precipitation falling in the form of a ravery with intervals of 4-5 days.

Subtropical The climatic belt also crosses Eurasia from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Within its limits, Western oriental transfer in the summer is replaced by tropical circulation. Of great importance is the system of mountain raising of high Asia, which causes in winter the splitting of the stream of Western transfer into two branches - the North and South. The latter passes south of Himalayas, causing, in the opinion of G. N. Vyvitsky, the displacement compared to other continuity of the southern border of the subtropical belt in the direction of the equator.

Pyrenean and Apennine Peninsula, South and West Balkan Peninsula, West and South of Malaya Asia, East Coast of the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean Islands, South of the Crimean Peninsula and North Mesopotamia are located in the subtropical climate with dry summer ( mediterranean). Summer dryness is associated with winds, subject to the eastern periphery of the expanded north-Atlantic maximum. The predominant direction of the winds is the North-West in Western Mediterranean and the northeast - in East. The average temperature of July from 23 to 28 ° C. With almost the absence of precipitation, evacuability is 3-4 times higher than the actual evaporation. In winter, the Azores maximum shifts to the south and the Mediterranean enters the system of Western transfer and cyclonic activities, with which 75-80% of the annual precipitation is associated. The average temperature of the coldest month increases from north to south from 4 to 12 ° C. In the western part of the Mediterranean climate region, the atlantic air is predominant, in the east - continental. Therefore, when moving from the west to the East, the amount of precipitation decreases and the amplitudes of temperatures increase.

Inside the mainland, from Iranian Highland to the Pool of Middle Juanhe, including the Tarim Basin, Bishan, South Gobi and other areas of Central and Central Asia, Climate subtropical continental. This area is characterized by hot summer (25 ... 35 ° C) and cool winter with an average temperature above 0 ° C, although in some years frosts can reach and -20 ° C. The precipitation falls less than 200 mm per year, the air is characterized by heavy dryness, daily and annual temperature amplitudes are significant. In precipitation mode there are differences between the West and East. In the West, winter sediments are associated with the Iranian branch of the polar front and cyclonic activity. Summer sediments, brought by the Southeast Monson prevail in the East.

Special, extracontinental The high-door climate is characteristic of the inland areas of Asia (Tibet), which only in geographical location, and not according to actual climatic conditions, can be attributed to the subtropical belt. By virtue of significant absolute heights of the temperature, even in the summer do not rise here above 10 ... 15 ° C, the same negative temperatures are characteristic of these areas. The amount of precipitation even in the most moistened areas does not exceed 500 mm per year, and in some places it is reduced to 100-150 mm, which causes climate dryness.

Climate of the eastern sector of the subtropical belt, as well as moderate, monsoon. It applies to the Yangtze River pool and the southern part of the Japanese islands. From the monsoon climate of the moderate belt, the subtropical monsonic climate is characterized by a higher average winter temperature (from 4 to 8 ° C) and large annual precipitation, which exceed 1000 mm and fully cover the consumption of evaporation. Winter dryness south of the Valley of the Yangtze River is less sharp than north of it, since the front is created there between the air flowing through the eastern periphery of the Asian maximum, and the air of the southern branch of the Western transfer, and therefore rain falls out. When breakthroughs of the front and the invasion of cold continental air to the south, the temperature may drop to 0 ° C. Differences are drawn in the winter conditions of the Mediterranean region and the Yangtze basin. In the first case, due to the direct effects of the Atlantic Air, the winter is very warm with the average temperature of the coldest month from 10 to 12 ° C, in the second - the middle January temperature is almost twice the lower, and significant falls are possible. This is due to the impact of the Asian maximum, the air of which is removed far to the south. In this regard, the southern border of the subtropical belt in East Asia is shifted to almost the tropics.