Separation according to tradition. Highlighting introductory words, introductory sentences and plug-in constructions in writing

Verbs, names and adverbs in a sentence can act as introductory words, which in one way or another - grammatically, lexically, intonationally - express the speaker's attitude to what he reports.

Compare two sentences:

This question, it seemed troubled the guest.

Face his seemed calm .

In both examples, the word seemed , but only in the second case is this word included in the members of the sentence: there it is part of the compound nominal predicate.

In the first example, the word seemed serves only to express the attitude of the speaker to what he reports. Such words are called introductory; they are not part of the sentence and can easily be omitted, for example: This question ... made the guest difficult. Note that in the second sentence, skip the word seemed impossible.

Compare a few more examples in the table:

Take with you By the way, our books.
This phrase by the way reminded me of an old joke.

These words are spoken By the way.

This phrase was spoken by the way.

Words separated by commas can be removed from a sentence without destroying its meaning.

By the way, from the first sentence, you can ask the question HOW?
To the phrase BETWEEN OTHERS, you can put the question WHEN?

Many words can be used as introductory words. But there is a group of words that are never introductory. Read two sentences:

There will obviously be a good harvest this year;
There will certainly be a good harvest this year.

The first sentence uses the word obviously, in the second - certainly . Although these words are very close in meaning, only the word from the first sentence is separated by commas and is introductory. The words below must be remembered: they are very similar to introductory words, but they are not and commas are not separated:

MAYBE, AS IF, SUDDENLY, BECAUSE, HERE, IS HARD TO, ALL THE SAME, EVEN, EXACTLY, AS IF, JUST, ALWAYS, ALWAYS, MANDATORY, ALMOST, ONLY, ALLEGEDLY.

Introductory words can convey five different types of meanings:

    Most often, with the help of introductory words, the speaker conveys various degree of certainty in what he says. For example: You will surely do well in the exam. or You seem to need to do more. This group includes the words:

    OF COURSE, OF COURSE, UNDOubtedly, DEFINITELY, WITHOUT A DOUBT, DEFINITELY, REALLY, SEEMS, PROBABLY, POSSIBLY, PLEASE.

    Introductory words can also convey feelings and attitude speaker to what he is talking about. For example: Unfortunately, you didn't do well in your exam.

    LUCKYLY, UNFORTUNATELY, SURPRISELY, UNFORTUNATELY.

    Sometimes introductory words indicate on The source of information reported by the speaker. Introductory phrases in this case begin with the words BY MESSAGE, BY WORDS, BY OPINION. For example: You, according to doctors, need to interrupt training for a while.

    The source of the message may also be the speaker himself (IN MY OPINION, IN MY OPINION), or the source may be indefinite (SPOKEN, HEARD). For example: You, they say, will have to interrupt training.

    BY MESSAGE, BY WORDS, BY OPINION, BY HEARING, SAYING, HEARD, IN MY OPINION, IN MY OPINION, IN YOUR WAY.

    Introductory words are also used For ordering thoughts and indications of their relationship with each other. For example: Firstly, this participle was formed from a perfective verb; secondly, it has dependent words. Therefore, it should contain two letters N.

    FIRSTLY, SECONDLY, THIRDLY, FINALLY, THEREFORE, THEREFORE, SO, ON THE CONTRAST, FOR EXAMPLE, ON THE REVERSE.

    There are also sentences where the introductory words indicate on way of thinking. For example: In a word, everything went well.

    OTHERWISE, IN ONE WORD, IT IS BETTER TO SAY IT SOFTLY.

Introductory words also include words that serve to attract attention interlocutor:

KNOW (KNOW), UNDERSTAND (UNDERSTAND), LISTEN (LISTEN), SEE (SEE) and others.

The same meanings can be expressed not only by introductory words, but also by similar predicative constructions (introductory sentences). Compare: Snowfall likely to end soon And The snowfall, I think, will end soon. In addition to commas, brackets or dashes can be used to highlight introductory sentences. This is done when the introductory construction is very common and contains additional comments or explanations. For example:

Here we pass once through our village, years will be - how to tell you not to lie - fifteen years. (Turgenev)
Alexei (the reader has already recognized it) meanwhile he gazed intently at the young peasant woman. (Pushkin)

The rule of isolation of introductory words and sentences has several very important notes.

    If the introductory word is preceded by the union A or BUT, then a comma is not always placed between the introductory word and the union. Compare a couple of sentences:
    The doctor has finished but of course, look at a seriously ill patient.
    He gave his word and consequently, must restrain him.

    The introductory word can be rearranged or removed without a union only in the first case, so a comma is required between the introductory word and the union. In the second sentence, this cannot be done, which means that the comma is not put.

    Very often, difficulties arise in sentences with the words HOWEVER and FINALLY. The word HOWEVER stands out only when it cannot be replaced by the union BUT. Compare two sentences:
    However we understand that this figure is still low(HOWEVER = BUT) . Bye, however, we still don't have a clear picture of what's going on(HOWEVER - introductory word) .

    The word FINALLY is introductory only when it has no spatial or temporal meaning, but indicates the order of thoughts. For example:
    I hope this project will be completed soon. finally will be implemented. AND, finally, The last thing I would like to pay attention to.

    Introductory words can begin with a separate construction, for example, a clarifying phrase. In this case, a comma is not placed after the introductory word (in other words, the comma, which was supposed to “close” the introductory word, is transferred to the end of a separate turnover).

    I saw, or rather felt, that she was not indifferent to me.

    In addition, a comma is not placed before the introductory word located at the end of a separate turnover.

    For the holidays, we decided to go somewhere, to Kolomna for example.

    If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate construction, then it is separated by commas on a common basis.

    I decided to declare my love, feeling, it seems, in my heart that she, too, was not indifferent to me.

    If the introductory words are located before the turn, beginning with the words "how" or "to", then they are separated by commas.

    The day she lived seemed meaningless to her, in fact, like all life.
    He thought for a moment probably, to find the right words.

Exercise

  1. The portraits hung in front of the mirror.
  2. On the contrary, he did not even change his face.
  3. On the one hand, I completely agree with you.
  4. On the one hand, a double-headed eagle was depicted on the coin.
  5. The truth is always better than a lie.
  6. I_true_ was somewhat surprised by this news.
  7. In spring, flooding is possible.
  8. There will be a flood in the spring.
  9. Everyone in our city is already talking about it.
  10. In Greece_ they say_ everything is there.
  11. Maybe_ you deigned to express yourself in this way for the beauty of the style? (Gogol).
  12. The weather forecast says it will be colder next week.
  13. As scientists say, global warming awaits us.
  14. The train leaves in an hour_ therefore_ we need to leave the house.
  15. Fortunately, Pechorin was immersed in thought (Lermontov).
  16. We have gathered here _ firstly_ in order to resolve the issue of the timing of work.
  17. He didn’t want to shoot himself_ thank God_ he didn’t want to try ... (Pushkin).
  18. Of course, you have seen the album (Pushkin) of the county young lady more than once.
  19. In one word, you got off lightly.
  20. So_ now we can conclude.
  21. You do not interfere with me in the least,” he objected, “if you please, shoot, but_ by the way_ as you please; your shot is yours; I am always ready at your service (Pushkin).
  22. She suffered for a very long time after separation, but_ as you know, time heals any wounds.
  23. The wind, however, was strong.
  24. Fedya brought flowers_ however_ Masha did not like it.
  25. A strong yet warm wind blew through the window.
  26. A good upbringing, as you know, is obtained in boarding schools (Gogol).
  27. However, there are various improvements and changes in methods ... (Gogol).
  28. You must certainly come to us.
  29. I took from the table_ as I remember now_ the ace of hearts and threw it up (Lermontov).
  30. However, even General Khvalynsky himself did not like to talk about his service career; he seems to have never been to war (Turgenev).
  31. You become wild - you know - if you live locked up all the time (Gogol).
  32. Probably_ he was a man of gratitude and wanted to pay this for good treatment.
  33. You supposedly were supposed to come to his office and report on the trip.
  34. Yes, I confess, I thought so myself.
  35. Anyway, I decided to do things my own way.
  36. Ivan Petrovich_ you know_ was an extraordinary person.
  37. Nobody went to him, of course, (Turgenev).
  38. Gleb, as far as I knew, studied well at the Bryansk gymnasium (Paustovsky).
  39. But_ perhaps_ the reader is already tired of sitting with me at Ovsyannikov's one-palace, and therefore I eloquently fall silent (Turgenev).
  40. My arrival - I could notice it - at first somewhat embarrassed the guests.
  41. However, the political process began to develop in a different way.
  42. In my last report, I hastened to inform you that we finally managed to solve this problem.
  43. The experiences of transformations that were around us had, no doubt, a strong influence on the thoughts of most of the people involved in them (M. M. Speransky).
  44. A group of border guards led by an officer went to the violators with the intention, as it_ happened_ earlier, to protest and demand that they leave the territory.
  45. Finalization of the agreement will probably take several more months.
  46. Secondly, there are many abuses in the field of international tourism.
  47. However_ if you remain committed to the spirit and letter of this document, it could not be otherwise.
  48. We all know very well, and everyone here knows well that on the western, or, as they say, the second front, about 1.5 million Allied troops and about 560 thousand German troops were concentrated.
  49. This modest, symbolic gesture_ seems to me_ full of deep meaning.
  50. Luckily, the examples mentioned above are the exception, not the rule.
  51. Extra value luggage_ can be claimed for certain types of items.
  52. The reason for this is obvious: when the mind begins to recognize the price of freedom, it dismisses with negligence all the children's toys, so to speak, with which it amused itself in its infancy (M. M. Speransky).
  53. Pravda_ spoke to me politely, did not force me to do anything, and I remember that I had the impression that he did not take all these accusations seriously.
  54. But in our case, the truth quickly came out, and we were soon released.

All punctuation errors in the independent work of schoolchildren as a whole boil down to two: “I didn’t put a comma where I should” and “I put it where I shouldn’t.” Traditionally, the focus is on working on the first group of errors: both in school practice, and in various courses, and in manuals for self-study, the rules and various cases of their application are repeated (complex sentence, homogeneous members, participial and adverbial turnover). Errors of the second type - "extra commas" - corrections by studying the rules lend themselves worse. On the contrary, the more points of rules and exceptions students study, the more errors of this kind we can meet in independent work. I would explain this trend as follows: the student stops thinking about the sentence, he places signs, and then he selects a suitable rule for them. And after all, many succeed! The wording breaks away from the rule and begins to live on its own.

Suppose our student creates the phrase: *Already from the 2nd chapter of the novel "Eugene Onegin", the reader begins to doubt the social origins of Onegin's skepticism. This phrase contains an extra comma that separates a minor member. When asked why there is a comma, the student gave the following answer: "For semantic emphasis or for a passing explanation, circumstances expressed by nouns in the forms of indirect cases (usually with prepositions) can be isolated, especially if these nouns have explanatory words. " He found semantic emphasis here - after all, "precisely from the second, and not from the first chapter"! It turns out that the wording lives in his mind in order to EXPLAIN THE ALREADY PLACED COMMA, and not to reflect on the reasons for their possible statement.

We have already written more than once that one of the reasons for this approach lies in the tasks for repeating the rules, selected from classical Russian literature and not built according to a model typical for schoolchildren's own compositions. The selected texts, replete with commas of a clarifying nature, in which the omitted comma is an error, make us assume that a competent work is an essay with a large number of commas.

By the way, the skills of the work that was once carried out at school on the arrangement of commas in long sentences with a mass of clarifying turns, alien to the usual style of independent work, today affects not only school essays and independent work of students, but in general on the entire mass of printed matter surrounding us . The stereotype is triggered - there should be a lot of commas in a long sentence.

This summer, the author of the work copied the following ad in the store:
*From July 1, there may be a complete absence of imported alcohol with old excise stamps, due to the replacement of old excise stamps with new ones. Two extra commas in this phrase is a typical mistake for many ads of this nature..

Compare the signs found in the subway:
*From 7 am to 9 am exit to the city is closed due to the replacement of the escalator. A comma is not needed in this sentence.

And here is the phrase from the tourist voucher, handed over personally to the author in a reputable company, whose name we omit:
*After passing through passport control and collecting luggage, you need to approach the representative of the company *** and you will be taken to the hotel.

We see the reason for setting a completely unnecessary comma in the high degree of prevalence of an amendment to the rules of punctuation on the possible isolation of a turnover, which has an additional connotation or has the character of clarification. As having an additional circumstantial connotation, definitions and circumstances can stand apart. To create an additional opportunity to isolate a single definition, D.E. Rosenthal formulated the following rule: "it carries a significant semantic load and can be equated to the subordinate part of a complex sentence."

At the same time, the examples given in the reference book can be attributed to extremely rare and possible only in works of art: "It is impossible for a young man in love (=because he is in love) not to talk" (T.), "In the sky, deep blue, the silver moon was melting" (M.G.). In the National Corpus of the Russian Language (www.ruskorpora.ru) for 40 contexts using the form "in love" only the example found by Rosenthal from I.S. Turgenev turned out to be isolated. Is it worth introducing a rule for such a rare case? We would suggest that these examples be included in the rule on the isolation of definitions after the word, pointing out that in the works of some authors there are examples of isolation in this position of a single definition.

For schoolchildren, the ability to equate what they want to highlight with the subordinate part and the selection of a minor member solely because of its coincidence with the type of the subordinate clause is the first and most common reason for extra commas. Most often, a circumstance coinciding with the type of the subordinate part turns out to be highlighted. Here, the wording already cited above about the additional semantic (clarifying, explanatory) nature of the circumstance will be an additional incentive for setting a comma. By explaining that this additional character appears not so often, and most often in fiction, we can avoid a number of errors.

EXERCISE 1. Set up punctuation marks. Indicate where is the subordinate clause of a certain category, and where is the circumstance of the same type. Keep in mind! There are also commas in the task, they also need to be arranged and explained. We also leave gaps in some spellings.

1. In order to feel good ... one must not be angry ... with everyone around. - For good health, smile more often ....

2. Thanks to the error of the test verifier, I got a score higher. - Due to the fact that the examiner made a mistake, I was able to get a "three" and not a "deuce".

3. Instead of going to the skating rink after school, I'd rather go to the library. - Instead of another visit to the cinema, I will try to write an extra essay.

4. If you walk in winter without a hat, you can get inflammation of the ear. - When you get into the habit of not wearing a hat in the cold, anyone's ears can hurt.

5. In order not to fall into the eyes of the director, I went around the back of the school, then climbed over the fence and climbed into the dining room window. – For the sake of meeting his beloved teacher, he goes to school on the longest way.

6. I decided to enter the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University in order to (would) become a famous scientist to work in a large scientific center somewhere in the USA and in order to (someday) receive the (N, N) Obel Prize. - And I decided to enter the Faculty of Arts for the sake of five years of calm and comfortable time ... spending ... with a book or an album (guide) in the picture gallery ... (under) my arm.

7. Against the will of his relatives, Nikolai Rostov proposes to Sonya, and she happily agrees to become his wife. - Despite the fact that the novel "War and Peace" (still) remains the most widely read in the world and according to media reports, several major film companies are starting to shoot the next screen ... anized ... version of the novel, not every schoolchild is able to remember all the details of a great work.

8. In order to write a historical novel, Pushkin has been working in the archives for several years and studying documents about the (P, p) Uachevsky uprising ... tani .... - In order to give the work a high degree of reliability, Pushkin placed fictional ... heroes in real historical conditions, and made the main character a novice writer - a person capable of (in) consequences ... writing memoirs.

9. For the sake of victory over the entire (F, French) ... French army and complete exile ... of the enemy from the territory ... itori .. Rossi ... Kutuzov makes ... a very (un) popular decision - leaves Moscow. - * In order to survive the retreating on the plundered ... oh ter ... itori ... French troops went ... had to make sorties to distant villages where they were taken prisoner by local residents.

10. By refusing to follow one literary trend and mixing different literary genres, Griboyedov creates an essentially innovative work that combines classicism, romanticism and sentimentalism and becomes the first Russian realistic comedy. - Chatsky also (same) participates in "conversations of the deaf", especially since it is he who pronounces the longest accusatory monologues that no other hero is (not) capable of listening to.

By analogy with the proposed by us, you can make your own tasks. It will also be effective work for students to independently change complex sentences into simple ones.

Another common mistake is to use a comma to separate a circumstance that comes after another circumstance. The rule is applied to highlight the clarifying member of the sentence, the statement of the comma is explained by the following wording: "the words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words are isolated ...". The following are the circumstances that can potentially be isolated: place, time, mode of action. But the rule does not explicitly state that the preceding circumstance must be of the same type. What is obvious to the authors of the rules turns out to be not at all obvious to the schoolchild who creates his own text, as a result we read in essays: "* In 1859, in St. Petersburg, Goncharov begins to work on the novel Oblomov"; "* During the Battle of Borodino, on Tushin's battery, Pierre does not enter the battle, but finds himself in the center of historical events."

Correcting this error is a rather complicated task, since it requires the writer to check the type of circumstance. It's no secret that many of our high school students don't remember asking a question, determining the type of circumstance, and then thinking about punctuation marks. Russian language theory and punctuation rules exist in two different worlds.

It is necessary to work on this error in this way: to determine the types of circumstances, then to establish their uniformity or heterogeneity. If the circumstances turn out to be of different types, then they cannot clarify each other! Deciding whether the second of them is clarifying is necessary only for two circumstances of the same type - place, time, reason. Recall that "clarification is the transition from a broader concept to a narrower one."

TASK 2. Set up punctuation marks. Specify for each circumstance its category. Keep in mind! There are also commas in the task, they also need to be arranged and explained. We also leave gaps in some spellings.

1. At the end of December, in every house ... they decorate a (N, n) Christmas tree, prepare gifts for relatives and friends, come up with a festive menu.

2. In the very center of Moscow on (K, k) Red Square in December 2006, the largest skating rink in Europe was opened.

3. On December 31, five minutes before midnight, on the screens of all TVs in our country, (N, n) New Year's greetings (P, p) from the resident of Russia sound.

4. In 1941, Moscow experienced one of the coldest winters in the history of meteorological observations. In December 2006, several temperature records were recorded in our city and (M, m) Moscow region.

5. In 1799, the future great Russian poet A.S. Pushkin was born in Moscow into a poor noble family.

6. In the forest, during a meeting with a leopard, Mtsyri demonstrates his best qualities.

7. As a child in the village of Oblomovka, little Ilya still does not lead the same sleepy and measured lifestyle as most of the inhabitants of his family estate.

8. But at the end of the novel, in her house in the Crimea, Olga is shown as having (not) achieved completely real happiness, since Stolz is deprived of that pure heart that Goncharov endowed the protagonist of the novel.

9. At a ball in Famusov's house, during the entire third act, the viewer observes representatives of (F, F) Amus society - typical residents of Moscow at the beginning of the 19th century.

10. As a result of his mistake, at the end of the novel, Onegin finds himself alone and ... not needed by anyone and (not) finding happiness.

We have given possible options for tasks aimed at working to eliminate extra commas. It seems that every philologist will find phrases in his collection of school essays that can be added to those given by us.

We quote the rule from: Rosenthal D.E. A guide to punctuation. - M., AST, 1997, S. 71.
. Ibid, p. 49.
. The task contains phrases from the compositions of students of preparatory courses at Moscow State University.
. Ibid, p. 79.
. There.
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Hello. I'm sure this question has already been asked, but I'm having a hard time finding it. "After the conquest of the Indian kingdoms by Alexander the Great (,), the fine arts of India gradually adopt the traditions of the alien conquerors." Do I need a comma in the specified place, and if so, why? Thank you.

There is no reason to put this comma.

Good afternoon In the terminology of psychologists, there is the concept of "Balint's group" and "Balint's group work". In the article of specialists and books, these stable phrases are found either with a capital or with a small letter. The history of the issue is such that the groups take their name from the name of the author. » Balint groups are a method of group training research work. It was named after its founder, Mikael Balint, who in 1949 held discussion group seminars with practitioners and psychiatrists at the Tavistock Clinic in London. M. Balint (his own name - M. Bergman) - a Hungarian psychoanalyst, one of the representatives of the British school of psychoanalysis - was born on December 3, 1896 in Budapest in the family of a practicing doctor. Can you tell me how to write correctly?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Correct spelling with lowercase.

Adjectives formed from personal names and surnames using the suffixes -sk-, -ovsk- (-evsk-), -insk- are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Dahl dictionary, Darwin's teaching, Beethoven's sonata, Shakespeare's tragedies, Prishvin's prose, Pushkin's harmony, Suvorov's traditions. However, with a capital letter, adjectives are written in -sky, which are part of the names - proper names, including those that have the meaning "name of something", "memory of something", for example: Habsburg dynasty, Peter's reforms, Stroganov School, Nobel Prize, Lomonosov Readings, Bulgakov Conference, Vakhtangov Theatre, Royal Shakespeare Theater(in England).

Please tell me whether it is necessary to put a comma after the words "with respect" in the message signature. For example, "respectfully, Ivanov Ivan Ivanovich" or "respectfully, Ivanov Ivanovich." And why so?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Good afternoon In our city there is Zapolotnyan (n) aya street, in various sources the number of letters “n” in the name is different, tell me, please, how is it correct?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

If the street name is derived from the word canvas, then the rule corresponds to writing with one n. However, in geographical names the rules are sometimes violated, and such words are written according to the established tradition. It is necessary to clarify in the city administration in what spelling this name is fixed in the documents.

New Year holidays and Christmas are an occasion to remember your most cherished desires. And according to an old Siberian tradition, in order for wishes to come true, they must be written down. Is it necessary to put a comma before "so that" and after "be fulfilled" and why?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Design to make wishes come true is a subordinate clause in a complex sentence, so it requires separation.

Hello! Can you please explain why ь and ъ are called separating characters?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

These letters are so called because they perform a separating function in Russian. For a hard sign, this function is the only one (after the abolition of this letter at the end of words in 1917–18), for a soft sign it is one of three. What is this separating function? A solid sign indicates that after a consonant, an iotated vowel does not mean the softness of the consonant, but two sounds: i - [ya], e - [ye], yo - [yo], yu - [yu]: hug, congress, shooting. The soft sign performs a similar separating function before i, yu, e, yo, and inside a word not after a prefix (blizzard, nightingale) and in some foreign words before about: (broth, companion). So, the separating sign is a signal to read the next letter as “th + vowel”.

In addition to the dividing function, the soft sign performs another important job: it serves to indicate the independent softness of a paired consonant at the end of a word and in the middle of a word before a consonant: horse, bath. Finally, after a consonant that is unpaired in terms of hardness / softness, a soft sign is traditionally written in certain grammatical forms, without carrying any phonetic load (cf .: key is night).

Let us add that linguists have noted more than once: the presence of two separating signs in Russian writing is based only on tradition (see, for example: Eskova N.A. About separating signs // About modern Russian orthography / Editor-in-chief V. V. Vinogradov. M .: Nauka, 1964), such redundancy cannot be explained based on the system of the modern Russian language. More than once a proposal was put forward to get rid of the two separating characters and leave either only b(i.e. write congress And blizzard), or only b(i.e. write congress And snowstorm). The second sentence came up much more often. It is precisely the fact that the letter b used in completely different functions. It indicates the softness of the consonant, and when used as a separator, we get the inevitable graphic illusion that the separator b softens at the same time. In cases like supernatural, rise, trans-European this graphic association with softness designation would be especially undesirable. Therefore, for the time being, two separating characters remain in the Russian letter.

Good afternoon Do I need to put a comma after "Respectfully" before the signature?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

It is customary to put a comma, although there is no punctuation reason for this. The use of a comma is explained by the influence of the European epistolary tradition.

To question 293521. Why the Headquarters of the Supreme Command, when the spelling dictionary says: Supreme Command?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Specifically in combination Headquarters of the Supreme High Command(during the Great Patriotic War) all three words are traditionally written with a capital letter, which is recorded in dictionaries. See: Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of the Russian language. Uppercase or lowercase? M., 2005.

Good afternoon In a sentence: Russian Catholics, despite being subjected to more significant restrictions than Lutherans, managed to preserve their religious traditions. Do you need a comma after "then"? Thanks in advance for your reply.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

A comma is placed either before the whole union although, or before its second part. So the comma after That need not.

Please complete answer 291406. To be honest, I am at a loss: first you talk about the fixed spelling in professional literature, justifying the violation of spelling and grammatical rules, then you talk about writing a dash instead of a hyphen according to the rules, although in chess encyclopedias and dictionaries and in BDT fixed not only the spelling of the surname in the nominative case, but also the use of a hyphen. What does it mean? One rule can be broken and the other not?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Spelling rules should not be violated, as well as established word usage. Spelling is a more "tough" area in which adherence to the rules is more important. Moreover, the deviation from the tradition of naming openings under consideration does not contain any grammatical violations.

Hello, dear Gramota.ru. Please answer whether it is acceptable to put a footnote after a dot at the end of a sentence.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

In the "Reference book of the publisher and author" A. E. Milchin, L. K. Cheltsova (4th ed. M., 2014) it is indicated that the footnote sign is placed before the period. But there is an exception: a footnote at the end of a sentence in combination with a dot as an abbreviation sign. In this case, the footnote is placed after the dot as an abbreviation and the dot is omitted as a punctuation mark at the end of the sentence. For example: in 2017 1

However, there is an interesting note in the handbook. It states that, by virtue of a long tradition, publishing houses in St. Petersburg adhere to a different sequence: they put footnotes after punctuation marks.

Hello! Tell me, please, how to correctly call the line drawn in the middle of the billiard table - the median or middle line?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

If there is no established tradition in the billiard game, then it is better to choose the word average.

Hello, dear employees of the Portal! Explain, please, the following illogicality. Why, from two word combinations identical in structure, for example, “railroad” and “quantum mechanics”, when forming adjectives, we get in one case a fused spelling: “railroad”, and in the second: “quantum-mechanical”? The same story with the words "natural science", etc. And the second question (adjacent to the first one): how to write “state_?_privatization” correctly? Thank you very much in advance!

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Unfortunately, the continuous and hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives is more subject to spelling tradition than to a strict rule. Therefore, in each case, the spelling of such words should be checked in a spelling dictionary.

State privatization written with a hyphen.

Compound nouns that have the meaning of one word and consist of two independently used nouns connected without the help of the connecting vowels o and e are written with a hyphen. The word "media" is already recorded in dictionaries as a self-used word. Why is it still recommended to write the words “media holding”, “media mogul” and other similar words together? Short-lived writing traditions should not violate the general rule. Please correct the corresponding dictionary entries.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

The spelling of words is strongly influenced cinema, photo And radio(as the first parts of compound words, they are written together).

Is it necessary to use quotation marks and an uppercase letter in the word "Country", using it as a style definition? And how to write the phrase country style correctly?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Corresponds to the language tradition combination country style.

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Good afternoon Why do the spelling of some words, for example, mass media, in the spelling dictionary (it is presented on your website) and the Big Explanatory Dictionary (it is also presented on your reference and information portal) differ?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Good afternoon Can you please tell me which set of rules is currently in effect? 12 years ago, when I was at university, we only referred to the 1956 Rules. Even then, they got acquainted with the Lopatin reform of 2006, but all this was not accepted then. How are things now? What source should you go to? The question arose in connection with the discussion of variant forms - five kilograms and five kilograms - in the 2012 Lopatin dictionary, these 2 currently existing options are indicated. But is it? Can we rely on this dictionary? Thank you. Olga

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

The question of choosing the ending in the form of the genitive plural of the word kilogram is not spelling, it is a problem of grammatical norm. You can read about it in the answer to question no. 290583.

The 1956 Rules and the 2006 Rules you are asking about are spelling and punctuation laws. Here are their full bibliographic descriptions:

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation: approved. Acad. Sciences of the USSR, M-vom higher. arr. USSR and Ministry of Education. RSFSR / [the largest account. in comp. hosted by S. G. Barkhudarov, K. I. Bylinskiy, V. V. Vinogradov, I. S. Istrina, I. A. Kairov, E. I. Kornevsky, S. E. Kryuchkov, S. P. Obnorskiy, D N. Ushakov, A. B. Shapiro, L. V. Shcherba]. - Moscow: Uchpedgiz, 1956. - 176 p.

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book: approved by the Spelling Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences / [ed. N. S. Valgina, N. A. Eskova, O. E. Ivanova, S. M. Kuzmina, V. V. Lopatin, L. K. Cheltsova; resp. ed. V. V. Lopatin]; Ros. acad. Sciences, Dep. historical and philological. Sciences, Institute of Rus. lang. them. V. V. Vinogradova. - Moscow: Eksmo, 2006. - 478, p. – The reference book is an updated edition of the current “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation” of 1956. – Editions after 2006 erased.

The code of 2006 cannot be recognized as reforming our writing, although according to the publications that appeared in the media in the early 2000s, such a conclusion could well be drawn. But journalists need a sensation, they tend to demonize any situation.

Here is what is written in the preface to the rules of 2006: “The main task of this work was to prepare a complete text of the rules of Russian spelling that meets the current state of the Russian language. The “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation”, which are still in force, officially approved in 1956, were the first generally binding set of rules that eliminated inconsistency in spelling. Exactly half a century has passed since their release, and numerous manuals and methodological developments have been created on their basis. Naturally, during this time, a number of significant omissions and inaccuracies were discovered in the wording of the Rules.

The incompleteness of the Rules of 1956 is largely due to changes that have taken place in the language itself: many new words and types of words have appeared, the spelling of which is not regulated by the Rules. For example, in the modern language, units that stand on the verge between a word and a part of a word have become more active; Among them were such as mini, maxi, video, audio, media, retro and others. In the "Rules" of 1956, one cannot find an answer to the question of whether such units should be written together with the next part of the word or through a hyphen. Many of the guidelines for capitalization are outdated. Punctuation rules that reflect the stylistic diversity and dynamism of modern speech, especially in the mass press, need to be clarified and supplemented.

Thus, the prepared text of the rules of Russian spelling not only reflects the norms fixed in the "Rules" of 1956, but in many cases supplements and clarifies them, taking into account modern writing practice" (p. 9).

It must be admitted that there are discrepancies in the recommendations of the 1956 code and the 2006 code. But they are completely insignificant. We owe some of them to D. E. Rosenthal. In his spelling guides, he did not reproduce the rules of 1956, but clarified, detailed them and, in some cases, changed recommendations. All these changes are connected with the changes that have taken place in the language itself.

In addition to sets of rules, spelling dictionaries also fix the spelling norm. Work on the creation of an academic spelling dictionary was entrusted to the Institute of the Russian Language. V. V. Vinogradov RAS. There are specialists who conduct constant research in the field of spelling, study the modern practice of writing, the history of its normalization, and develop recommendations for writing words that are entering the Russian language before our eyes. They are also preparing new editions of the academic spelling dictionary for publication. The most complete of them at the moment is the 4th edition of the Russian Spelling Dictionary (M., 2012). Correspond to the recommendations of this dictionary are the data of the spelling resource, which anyone can use on our portal in the "Word Check" section.

Spelling

Online spell checker

The Spell Checker intelligent web service can not only find spelling errors, but also explains in detail the cause of the error, referring to the corresponding rule, and also offers a convenient way to correct it. The system allows you to add new words to your dictionaries, automatically taking into account all word forms.

Writing appeared to fix the fleeting sounding speech, to transmit it "through the years, through the distances." At first, people wrote as it turned out, as they had to, but over time, the most important property of written speech became the obligatory rules - spelling and punctuation.

Russian orthography first became the subject of a systematic review in 1873. Academician Ya.K. Grot attempted to provide a historical and theoretical coverage of the Russian written tradition and bring writing to a possible uniformity. However, the rules were complex, not accessible to everyone. Further, the Academy of Sciences, the most authoritative authority, dealt with spelling issues. The spelling reform with simultaneous simplification of the alphabet became possible only in 1917-1918. This reform was an undoubted step forward; it opened the way to literacy for a huge number of people. In the 50s, as a result of a wide discussion, Russian spelling acquired the form of a set of clear rules that we use now.

Lots of spelling rules. But it cannot be otherwise. And the correct spelling of letters in words, and continuous, hyphenated and separate spelling, and the use of capital letters, and the reduction of words and phrases, and the transfer of words - all this establishes the rules of spelling.

Spelling is all about consistency. Very rarely a word can have two spellings ( galosh — overshoe), for all other words this is an unaffordable luxury. In print, you can find as many as four spellings for the profession of an employee of a real estate agency, but you should write realtor.

There are four principles of Russian spelling.

1. Morphological. We use this principle whenever we look for a test word among its other forms or words with the same root. How to write: wada or water? Of course through Oh, because water, water. We're talking about mushrooms cargo, talking about melancholy-sadness - sadness. The morphological principle is the most important for the Russian language with its extensive system of positional alternations of vowels and consonant phonemes.

2. Phonetic. His motto is "write as you hear". This principle works, for example, when we decide which prefix to write in words: smash - split, boundless - restless etc.

3. Traditional. This is the principle for writing words that cannot be verified with another word, and sometimes they sound different from how they are written. At school they are called "dictionary", they need to be learned, memorized or looked up in a dictionary. There are many Russians among these words - hare, tongue, junk. But even more borrowed, foreign - heel, station, transparant. In foreign words, the spelling that is accepted in the source language is sometimes preserved ( French horn from Wald `forest` and Horn `horn` - forest horn), but it happens that it changes (the word sandwich lost a letter, but it contains the German word Butter `butter`).

4. Graphic-morphological. How to write a noun with a hissing at the end? If it belongs to the feminine gender, then with a soft sign ( mouse, rye, thing), and if to the male, then without it ( knife, bream, hut). We look at the gender and when writing forms ( lanyu - mouse, table - knife).

When writing any texts in Russian, it is very important to observe spelling 1, that is, the correct spelling of individual words. Often a mistake or typo in a word can significantly distort the meaning, demonstrate the illiteracy of the author and reduce the level of trust in the text. Today, there are many online spell checking services on the Internet, but they all have significant drawbacks. For example, they do not know how to check the continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of words, the use of capital and lowercase letters, the spelling of borrowed words, such as promotion, distributor, weekend, face control, realtor, etc.

The spelling core of the system has an open architecture and is constantly updated with new rules of the Russian language. The list of rules currently includes:

  • Rules for the use of letters
    • General rules
      • Vowels not after hissing and "ts"
        • 1.1.1.1 The letters "a" - "I", "y" - "yu"
        • 1.1.1.2 Letter "o"
        • 1.1.1.3 Letter "ё"
        • 1.1.1.4 The letters "e" - "e"
        • 1.1.1.5 Letter "and"
        • 1.1.1.6 Letter "s"
      • Vowels after hissing and "c"
        • 1.1.2.1 Letters "a", "y"
        • 1.1.2.2 The letters "i", "s"
        • 1.1.2.3 The letter "e" in place of the stressed vowel
        • 1.1.2.4 The letter "o" in place of the stressed vowel
        • 1.1.2.5 The letter "ё" in place of the stressed vowel
        • 1.1.2.6 The letters "o", "e" in place of an unstressed vowel
        • 1.1.2.7 Letters "o" and "e" after "c"
        • 1.1.2.8 The letter "e" after hissing and "c"
      • 1.1.3 Letter "y"
      • The letters "b" and "b"
        • 1.1.4.1 Separating "b" and "b"
        • 1.1.4.2 The letter "b" as a sign of softness of the consonant
        • 1.1.4.3 Letter "ь" after hissing in some grammatical forms
        • 1.1.4.4 The letter "ь" is not after sibilants in some grammatical forms
    • Writing significant parts of a word
      • 1.2.1 Unstressed vowels in roots
      • Writing individual roots
        • Roots with alternating vowels
          • 1.2.2.1.1 Roots with the letters "a" and "o"
          • 1.2.2.1.2 Roots with the letters "i" and "e"
        • 1.2.2.2 Difficult cases of writing root vowels
      • Unstressed vowels in prefixes
        • 1.2.3.1 Writing letters in place of unstressed vowels in prefixes
        • 1.2.3.2 Attachments for and pre-
        • 1.2.3.3 Prefix times- (ras-) / roses- (ros-)
        • 1.2.3.4 Vowels at the end of prefixes and prepositions with an unstressed vowel
      • Unstressed vowels in suffixes
        • 1.2.4.1 Suffixes with checked unstressed vowels
        • 1.2.4.2 Suffixes with unchecked unstressed vowels
        • 1.2.4.3 The vowel at the end of the stem in nouns with "-i", "-i", "-i"
        • Features of writing individual suffixes
          • 1.2.4.4.1 Suffixes -enn, -yan
          • 1.2.4.4.2 Suffixes -ev, -iv, -liv, -chiv
          • 1.2.4.4.3 Suffixes -enk, -onk
          • 1.2.4.4.4 Suffixes -points, -points
          • 1.2.4.4.5 Suffixes -achiy (-yachiy), -echy, -ichy
          • 1.2.4.4.6 Suffixes -ek, -ik
          • 1.2.4.4.7 Suffixes -ink, -enk, -ank (-yank)
          • 1.2.4.4.8 Suffixes -its, -ets
          • 1.2.4.4.9 Suffix -(m)en
          • 1.2.4.4.10 Suffixes -yshk, -yshek, -eshek and -ushk (-yushk), -ushki
          • 1.2.4.4.11 Suffixes -insk, -ensk
          • 1.2.4.4.12 Suffixes -oshn, -ashn, -eshn, -ishn
          • 1.2.4.4.13 Suffixes -iv, -ev
          • 1.2.4.4.14 Suffixes -usch (-yushch), -ashch (-yashch)
          • 1.2.4.4.15 Suffixes -em, -im, -ability, -ability
          • 1.2.4.4.16 Suffixes -anna (-yann) and -an (-yan); -enn and -en
          • 1.2.4.4.17 Features of writing suffixes -yva (-iva), -ova (-eva)
          • 1.2.4.4.18 Suffix -va
          • 1.2.4.4.19 Suffixes -e(t), -i(t), -ene(t), -ene(t)
      • 1.2.5 Runaway vowels in roots and suffixes of nouns and adjectives
      • 1.2.6 Connecting vowels
      • Unstressed vowels in case endings
        • 1.2.7.1 Writing letters in endings according to word forms with the same ending
        • 1.2.7.2 Writing in the form of them. p. units h. husband gender of adjectives / words inflected like adjectives
        • 1.2.7.3 Endings containing vowels not tested by stress position
        • 1.2.7.4 Unstressed endings for nouns with some suffixes
        • 1.2.7.5 Case forms of nouns in -й, -е, -я
        • 1.2.7.6 Prepositions "in", "on", "on" with nouns ending in -ie, -ie
      • Unstressed vowels in verb forms
        • 1.2.8.1 Vowels in verb endings
        • 1.2.8.2 Infinitive vowels before -t
      • Particles don't and neither
        • 1.2.9.1 Single particle "neither" before the words "one" and "single"
        • 1.2.9.2 The particle "neither" in the union "neither. nor"
        • 1.2.9.5 Concessive clauses with particle "ni"
        • 1.2.9.6 Constructions "no one else", "nothing else"
        • 1.2.9.7 Particle "not" in stable combinations
        • 1.2.9.8 Particle "ni" in stable combinations
        • 1.2.9.9 Basic usage of the particle "neither"
        • 1.2.9.10 Basic use of the particle "not"
    • Spelling of consonants
      • Voiceless and voiced consonants
        • 1.3.1.1 Paired voiceless consonants
        • 1.3.1.2 Writing unchecked consonants
        • 1.3.1.3 Words with consonant combinations "sk, st, zg, zd"
        • 1.3.1.4 Spelling of prefixes on "z" and "s"
      • 1.3.2 Silent consonants
      • Groups of consonants at the junction of significant parts of the word
        • 1.3.3.1 Adjectives with "-sk" suffix
        • 1.3.3.2 Letter combinations "ts", "ds", "tts" and "dts"
        • 1.3.3.3 Letter combinations "tch", "stch", "dch" and "zdch"
        • 1.3.3.4 The letter combination "tch"
        • 1.3.3.5 Letter combinations "sch", "zch", "zhch" and "shch"
        • 1.3.3.6 Letter combinations "ssh", "szh", "zsh" and "zzh"
        • 1.3.3.7 Letter combinations "zhs", "shs", "chs" and "shs"
      • 1.3.4 Letters "h" and "w" before "n" and "t"
      • 1.3.5 The letter "g" in the endings "-th" and "-his"
      • double consonants
        • 1.3.6.1 Double consonants at the junction of a prefix and a root
        • 1.3.6.3 Double n and double s at the junction of a generating stem and a suffix
        • 1.3.6.5 Double "n" and one "n" in adjective and noun suffixes
        • 1.3.6.6 Double n and one n in suffixes of passive past participles and adjectives correlative with them
        • 1.3.6.7 Double n and one n in the suffixes of passive past participles and adjectives correlative with them
        • 1.3.6.8 Double n and single n in words formed from adjectives and participles
        • 1.3.6.9 Double consonants in Russian roots
        • 1.3.6.10 Double consonants in loanwords
        • 1.3.6.11 Double consonants after the root in loanwords
        • 1.3.6.12 Double consonants in words formed from stems into two identical consonants
        • 1.3.6.13 Double consonants in word abbreviations
  • Rules for the use of non-alphabetic characters
    • 2.1 Hyphen
    • 2.2 Slash
    • 2.3 Apostrophe
  • Rules for merged, hyphenated and separate spelling
    • Noun spelling
      • spelling of common names
        • Consolidated spelling of common names
          • 3.1.1.1.1 Consolidation of compound words
          • 3.1.1.1.2 Compound nouns with connecting vowels "o" and "e"
        • Writing common names with a hyphen
          • 3.1.1.2.1 Combinations of two nouns, first part with independent declension
          • 3.1.1.2.2 Combinations with indeclinable nouns
          • 3.1.1.2.3 Hyphenating nouns
          • 3.1.1.2.4 Compound words with indeclinable first part in them. p. units hours with zero ending
          • 3.1.1.2.5 Words with first parts "disco-", "maxi-", "midi-", "mini-"
          • 3.1.1.2.6 Noun groups with connecting vowels
          • 3.1.1.2.7 A group of words denoting positions and titles
          • 3.1.1.2.8 Names in the form of phrases with a function word
          • 3.1.1.2.9 Combinations with the "half-" prefix
          • 3.1.1.2.10 Nouns derived from hyphenated common nouns
      • Proper names and compound names
        • 3.1.2.2 Spelling of names, aliases, nicknames, nicknames through a hyphen
    • Writing an adjective
      • Writing an adjective with a hyphen
        • 3.2.1.2 Hyphenating adjectives denoting quality shades
      • Continuous spelling of an adjective
        • 3.2.2.1 Adjectives with first parts many-, little-
        • 3.2.2.2 Terminological adjectives
    • Writing pronominal words
      • 3.4.1 Continuous spelling of pronominal words
      • Writing pronominal words with a hyphen
        • 3.4.2.1 Pronominal words with the prefix "some- (koy-)"
        • 3.4.2.2 Pronominal words with postfixes "-either, -something, -that"
      • Separate spelling of pronominal words
        • 3.4.3.2 Combinations with pronominal words
    • Writing adverbs
      • Continuous spelling of adverbs
        • 3.5.1.1 Adverbs formed with prefixes from adverbs
        • 3.5.1.2 Adverbs derived from adjectives
        • 3.5.1.3 Adverbs derived from pronominal words
        • 3.5.1.4 Adverbs formed with prefixes "in", "on" from collective numbers
        • 3.5.1.5 Adverbs with the first part "full-"
        • 3.5.1.6 Adverbs with spatial and temporal meanings
        • 3.5.1.7 Continuous spelling of combinations with prepositions-prefixes
      • Separate spelling of adverbs
        • 3.5.2.1 Separate spelling of combinations with prepositions-prefixes
        • 3.5.2.2 Adverbial combinations from the preposition-prefix "with" and the form genus. n. noun on "-y (-a)"
        • 3.5.2.3 Adverbial combinations of prepositions-prefixes "in", "with" with the second part beginning with vowels
        • 3.5.2.4 Adverbial combinations formed by the repetition of nouns or numbers with a preposition
        • 3.5.2.5 Adverbial combinations with a noun in different cases with prepositions
      • Writing adverbs with a hyphen
        • 3.5.3.1 Hyphenating adverbs
        • 3.5.3.2 Adverbs with the prefix "po-", ending in "-mu, -mu, -ski, -tski, -i"
      • 3.5.4 Writing negative adverbs
    • Writing function words and interjections
      • Continuous spelling of service words and interjections
        • 3.6.1.1 Prepositions from prepositional combinations
        • 3.6.1.2 Conjunctions and particles from combinations of prepositions and conjunctions with pronominal words
        • 3.6.1.3 Conjunctions and particles "so that, if, also, too, so that (to)"
        • 3.6.1.4 Continuous spelling of interjections and onomatopoeia
      • Writing function words and interjections with a hyphen
        • 3.6.2.3 Continuous spelling of interjections and onomatopoeia
        • 3.6.2.4 Writing interjections and onomatopoeias with a hyphen
      • Separate spelling of service words and interjections
        • 3.6.3.2 Separate spelling of unions, particles, introductory words
      • Combinations with particles
        • 3.6.4.1 Hyphenating particle combinations
        • 3.6.4.2 Separate spelling of combinations with particles
    • Negative spellings of "not"
      • Consolidated spelling "not"
        • 3.7.1.3 Prefixes "under-" and "nebes- (heaven-)"
        • Spelling with some nouns, adjectives, adverbs in "-o"
          • 3.7.1.4.1 Replacing a word with “not” with a similar word without “not”
          • 3.7.1.4.2 Non-belonging to the category of persons or phenomena in combination with "not"
          • 3.7.1.4.3 Definition or preposition before a noun with "not"
          • 3.7.1.4.4 Presence of words like “very”, “extremely”, “very”
          • 3.7.1.4.5 Presence of qualifying adverbs
        • 3.7.1.5 Continuous spelling with full participles
      • Separate spelling "not"
        • 3.7.2.1 Spelling with all verb forms (except full participles)
        • 3.7.2.2 Spelling with numerals and countable nouns
        • 3.7.2.3 Spelling with pronominal words
        • 3.7.2.4 Spelling with always short adjectives
        • 3.7.2.5 Spelling with adverbs and invariant words as a predicate
        • 3.7.2.6 Spelling with any hyphenated words
        • 3.7.2.8 Contrasted constructions
        • 3.7.2.9 Constructs that reinforce negation
        • 3.7.2.10 Combinations “almost…, almost…, isn’t…, no further than…, not later than…, not earlier than…”
        • 3.7.2.11 Separate spellings with full participles
    • General rules for continuous writing
      • 3.8.1 Spelling words with prefixes
      • 3.8.2 Spelling words whose first part is the same as the form of the numeral
      • 3.8.3 Writing words with the first foreign part
      • 3.8.4 Compound words without a connecting vowel
    • General rules for writing with a hyphen
      • 3.9.1 Hyphenating repeated combinations
      • 3.9.3 Pair constructions from words with the first part "semi-"
      • 3.9.5 Combinations with the meaning of indicating quantity or time
    • 3.11 Spelling according to the handbook
  • Rules for the use of uppercase and lowercase letters
    • Proper names and words derived from them
      • 4.1.1 Personal names, patronymics, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames
      • 4.1.2 Functional words as part of surnames
      • 4.1.3 Components of Arabic, Turkic, Persian names
      • 4.1.4 Names relating to religion and mythology
      • 4.1.5 Lowercase common nouns
      • 4.1.7 Common nouns as character names
      • 4.1.9 Adjectives with suffixes -sk-, -ovsk- (-evsk-), -insk-
      • 4.1.11 Website names and web addresses
    • Geographical and administrative-territorial names and words derived from them
      • 4.2.1 Geographical and administrative-territorial names
      • 4.2.4 Names of the countries of the world
      • 4.2.5 One-word derived names of territories, regions, localities
      • 4.2.6 Informal stable names of states and cities
      • 4.2.7 Names of railway stations, train stations, airports
    • 4.3 Astronomical names
    • 4.4 Names of historical eras, events, calendar periods, holidays and public events
    • Names related to religion
      • 4.5.1 Spelling of the word "God" and derivatives
      • 4.5.2 Words before proper names
      • 4.5.3 The word "god" in stable combinations
      • 4.5.5 The first word and proper names in the names of religious holidays
      • 4.5.6 Names of fasts, weeks and days related to these periods
      • 4.5.7 Names of denominations
      • 4.5.8 The first word in the names of the highest bodies of church authority
      • 4.5.9 Full official titles of senior church officials
      • 4.5.10 Names of monasteries, temples, icons
      • 4.5.11 Generic names
      • 4.5.12 Cult book titles
    • Names of authorities, institutions, organizations, societies, parties
      • 4.6.1 Official compound names
      • 4.6.3 Higher representative institutions of foreign countries
    • Names of documents, monuments, objects and works of art
      • 4.7.1 Capital letters in the names of documents, state laws, architectural monuments, objects and works of art
    • 4.8 Names of positions, ranks, titles
    • 4.9 Names of orders, medals, awards, insignia
    • Capital letters in special stylistic usage
      • 4.11.2 Pronouns "You", "Your"
    • 4.12 Capital letters after punctuation marks
  • Rules for writing abbreviations and graphic abbreviations
    • Abbreviations and derived words
      • 5.1.1 Initial type abbreviations
    • Graphic abbreviations
      • Dot after cuts
        • 5.2.1.1 Common abbreviations
        • 5.2.1.2 Self-used abbreviations
        • 5.2.1.3 Abbreviation for consecutive numbers, titles, names
  • Spelling of foreign words
    • 6.1 Spelling of English words
    • 6.2 Spelling of Latin words
    • 6.3 Spelling of foreign words and sentences
  • Misprints
    • 7.1 Omitting, inserting, changing or rearranging a letter
    • 7.2 Omitting or inserting a space
    • 7.3 Incorrect letter
    • 7.4 Alphabetical misprint
    • 7.5 Letter spaces
    • 7.6 Extra repeated letters
    • 7.7 Erroneous occurrence of spaces within words
    • 7.8 False pasting of words
  • Common Mistakes
    • 8.1 Spelling errors in vocabulary words
    • 8.2 Words with unstable spellings
    • 8.3 Unknown neologism terms
    • 8.4 Homophones

Spelling, spelling(other Greek ὀρθογραφία, from ὀρθός - “correct” and γράφω - “I write”) - the uniformity of the transmission of words and grammatical forms of speech in writing. Also a set of rules that ensures this uniformity, and the branch of applied linguistics that deals with it.

Spelling- a branch of linguistics that studies the correct spelling of a word when writing.

The current rules of Russian spelling and punctuation are the rules approved in 1956 by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR and the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR.

The regulator of the norms of the modern Russian literary language is the Institute of the Russian Language named after V. V. Vinogradov of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The refined and supplemented rules developed by the Spelling Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2006 have not yet been approved as of October 12, 2009.

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What words are introductory, what are the features of using various punctuation marks in order to highlight introductory constructions?

Let us first define the terms "introductory word" and "introductory sentence" themselves.

What are introductory words and sentences?

Let's answer this question together. Introductory sentences and introductory words in Russian are words that are not grammatically related to the general structure of a particular sentence in which they are used. Let's explain our idea. Introductory words are not members of the sentence, since you cannot ask a question to them. Introductory words and sentences are not included in the general scheme of the main sentence. They are remarks that are not closely related or not at all related to the meaning of the sentence.

Both introductory sentences and introductory words in Russian are isolated, that is, when writing them, we use special highlighting punctuation marks - commas, dashes or brackets. Most often, introductory words are separated by commas.

General rule

The general rule is as follows: the introductory phrase or word is separated by commas on both sides. The main mistake of most people is associated with poor knowledge of the list of these words. You need to learn which of them can be introductory, as well as which ones must be highlighted, and which never act as introductory words in a sentence. The list of introductory words, divided into groups according to their meaning, we will consider below.

Groups of introductory words

1. Expressing the feelings of the speaker in relation to what was said: unfortunately, fortunately, to annoyance, unfortunately, unfortunately, bad luck and etc.

2. Expressing an assessment of the degree of reliability of the speaker of what was said: undoubtedly, of course, undoubtedly, of course, certainly, obviously, probably, probably, probably, probably, probably, probably, apparently, apparently, apparently, in essence, apparently etc. This group of introductory words is the most numerous.

3. Pointing to the connection or sequence of the stated thoughts: so, in the first place, in general, therefore, by the way, means, however, further, on the one hand, finally and others. This group is also quite large.

4. Pointing to ways and means of formalizing thoughts: in other words, in a word, rather, in other words, so to speak and etc.

5. Pointing to a specific source of the message: in my opinion, they say, according to ..., according to information ..., according to rumors, according to ..., I remember, in my opinion and etc.

6. Representing an appeal to the interlocutor of the speaker: you know, see (whether), forgive, understand, agree, please and etc.

7. Measures indicating an assessment of what is at stake: at least at the most and etc.

8. Showing the degree of commonness of what was said: happened, as usual and etc.

9. Expressing the expressiveness of some statement: funny to say, joking aside, between us speaking honestly and etc.

The main errors are associated with the incorrect attribution of the word to the introductory, that is, with the isolation of a non-introductory word.

Which words are not introductory?

Not separated by commas, since they are not water, the following expressions:

- as if, literally, suddenly, in addition, here, after all, after all, hardly, hardly, ultimately, exactly, even, as if, exclusively, just, as it were, almost, meanwhile, therefore, therefore , approximately, approximately, moreover, decisively, simply, as if. This group includes adverbs and particles that are most often erroneously isolated. They are not singled out as introductory words by the Russian language;

- on the advice ..., according to tradition, at the request ..., according to the instructions ..., according to the plan ..., according to the order ...- these combinations are non-isolated members.

Words whose isolation depends on the context

Depending on the context, the same words can act either as members of a sentence or as introductory words. Some words in certain meanings are introductory and are isolated. In other meanings, these are no longer introductory words. Their list is as follows:

- maybe, maybe, it seems, it should be are introductory if they indicate a certain degree of reliability of what is being said;

- apparently, obviously act as such if they characterize the degree of certainty of some statement;

- naturally, exactly, certainly, probably the Russian language considers it as introductory words when indicating a certain degree of reliability of what is being reported (in this case, they are interchangeable or words of the same group that are close in meaning can be substituted for them). Example: "She must (= probably) not understand how important it is to solve this problem on time";

- By the way- an introductory word, if it has an indication of the connection of thoughts. Example: "He is a good musician. By the way, he also plays tennis well";

- by the way in that case it is introductory, if it also indicates a connection of thoughts. Example: "Her friends, parents and, by the way, sister are against this trip." This word can also be used as a non-introductory word in the following context: "Ivan made a speech in which, among other things, he pointed out that one should work more carefully";

- first of all indicating the connection of thoughts is an introductory word. In this context, it can be replaced by words such as "first", "first", etc.;

- certainly, indeed, in fact, definitely- introductory words, if they indicate a certain degree of reliability of what is being said. Example: "Indeed (indeed, exactly), this place offers a beautiful view";

- further, thus, finally, then, finally indicate as introductory the sequence of thoughts. Example: "Thus (so), our results confirm the data obtained by other researchers";

- however is introductory if it is at the end or middle of a sentence. At the beginning of a sentence or part of a complex sentence, it is not such when it acts as a union "but";

- at all is introductory, when it means "generally speaking", indicates a certain way of shaping a particular thought. Example: "His opinions, in general, are of interest only to a very narrow circle of people." In other senses, it is an adverb meaning "in all respects", "absolutely", "as a whole", "always", "under all conditions";

- your way, my way, your way, our way stand apart when they point to the source of a given message. Example: "I think your child is sick." "Do you think that proves anything at all?" "In her own way" is never an introductory word: "She is beautiful in her own way."

introductory sentences

They are less common in texts than introductory words. In addition to commas, they can also be distinguished by dashes. Let us consider this type of isolated structures in more detail.

By the nature of the expressed meanings, they coincide with the introductory words. They are identical in appearance to simple sentences: they can contain a predicate and a subject or one main member, be both common and non-common. The punctuation mark is chosen depending on the prevalence.

Which introductory sentences are separated by commas?

1. Uncommon two-part sentences like "I remember", "I think", "I heard", etc.

2. One-part, having one minor member: "he was told", "it seems to me."

3. Common, introduced with the help of allied words and unions: "as they said ...", "as we found out ...".

Which introductory sentences are highlighted by a dash?

1. More common suggestions than the above.

2. Exclamatory and interrogative introductory sentences.

3. Emphasis and a short sentence is allowed.

The text below was found by me in LiveJournal and, after a superficial acquaintance, it was very saddened by the fact that, as it turned out, I myself make a lot of punctuation errors. It is recommended to read to everyone for whom the school has remained somewhere in the distant past.

"In addition" - always stands out with commas (both at the beginning and in the middle of a sentence).

“Most likely” in the meaning of “very likely, most likely” - stands out with commas (Of course, all because of the cognac and the steam room, otherwise he would most likely have kept silent.).
In the meaning of "fastest" - no (This way, most likely, one could come to the house.).

"Quicker". If in the meaning of “better, more willing”, then without commas. For example: "She would rather die than betray him." Also without commas, if in the meaning of "it's better to say." For example: "pronouncing some remark or rather an exclamation."
BUT! A comma is needed if this is an introductory word expressing the author's assessment of the degree of reliability of this statement in relation to the previous one (in the meaning of "most likely" or "most likely"). For example: "He cannot be called a smart person - rather, he is on his own mind."

“Of course”, “of course” - the word of course is not separated by commas at the beginning of the response remark, uttered in a tone of confidence, conviction: Of course it is!
In other cases, a comma is needed.

The expressions “in general”, “in general” are isolated in the meaning of “in short, in a word”, then they are introductory.

“First of all” are isolated as introductory in the meaning of “first of all” (First of all, he is a rather capable person).
These words do not stand out in the sense of "first, first" (First of all, you need to contact a specialist).
A comma after "a", "but", etc. is not needed: "But first of all, I want to say."
When clarifying, the entire turnover is highlighted: “There is hope that these proposals, primarily from the Ministry of Finance, will not be accepted or will be changed.”

"At least", "at least" - are isolated only when inverted: "This issue was discussed twice, at least."

“In turn” - does not stand out with a comma in the meaning of “for its part”, “in response, when the turn has come”. And as introductory are isolated.

"In the literal sense" - not introductory, does not stand out with commas

"Hence". If in the meaning “therefore, thus, it means”, then commas are needed. For example: "So you, therefore, are our neighbors."
BUT! If in the meaning "therefore, because of this, based on the fact that", then the comma is needed only on the left. For example: “I found a job, so we will have more money”; “You are angry, therefore you are wrong”; "You can't bake a cake, so I'll bake it."

"Least". If in the value of "the smallest", then without commas. For example: “At least I will wash the dishes”; "He made at least a dozen mistakes."
BUT! If in the meaning of comparison with something, emotional evaluation, then with a comma. For example: “At a minimum, this approach involves control”, “For this you need, at a minimum, to understand politics.”

“That is, if”, “especially if” - a comma is usually not needed

"That is" is not an introductory word and is not separated by commas on both sides. This is a union, a comma is placed before it (and if in some contexts a comma is placed after it, then for other reasons: for example, to highlight some separate construction or subordinate clause that comes after it).
For example: “It’s still five kilometers to the station, that is, an hour’s walk” (well, a comma is needed), “It’s still five kilometers to the station, that is, if you go slowly, an hour’s walk (a comma after “that is” is placed to highlight the subordinate clause "If you go slowly").

"In any case" are separated by commas as introductory if they are used in the meaning of "at least".

“Besides”, “besides this”, “besides everything (other)”, “besides everything (other)” are separated as introductory.
BUT! "Besides" is a conjunction, a comma is NOT needed. For example: "In addition to the fact that he does nothing, he also makes claims against me."

“Because of this,” “because of that,” “because of that,” and “along with that,” a comma is usually not required. Separation is optional. The presence of a comma is not an error.

"Moreover" - without a comma.
“Especially when”, “especially since”, “especially if”, etc. - a comma is needed before "especially". For example: “Such arguments are hardly needed, especially since this is a false statement”, “especially if it means”, “relax, especially since you have a lot of work ahead of you”, “you shouldn’t sit at home, especially if your partner invites to dance."

"Moreover" - is highlighted by a comma only in the middle of the sentence (on the left).

"Nevertheless" - a comma is placed in the middle of the sentence (on the left). For example: "He decided everything, nevertheless I will try to convince him."
BUT! If “but nevertheless”, “if nevertheless”, etc., then commas are NOT needed.

If "however" means "but", then the comma on the right side is NOT put. (An exception is if it is an interjection. For example: "However, what a wind!")

“In the end” - if in the meaning “in the end”, then the comma is NOT put.

“Really” is not distinguished by commas in the meaning of “really” (that is, if this is a circumstance expressed by an adverb), if it is synonymous with the adjective “real” - “real, genuine”. For example: “Her bark itself is thin, not like that of oak or pine, which are really not afraid of hot sun rays”; "You are really very tired."

"Really" can act as an introductory and stand apart. The introductory word is distinguished by intonational isolation - it expresses the speaker's confidence in the truth of the reported fact. In controversial cases, the issue of punctuation is decided by the author of the text.

“Due to the fact that” - a comma is NOT needed if it is a union, that is, if it can be replaced with “because”. For example: “As a child, he underwent a medical check-up because he fought in Vietnam”, “maybe it’s all because I love it when a person sings” (a comma is needed, because replace “because” with it is forbidden).

"Anyway". A comma is needed if the meaning is "however". Then this is an introduction. For example: "She knew that, one way or another, she would tell Anna everything."
BUT! The adverbial expression "one way or another" (the same as "one way or another" or "in any case") does NOT require punctuation. For example: "War is somehow necessary."

Always without commas:

  • Firstly
  • at first sight
  • like
  • seems to be
  • for sure
  • likewise
  • More or less
  • literally
  • in addition
  • in the (final) end
  • in the end
  • last resort
  • best case scenario
  • Anyway
  • at the same time
  • overall
  • mostly
  • especially
  • in some cases
  • through thick and thin
  • subsequently
  • otherwise
  • as a result
  • due to this
  • after all
  • in this case
  • in the same time
  • generally
  • in this regard
  • mainly
  • often
  • exclusively
  • as a maximum
  • meanwhile
  • just in case
  • in case of emergency
  • if possible
  • as far as possible
  • still
  • practically
  • approximately
  • with all (with) that
  • with (all) desire
  • on occasion
  • wherein
  • likewise
  • the biggest
  • at least
  • actually
  • generally
  • maybe
  • as if
  • in addition
  • to top it off
  • probably
  • by the proposal
  • by decree
  • by decision
  • like
  • traditionally
  • supposedly

A comma is not placed at the beginning of a sentence:

  • “Before… I was…”
  • "Since…"
  • "Before as…"
  • "Although…"
  • "As…"
  • "In order to…"
  • "Instead of…"
  • “Actually…”
  • "While…"
  • "Besides..."
  • "Nevertheless…"
  • “Despite the fact that ...” (at the same time - separately); DO NOT put a comma before "what".
  • "If…"
  • "After…"
  • “And…”

“Finally” in the meaning of “finally” - DOES NOT stand out with commas.

“And this despite the fact that ...” - in the middle of a sentence, a comma is ALWAYS put!

“Based on this, ...” - a comma is placed at the beginning of the sentence. BUT: “He did so on the basis of ...” - the comma is NOT put.

“After all, if ..., then ...” - a comma before “if” is NOT put, since the second part of the double union comes next - “then”. If there is no “then”, then a comma before “if” is put!

“Less than two years…” - a comma before “what” is NOT put, because this is NOT a comparison.

A comma before "HOW" is placed only in case of comparison.

“Politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ...” - a comma is placed, because is the noun "politics".
BUT: "... politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ..." - a comma is NOT put before "how".

Commas are NOT included:
“God forbid”, “God forbid”, “for God's sake” - do not stand out with commas, + the word “God” is written with a small letter.

BUT: commas are placed in two directions:
"Glory to God" in the middle of the sentence is highlighted with commas on both sides (the word "God" in this case is capitalized) + at the beginning of the sentence - is highlighted with a comma (on the right side).
“By God” - in these cases, commas are placed on both sides (the word “god” in this case is written with a small letter).
"My God" - is separated by commas on both sides; in the middle of the sentence "God" - with a small letter.

If the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without violating its structure (usually this happens with the unions “and” and “but”), then the union is not included in the introductory construction - the comma is NEEDED. For example: "Firstly, it became dark, and, secondly, everyone was tired."

If the introductory word cannot be removed or rearranged, then the comma after the union (usually with the union “a”) is NOT put. For example: “She just forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it”, “..., and therefore ...”, “..., and maybe ...”, “..., which means ...”.

If the introductory word can be removed or rearranged, then the comma is NEEDED after the union “a”, since it is not associated with the introductory word, i.e. soldered combinations such as “so”, “and by the way”, “and therefore”, “are not formed. maybe,” etc. For example: “She didn’t just not love him, but maybe even despised him.”

If at the beginning of the sentence there is a coordinating union (in an attached meaning) (“and”, “yes” in the meaning of “and”, “too”, “also”, “and then”, “otherwise”, “yes and”, “ and also ", etc.), and then the introductory word, then a comma before it is NOT needed. For example: “And really, you shouldn’t have done this”; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “Finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances came to light”; “But of course, everything ended well.”

It happens rarely: if at the beginning of the sentence there is an attaching union, and the introductory construction is distinguished intonation, then commas are NEEDED. For example: "But, to my great annoyance, Shvabrin decisively announced ..."; "And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing."

The main groups of introductory words and phrases
(highlighted by commas + on both sides in the middle of a sentence)

1. Expressing the speaker's feelings (joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message:

  • to annoyance
  • to amazement
  • Unfortunately
  • unfortunately
  • unfortunately
  • to joy
  • Unfortunately
  • to shame
  • fortunately
  • to the surprise
  • to horror
  • unfortunately
  • for joy
  • for luck
  • not even hour
  • nothing to hide
  • unfortunately
  • fortunately
  • strange affair
  • amazing thing
  • what good, etc.

2. Expressing the speaker's assessment of the degree of reality of what is being reported (confidence, uncertainty, assumption, possibility, etc.):

  • without any doubts
  • undoubtedly
  • undoubtedly
  • may be
  • right
  • probably
  • apparently
  • Maybe
  • Indeed
  • in fact
  • should be
  • Think
  • Seems
  • it would seem
  • Certainly
  • Maybe
  • May be
  • Maybe
  • Hope
  • presumably
  • is not it
  • no doubt
  • obviously
  • apparently
  • in all probability
  • truly
  • perhaps
  • I suppose
  • in fact
  • essentially
  • Truth
  • right
  • of course
  • needless to say
  • tea, etc.

3. Pointing to the source of the reported:

  • They say
  • say
  • transmit
  • In your
  • according to…
  • remember
  • In my
  • our way
  • according to legend
  • according to…
  • according to…
  • rumored
  • by post...
  • your way
  • heard
  • report, etc.

4. Pointing to the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation:

  • All in all
  • Firstly,
  • second, etc.
  • however
  • Means
  • in particular
  • The main thing
  • Further
  • Means
  • For example
  • Besides
  • by the way
  • By the way
  • by the way
  • by the way
  • finally
  • vice versa
  • For example
  • against
  • I repeat
  • I emphasize
  • more than that
  • on the other side
  • On the one side
  • that is
  • thus etc.
  • as it were
  • whatever it was

5. Pointing to the techniques and ways of formalizing the expressed thoughts:

  • rather
  • generally speaking
  • in other words
  • if I may say so
  • if I may say so
  • in other words
  • in other words
  • in short
  • better to say
  • to put it mildly
  • in a word
  • to put it simply
  • word
  • as a matter of fact
  • let me tell you
  • so to speak
  • to be precise
  • what is called etc.

6. Representing calls to the interlocutor (reader) in order to draw his attention to what is being reported, to inspire a certain attitude to the facts presented:

  • do you believe
  • do you believe (do)
  • see (do)
  • you see)
  • imagine(those)
  • allowable
  • do you know)
  • Do you know)
  • Sorry)
  • believe (those)
  • Please
  • understand (those)
  • do you understand
  • do you understand
  • listen (those)
  • suppose
  • Imagine
  • Sorry)
  • say
  • agree
  • agree etc.

7. Indicating an assessment of the measure of what is being said:

  • at least, at least - are isolated only when inverted: "This issue was discussed twice, at least."
  • the biggest
  • at least

8. Showing the degree of commonness of the reported:

  • It happens
  • used to
  • as usual
  • according to custom
  • happens

9. Expressive statements:

  • no joke
  • between us will be said
  • talking between us
  • need to say
  • not in reproach will be said
  • frankly
  • according to conscience
  • in fairness
  • confess say
  • tell the truth
  • funny to say
  • Honestly.

Set expressions with comparison (no commas):

  • poor as a church mouse
  • white as a harrier
  • white as a sheet
  • white as snow
  • beat like a fish on ice
  • pale as death
  • shines like a mirror
  • sickness vanished
  • fear like fire
  • wandering like a restless
  • rushed like crazy
  • mumbling like a sexton
  • ran like crazy
  • lucky, as a drowned man
  • spinning like a squirrel in a wheel
  • seen as day
  • squeals like a pig
  • lying like a gray gelding
  • everything goes like clockwork
  • all as a choice
  • jumped up like crazy
  • jumped up like crazy
  • stupid as hell
  • looked like a wolf
  • naked as a falcon
  • hungry as wolf
  • as far as heaven from earth
  • shaking like a fever
  • trembled like an aspen leaf
  • he's like water off a duck's back
  • wait like manna from heaven
  • wait like a holiday
  • lead a cat and dog life
  • live like a bird of the sky
  • fell asleep like the dead
  • frozen like a statue
  • lost like a needle in a haystack
  • sounds like music
  • healthy as an ox
  • know how flaky
  • have at one's fingertips
  • rides like a cow saddle
  • goes along like a sewn
  • how to sink into the water
  • ride like cheese in butter
  • swinging like a drunk
  • swayed (swayed) like a jelly
  • handsome as god
  • red like a tomato
  • red as a lobster
  • strong (strong) like oak
  • screaming like crazy
  • light as a feather
  • flies like an arrow
  • bald as a knee
  • it's raining cats and dogs
  • waving his arms like a windmill
  • thrashing around like crazy
  • wet as a mouse
  • gloomy as a cloud
  • dropping like flies
  • hope like a stone wall
  • people like herring in a barrel
  • dress up like a doll
  • not see how their ears
  • mute like a grave
  • dumb like a fish
  • rush (rush) like crazy
  • rush (rush) like crazy
  • worn like a fool with a written sack
  • runs like a chicken and an egg
  • needed like air
  • needed like last year's snow
  • needed like the fifth spoke in a chariot
  • needed like a dog's fifth leg
  • peel like sticky
  • one as a finger
  • left like a stranded cancer
  • stopped dead in his tracks
  • razor sharp
  • as different as day from night
  • as different as heaven from earth
  • bake like pancakes
  • pale as a sheet
  • pale as death
  • repeated like crazy
  • you go like a little
  • remember your name
  • remember like a dream
  • get into cabbage soup like chickens
  • hit like a butt on the head
  • fall like a cornucopia
  • look like two drops of water
  • went down like a stone
  • appear as if on cue
  • loyal like a dog
  • stuck like a bath leaf
  • fall through the ground
  • use (use) as from a goat's milk
  • disappeared into the water
  • just like a knife to the heart
  • blazed like fire
  • works like an ox
  • understands like a pig in oranges
  • vanished like smoke
  • play like clockwork
  • grow like mushrooms after the rain
  • grow by leaps and bounds
  • drop from the clouds
  • fresh as blood and milk
  • fresh as a cucumber
  • sat as if chained
  • sit on pins and needles
  • sit on the coals
  • listened spellbound
  • looked spellbound
  • slept like the dead
  • hurry like fire
  • stands like a statue
  • slender as a Lebanese cedar
  • melts like a candle
  • rock hard
  • dark as night
  • as accurate as a clock
  • skinny as a skeleton
  • cowardly as a rabbit
  • died like a hero
  • fell down like a wreck
  • stuck like a sheep
  • lean like a bull
  • mulish
  • tired as a dog
  • cunning like a fox
  • cunning as a fox
  • gushing like a bucket
  • walked as if plunged into water
  • walked like a birthday
  • walk like a thread
  • cold as ice
  • thin as a sliver
  • black as coal
  • black as hell
  • feel at home
  • feel like behind a stone wall
  • feel like a fish in water
  • staggered like a drunk
  • she's like a punishment
  • clear as twice two four
  • clear as day, etc.

Do not confuse with homogeneous members.

1. The following stable expressions are NOT homogeneous and therefore are NOT separated by a comma:

  • neither this nor that;
  • neither fish nor fowl;
  • neither stand nor sit down;
  • no end no edge;
  • neither light nor dawn;
  • neither hearing nor spirit;
  • neither to himself nor to people;
  • neither sleep nor spirit;
  • neither here nor there;
  • for nothing;
  • neither give nor take;
  • no answer, no greeting;
  • neither yours nor ours;
  • neither subtract nor add;
  • and so and so;
  • and day and night;
  • and laughter and grief;
  • and cold and hunger;
  • both old and young;
  • about this and that;
  • both;
  • in both.

(General rule: a comma is not placed inside integral expressions of a phraseological nature, formed by two words with opposite meanings, connected by a repeating conjunction “and” or “neither”)

2. NOT separated by a comma:

1) Verbs in the same form, indicating the movement and its purpose.
I'll go for a walk.
Sit down and rest.
Go take a look.

2) Forming semantic unity.
Can't wait.
Let's sit and talk.

3) Pair combinations of a synonymous, antonymous or associative character.
Search for truth-truth.
There is no end.
Honor to all.
Let's go.
Everything is covered.
It's expensive to see.
Purchase and sale questions.
Meet with bread and salt.
Tie hand and foot.

4) Compound words (interrogative-relative pronouns, adverbs, which are opposed to something).
Someone else, but you can't.
Already somewhere, where, and everything is there.

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