Gastrointestinal tract (GIT): diseases, symptoms and treatment. The main diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: symptoms and their treatment The main symptoms of the disease of the gastrointestinal tract

Allows you to fully digest food. This allows you to provide the body with the necessary energy. In some cases, there may be malfunctions in the digestive tract, which is explained by the development of various diseases.

The gastrointestinal tract allows food to be digested.

If the patient has diseases of the digestive tract, then this leads to pain.

The appearance of diseases in many patients is diagnosed against the background of the development of helminthic invasions in the body. In most cases, heredity is the cause of the disease. They also develop in acute infectious diseases:

1. intestinal flu;
2. Enterovirus;
3. Salmonella;
4. Viral hepatitis, etc.

Treatment of diseases of the digestive tract is most often aimed at eliminating not only the symptoms, but also the causes of the onset of the disease.

Therapy of gastritis and pancreatitis

Gastritis is an inflammatory process in the walls of the stomach.

It is an inflammatory process that occurs on the walls of the stomach. If the cause of this disease is poisoning, then treatment begins with gastric lavage.

After this procedure, the patient should take non-carbonated mineral water and saline solutions.

In most cases, treatment is carried out with the use of enterosorbents and antispasmodics. If the disease is accompanied by severe pain, then it is necessary to take belladonna preparations.

Bacterial gastritis is cured with antibiotics - Cephalexin, Levomycetin, etc. Purulent gastritis requires surgical intervention. In this case, it is necessary to treat with antibiotics - Hemodez, Poliglukin. Also, patients are prescribed cardiovascular drugs.

Pancreatitis belongs to the category of inflammatory degenerative processes that require timely treatment. When attacks of the disease appear, the patient is placed in a vein with a dropper with saline.

To eliminate pain, patients are prescribed antispasmodics, among which it is distinguished by a high effect. Without fail, patients are injected with sodium chloride intravenously.

In order to prevent pancreatic edema, it is necessary to use diuretic medications. Dicarb and Furosemide are quite effective. In the acute course of the disease, the use of enzyme inhibitors is required.

In order to provide full support for a weakened body, the patient is prescribed vitamin therapy. If the patient has been vomiting for a long time, then intramuscular administration of Metoclopramide is recommended.

During the treatment of the disease, the patient is required to prescribe Omeprazole. If the patient has a purulent, then the use of antibiotics is necessary - Florquinolones or Cephalosporins. The patient is forbidden to eat for 4 days.

Gastritis and pancreatitis belong to the group of chronic diseases. That is why complex therapy in the acute period requires the use of antibiotics.

The dosage of medications is determined individually by the doctor.

Treatment of helminthic invasions

The drug De-Nol will cure duodenal ulcer.

A significant disadvantage of the use of these drugs is the presence of a strong toxic effect on.

They are also characterized by the presence of side effects in the form of pain in the abdomen, vomiting and nausea, impaired coordination of movements, fatigue, convulsions, hallucinations. Some patients complained of insomnia, trembling of the limbs, etc.

Patients are advised to take traditional medicines along with antihelminthics that support liver function. It is also required to take enzymes, immunostimulants, vitamin. The choice of a particular medication depends on the type of helminths and the degree of neglect of the disease.

Features of the treatment of peptic ulcers

Motilium is a prokinetic for the full treatment of the disease.

The peculiarities of the treatment of peptic ulcer are directly affected by the place of its localization, the severity of the course, the phase of exacerbation, complications, etc.

Treatment of peptic ulcer of the duodenum and stomach should be carried out with the use of antibiotics. The most effective medications include Clarithromycin, Amoxicillin, Nitromidazole, Roxithromycin, etc.

Doctors also prescribe bismuth preparations in the form of Gastro-norm. Patients require the use of proton pump inhibitors. A fairly effective drug in this case is Omeprazole.

In case of peptic ulcer, H2-receptor blockers and nitrofurans are prescribed. After completing the course of treatment, it is necessary to take cytoprotectors in the form of medicinal preparations of licorice root, sucralfate, smecta.

Treatment of peptic ulcer is a difficult procedure that must be carried out in a hospital under the strict supervision of a doctor.

Preventive measures

Proper nutrition is a preventive measure for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

To eliminate the possibility of the occurrence of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, it is necessary to carry out their prevention in a timely manner. First of all, a person needs to adhere to proper nutrition.

Meals should be frequent and portions should be small. It is strictly forbidden to take excessively cold or hot food.

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Gastrointestinal diseases are a large group of various diseases that affect the gastrointestinal tract.

Classification of ailments

According to etiology, they are:

• infectious;
• non-infectious.

According to the localization of the disease of the gastrointestinal tract, the following organs can be affected:

• esophagus;
• stomach;
• liver;
• small intestine;
• large intestine;
• gallbladder;
• bile ducts.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract can be hereditary and acquired.

Predisposing factors

The gastrointestinal tract becomes inflamed due to:

• malnutrition;
• irrational combination of products, unbalanced in carbohydrate, protein and fat composition;
• violations of the diet (meals are plentiful and rare);
• the use of fast foods, seasonings;
• reducing the content of coarse fiber in products;
• smoking, drinking alcohol or drugs;
• taking medications;
• contact with infectious patients;
• non-compliance with personal hygiene and food preparation rules;
• living in environmentally unfavorable conditions;
• genetic predisposition to GI.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, symptoms

The main manifestations of such ailments are pain in the abdomen. The nature of pain sensations varies in intensity and localization. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract can be accompanied by heartburn, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, rumbling in the abdomen, the appearance of plaque on the tongue, increased gas formation, bad breath, and aversion to any products.

Infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract usually begin acutely. Their symptoms are more pronounced, sometimes the patient's temperature rises.

Any disturbances in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract negatively affect the state of the body: the metabolism worsens, the skin is affected, and immunity decreases.

It is possible to assess the degree of damage to the gastrointestinal tract if a thorough diagnostic examination is carried out. Examination by a gastroenterologist, laboratory and instrumental x-rays, endoscopy) will make it possible to make an accurate diagnosis and carry out adequate therapeutic measures.

A short list of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

The tract includes:

• gastroesophageal disease;
• gastritis of various origins;
• duodenal ulcer;
• constipation and diarrhea;
• as a result of dysbacteriosis;
• pancreatitis;
• gallbladder disease;
• hepatitis;
• colitis;
• cirrhosis of the liver and many others.

Prevention of gastrointestinal diseases

Gastrointestinal disorders are sometimes chronic. In order to quickly cope with exacerbations of the disease, you should make adjustments to your eating habits. Gastrointestinal diseases often lead to constipation, so it is important to organize timely bowel movements. It is necessary to accustom yourself to do this at the same time, preferably in the morning, in a calm home environment. On an empty stomach, you should take a glass of unboiled water, be sure to do exercises and have breakfast. It is recommended to take measures to strengthen the immune system, to perform hardening procedures - this significantly reduces the likelihood of contracting bacterial and viral infections. It is necessary to add preparations containing lacto- and bifidobacteria, as well as vitamins, to the diet in order to increase resistance to diseases.

Due to stress, many people may experience functional disorders associated with the gastrointestinal tract. They are treated quickly and without much difficulty, but ignoring them can lead to serious consequences. Next, let's talk about the symptoms, causes and methods of therapy.

Functions of the gastrointestinal tract

Before considering the most popular functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in children and adults, it is necessary to understand what options this body system performs.

Most often, pathologies are associated with digestive problems. Most of them are not characterized by any organic changes such as infections, tumors, and so on. To understand the causes of disorders, you should know all the options of the gastrointestinal tract. Let's consider them.

• Motor. It allows you to chew, swallow, move food around the body and remove undigested residues. This function is carried out by the muscles.
• Suction. It ensures the consumption of all nutrients in the blood and lymph through the special walls of the tract.
• Excretory. Thanks to this function, various substances of metabolic products are excreted into the cavity of the gastrointestinal tract. It can be ammonia, salts and so on. After a while, they are completely eliminated from the body.
• Sector. This function allows you to produce gastric juice, saliva, bile and so on.

Each of the departments of the gastrointestinal tract performs its own special purpose. When functional at an early age and in adults, all options go astray. As a result, a person develops unpleasant symptoms. During the examination, the specialist does not find pathological disorders or changes in the organs. It is in this case that we are talking about functional problems.

General symptoms

In order for a person not to have such problems, he should adhere to all preventive recommendations. Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in children, the clinical manifestations of which we will consider below, and in adults have common indicators. Let's describe them.

The most common symptoms are pain in the intestines, stomach and some other organs. Heartburn can often occur. It becomes an indicator of changes in the level of acidity in the stomach.

Another symptom is chest pain. However, she talks not only about problems with the gastrointestinal tract, but also about the heart. Belching, bloating, nausea, and a lump in the throat are common symptoms. But they can also indicate other pathologies, as they are popular manifestations.

Causes of disorders in the gastrointestinal tract

For various reasons, functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract may appear. ICD-10 code: from K00 to K93. These classes bring together all the problems associated with the digestive tract.

It should be noted that modern diagnostic methods have revealed the following fact: problems with the motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract do not affect the functions of the system itself. In the 80s of the last century, a theory appeared that the state of the tract was affected by a psychogenic factor. However, in most of the patients who had a similar pathology, there were no problems with the psyche. That is why in modern times one of the main causes is considered to be a violation of the perception of a certain type of impulses sent. A person may be aware of them as pain. Any disease of the nervous system can cause such a reaction. Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract can occur due to bad habits, stress, medication, and so on.

Most Popular Issues

Common problems are Heartburn. If we talk about more severe symptoms, then laryngitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia with cases of relapse, and so on can occur. This problem is manifested by the fact that the contents of the stomach are thrown into the esophagus.

Frequent functional disturbance of the gastrointestinal tract (MBK-10 code: K30) is dyspepsia. It is characterized by pain in the epigastric region, as well as other unpleasant sensations. Most often, this disease occurs due to problems with motor function that appear in the upper sections of the tract.

Another popular syndrome - It causes flatulence, rumbling, diarrhea and constipation. Such symptoms are formed due to problems with the nervous system and hormones.

Reflux disease

This ailment can appear due to a hernia, increased pressure, eating a large amount of fatty foods, reducing the tone of the esophagus. The problem is manifested by heartburn, belching, pain. There may also be pressure that occurs after eating. That is why it is important not to drink alcohol, juices and sparkling water.

In advanced cases, the patient develops dysphagia, chest pressure, vomiting, and salivary secretions. Pain can be given to the arm, neck, back, and so on.

The most common problem is the manifestation of reflux without the formation of esophagitis. For diagnosis, tools such as a general urinalysis, a test for certain bacteria, an abdominal ultrasound, and others can be used. To exclude serious pathologies, you should also visit a cardiologist, pulmonologist, ENT and surgeon.

The problem is treated based on symptoms. Nitrates, theophylline, calcium, and beta-blockers may be prescribed. If the patient has a disturbed diet, then you should start to follow a diet. You need to eat vegetables, eggs, fruits, especially those that contain vitamin A. Drinks and foods that have an absorbing effect should be excluded. You need to eat six times a day in small portions. After a meal, you should rest, do not exercise and do not tilt your torso.

functional dyspepsia

Such a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract as dyspepsia should be considered separately. Let's describe the possible manifestations of the disease.

In the presence of a dyskinetic form of the problem, a person has a feeling of early satiety, overflow of the gastrointestinal tract, and bloating. Sometimes nausea may occur. With a non-specific form of the disease, a wide variety of symptoms can occur (not an agreed sentence). Most likely, all of them will be quite common as manifestations of other pathologies. Treatment depends on the complaints of the individual patient.

When diagnosing, special measures are taken to distinguish functional dyspepsia from biological. Stools, blood are taken for analysis, the body is checked for infections. You should also send feces for examination to check if they contain lymph.

If there is a need for drug treatment, then the patient is prescribed a special therapy for two months. Most often, antibiotics are prescribed, adsorbing, antisecretory and prokinetic drugs. It should be noted that there is no general treatment strategy. It depends entirely on the symptoms to be treated and the causes.

General Treatments

In order to cure functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, it is necessary to conduct a thorough diagnosis and exclude any organic changes. The complexity of therapy lies in the fact that all such problems can have a large number of causes and different symptoms.

The doctor gives such recommendations: give up bad habits, stop taking medications that can affect the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, start dieting. If the patient has problems with the psychological state (depression or hypochondria), then the specialist has the right to prescribe anxiolytics and other drugs of this group.

Disorders of the stomach

Problems with the stomach are also included in the list of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. (ICD-10: K31). They include a huge number of pathologies that affect functions such as motor and secretory. However, no major changes are recorded. There may be symptoms of dyspepsia, as well as pain. In order to make a diagnosis, various measures are prescribed, for example, probing, ultrasound or x-rays. Treatment is only medical. A big role is played by the diet and the rejection of bad habits.

Treatment of stomach problems

Therapy depends entirely on the cause of the appearance of a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract and separately on the stomach itself. Clinical features are also taken into account. You need to change your diet. Food should be taken four times a day. One of them should be accompanied by the use of a hot liquid dish. It is necessary to abandon those products that can irritate the mucous membrane. We are talking about marinated, fatty, spicy dishes. Most often, when such problems are identified in a patient, they are quickly resolved completely or partially by adjusting the diet and diet. Often in such situations there is even no need for medical treatment.

If the patient has neurovegetative functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and stomach, then they can be eliminated by taking anticholinergics with a sedative effect. Tranquilizers, herbal remedies also help well. In the most severe cases, antidepressants are prescribed.

If it is necessary to remove the pain effect and restore the motor option, then you should drink antispasmodics.

Forecast

In the presence of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (ICD code is written above in the article), as a rule, the prognosis is favorable. The main thing is to make a diagnosis in time and start treatment. It is important to work on your diet. Get rid of stress and get more rest. If the problem arose in adolescence, then it is likely to go away on its own within two to three years. This is due to the fact that on the basis of hormonal changes, the neurovegetative system begins to work poorly.

If you do not start treatment in time and start the problem, then more serious consequences may occur. Provocateurs are a violation of the diet, stress.

Results

As is clear from the above information, in order to avoid such problems, you should lead a healthy lifestyle, give up malnutrition and avoid stressful situations. Sometimes functional disorders can appear in adolescents due to hormonal changes in the body.

Flatulence

One of the most common symptoms of various disorders of the stomach and intestines is flatulence, or in other words, bloating. This is a condition in which a sick person, from excessive accumulation of gases, feels bursting inside himself. As a rule, flatulence is accompanied by pain in the form of contractions, which subside after their departure. Also, the condition is characterized by a feeling of unprecedented heaviness and often manifests itself along with hiccups and belching.

Nausea

Vomit

A very unpleasant phenomenon, which is an involuntary ejection through the pharynx and mouth of everything that was in the stomach. As a rule, it is accompanied by frequent breathing, sharp pains in the abdomen, increased salivation. True, after the release of vomit, the patient feels relief. Vomiting is usually a sign of many diseases and poisonings. It happens that it is not possible to stop it without the intervention of health workers.

Therefore, it is important to understand that prolonged vomiting is a very serious symptom, therefore, self-medication in this case is strictly prohibited. Especially if what comes out has impurities of mucus, blood or bile.

By the way, vomiting can occur even with strong excitement or a surge of emotions. For many women in a position in the early stages, this is generally normal.

Heartburn

This irritating symptom appears when the patient has an excessive release of gastric juice, that is, acidity increases. Heartburn is a kind of uncomfortable burning sensation in the upper esophagus. Sometimes people suffering from heartburn feel a lump in the throat, which presses hard and delivers very unpleasant sensations. They especially annoy the patient with gastrointestinal disorders when a person bends down to pick up or do something. In this position of the body, it only intensifies and irritates even more.

But keep in mind - such a common occurrence as heartburn can cause holes in the stomach, intestines (ulcers) and even cancer of the digestive system.

Bad breath

Every inhabitant of the planet faces this problem. The fact is that bad breath, as a rule, occurs when a person is extremely hungry ... we are not talking about non-compliance with hygiene measures. In another way, this condition is also called halitosis.

The development of this unpleasant symptom is facilitated by various ailments of the gastrointestinal tract. And both in adults and children. Bad-smelling breath usually occurs in patients with gastritis, peptic ulcer, problems with the pancreas, namely in the state of acetonomic syndrome and other diseases. In general, doctors calculated that in 50% of cases, bad breath comes from when there are certain disorders in the digestive tract.

Salivation disorders

Xerostomia or difficult salivation, and vice versa - an increased secretory reflex - is a mandatory accompaniment of many gastrointestinal disorders. Especially violations of salivation are manifested in the presence of gastritis in a person, certain types of cholecystitis and other similar pathologies. Also, increased salivation can occur with ulcers, inflammation of the pancreas, etc.

Such an unpleasant symptom is most often manifested with concomitant symptoms - heartburn or belching, which only indicates that a person develops a pathology of the digestive system. Usually, problems with salivation go away on their own, as soon as the patient's period of exacerbation of the disease begins to subside.

Language changes

This sign of gastrointestinal pathologies is the most common and, as a rule, occurs with gastritis, ulcers and other digestive ailments. It is simply impossible not to notice changes in the oral cavity. Indeed, with such violations, plaque, hyperemia, edema, or even peculiar wounds appear on the tongue. The color of this organ also changes - in the presence of diseases of the stomach and intestines, it can acquire a grayish tint or very white with a characteristic yellowness. So, in the presence of an ulcer in a patient, a strong coating and swelling appear on the tongue, and with gastritis, hypertrophy of the fungiform papillae, small dots on its surface, is also added to this.

It is believed that changes on the lingual surface in the mouth are the earliest symptom that indicates the development of bad gastrointestinal pathologies in the body.

hiccup

Specific contractions of the diaphragm, characterized by the involuntary expulsion of excess air that entered the stomach with food or resulting from increased gas formation. Therefore, hiccups are one of the main symptoms of many gastrointestinal disorders, for example, stomach overflow with food or severe intoxication. In any case, if the hiccups are not long-term, then apart from discomfort and annoyance, it will not cause much trouble. But when such a physiological reaction is too long and exhausting, it is better to contact a gastroenterologist and undergo an appropriate examination.

Bitterness in the mouth

One of the unpleasant manifestations of digestive pathologies. Its presence, constant or rare, is another reason to seek medical help. After all, a bitter taste in the mouth is associated with a malfunction of the gallbladder or problems with the liver. Most often occurs with cholecystitis and pancreatitis, indicating that bile is released into the stomach. This symptom is also characteristic of peptic ulcer disease.

Skin itching

As mentioned above, such a phenomenon is also a symptom of disorders in the digestive system. As a rule, pruritus occurs with pathologies of the kidneys, liver, pancreas, worms or disturbances in the metabolic processes of the body. An itchy focus can occur in one place or spread to several points.

Therefore, as soon as you notice such a “need” in yourself, you need to be examined in order to identify the disease at the initial stage. Although, if skin itching has a prolonged course, then this may indicate chronic ailments of the gastrointestinal tract.

Jaundice

It appears when, as a result of the development of pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, the outflow of bile from the biliary tract into the duodenum is disturbed. At the same time, it simply stagnates and bilirubin (bile pigment) enters the bloodstream, staining the skin and sclera of the eyes in a characteristic yellow color.

A frequent occurrence in disorders of the human digestive system. It is characterized by frequent, mostly watery stools. Diarrhea in a patient appears when food is poorly digested, moves very quickly through the gastrointestinal tract, not having time to digest properly. Usually, this condition is provoked by viruses and bacteria present in the inflamed intestine. And a similar manifestation accompanies pancreatitis, intoxication or cholestasis.

By the way, diarrhea is also a symptom of other disorders of the human body, such as stress, climate change or diet, taking certain medications. In any case, such an important sign cannot be ignored, because it can provoke an even more serious illness.

Rumbling in the stomach

Every person has this symptom. We are used to thinking that rumbling means that a person is hungry. But sometimes such specific sounds from the abdomen indicate the occurrence of a serious illness.

Usually the cause of annoying rumbling is a disease of the gallbladder (the presence of stones in it), colitis, enteritis, or pancreatitis again.

That is, this phenomenon is a kind of accompaniment to the above mentioned symptoms of esophageal diseases - flatulence, diarrhea, etc. Depending on in which area of ​​​​the abdomen you feel rumbling sounds, you can pre-diagnose one or another pathology of the gastrointestinal tract.

Constipation

Disturbances in the digestive tract can sometimes be accompanied by difficult bowel activity - constipation. You should pay attention to this if you have not had a bowel movement for more than 48 hours. Constipation is also considered the discharge of very hard stools, which come out with very strong and unpleasant pain.

There are many reasons for this state of the body, but the most common of them are stomach or duodenal ulcers, dysbacteriosis, oncological diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, or irritable bowel syndrome.

Pain in the abdomen

In general, with characteristic diseases of the entire digestive system, the very first sign indicating digestive disorders is the so-called epigastric pain. As a rule, they appear with serious disorders and pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, and with the slightest disorder or poisoning. Pain in the abdomen can be either cramping or aching in nature.

Their presence can say a lot: about a peptic ulcer, and about an increase or damage to the liver, and about the fact that the intestines or biliary tract in the patient's body are too active.

Itching of the anus

But if you feel pain in the abdomen, and at the same time you are worried about itching near the anus, look for the cause in the intestines. The most likely cause of this may be diseases of the rectum and the anus itself. If your anus itself and the area around it are irritated all the time, then these may well be warts or condylomas, which, during defecation, are touched by feces and begin to itch. The most banal reason for this depressing phenomenon is, of course, worms.

Pathological impurities in the feces

But the appearance of this symptom already indicates more serious ailments. In modern medicine, they include pieces of undigested food, mucus, blood, pus. The last two "contents" in the feces of a sick person indicate a violation of the integrity of the mucous membrane of the esophagus. Also, blood and pus in the stool may be present when a person has dysentery, an ulcer, hemorrhoids, or a fissure in the rectum.

This is a serious enough symptom that requires immediate medical attention.

Tenesmus or false urges

It is also a characteristic sign of disruption of the gastrointestinal tract. It occurs as a result of violations of muscle contractions and contributes to the formation of the urge to defecate. As a rule, apart from pain, they do not bring anything good to the patient and are accompanied by a complete absence of feces.

Belching

A frequent and characteristic phenomenon in every person. This is a kind of release through the mouth of excess gases from the stomach when it is saturated with food. Accompanied by a characteristic unpleasant sound, which speaks not only of the patient's bad manners, but also of the presence of gastrointestinal diseases.

Although it is also present in pathologies of the cardiovascular, liver and gallbladder.

Dysphagia

This is also an important symptom of digestive pathologies. It presents with difficulty swallowing. The causes may be various lesions of the esophagus: foreign bodies, cicatricial narrowing or tumors. But the most common cause of this phenomenon is gastroesophageal reflux disease, which also requires medical intervention.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are very common. Every adult has repeatedly encountered such manifestations as heaviness in the stomach, pain, and indigestion. Most often, doctors diagnose gastritis, esophagitis, enteritis, less often - hiatal hernia, Barrett's esophagus, stomach ulcer and duodenal ulcer.

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Gastritis

Gastritis is an inflammatory process localized on the gastric mucosa that occurs against the background of poor nutrition, smoking, drug and alcohol abuse. All these factors contribute to the thinning of the upper layer of the cells of the walls of the stomach, as a result, small erosions and ulcers form on them under the action of hydrochloric acid, which is part of the gastric juice. It is known that another common cause of gastritis is the entry into the human stomach of a microorganism - Helicobacter pylori. However, its role in the development of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer has not been fully established.

Acute gastritis is manifested by pain and heaviness in the epigastric region, nausea, sometimes vomiting and dizziness. In some cases, gastritis occurs without the presence of pronounced symptoms. At the same time, a person may be disturbed by minor pains in the abdomen, heaviness and bloating a few minutes after eating. Sometimes there is heartburn and belching with an unpleasant odor. At the same time, the mucous membrane of the stomach remains inflamed, erosion on it grows and can capture its deeper layers, which gradually leads to the appearance of an ulcer. Chronic gastritis occurs without any symptoms, reminding of itself by periods of exacerbations associated with poor nutrition, frequent stress, etc. The basis of treatment in this case is diet. If during the diagnosis of the disease it is established that the cause of its occurrence is bacteria, the patient is prescribed a course of antibiotics. With severe pain in the stomach, the use of drugs that relieve spasms and eliminate pain is also indicated.

Reflux esophagitis

Reflux esophagitis is an inflammation of the walls of the esophagus that occurs as a result of infections of the gastrointestinal tract, reflux of stomach contents into it, physical damage (for example, in the case of an EGD procedure). In some cases, the disease proceeds without any noticeable symptoms. Their manifestation in one case or another depends on the degree of damage to the organ. A severe form of esophagitis occurs with a violation of the swallowing function, increased salivation, frequent burning pains in the chest, heartburn and belching. The extreme state of the disease is vomiting with blood impurities. When it appears, you should immediately call an ambulance. The chronic form of esophagitis is accompanied by frequent heartburn, which intensifies after eating and drinking carbonated water, sour belching, moderate pain in the chest. In the acute form of the disease, treatment with antacids and drugs that envelop the mucous membrane of the esophagus is prescribed. Rapid healing of damage to the esophagus contributes to a two-day denial of food. These days it is recommended to use only low-fat light broths, liquid cereals, dairy products. Chronic esophagitis is treated with drugs that increase the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter and reduce the acidity of the stomach. In each individual case, a therapeutic diet is prescribed.

Enteritis

Enteritis is an inflammatory process localized in the walls of the small intestine. The cause of such inflammation can be: intoxication of the body, entry of protozoa, viruses, bacteria and helminths into the intestines, irritation of its walls with various chemicals. The risk group includes people with bad habits, autoimmune diseases, diseases of the digestive system, who have undergone surgery on the epigastric region. Symptoms of acute enteritis are: sharp pain in the lower abdomen, upset stool, vomiting, pale skin, bloating and rumbling of the abdomen. Some patients experience an increase in temperature. In the case of a chronic course of the disease, there may be: flatulence, minor abdominal pain, frequent diarrhea. The chair at a chronic enteritis, as a rule, is constantly broken. It may contain the remains of undigested food. Violation of the intestines leads to depletion of the body, lack of nutrients, minerals, proteins. Against this background, there is a sharp loss of body weight, dystrophy may develop. In acute enteritis, the patient is placed in a hospital, he is prescribed a diet, plenty of fluids, vitamins and anti-inflammatory drugs. Chronic inflammation of the intestinal walls also requires a diet, the rejection of all fatty, spicy and fried foods. Enveloping, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic drugs can be prescribed as a prophylaxis for exacerbations of the disease.

Hiatal hernia

Hiatal hernia is a chronic pathology, expressed by the displacement of the lower esophagus into the chest area through the esophageal opening of the diaphragm. This disease can be inherited, and also occur during life against the background of infections of the gastrointestinal tract, certain operations on this area, weakening of the muscles of the esophagus, or aging. Hiatal hernia in almost all cases is accompanied by reflux - the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus. This is due to the appearance of symptoms such as belching, heartburn, cramps, abdominal pain, bloating, and increased gas formation. The appearance of some signs (vomiting blood, difficulty breathing and swallowing food, severe pain in the center of the abdomen) indicates the development of complications and requires medical attention. Complete elimination of the disease is possible only by surgical removal of the hernia. Such treatment is indicated in case of frequent pain, heartburn, as well as in the presence of complications. In other cases, the specialist prescribes a special diet, minor rare pains can be stopped with painkillers.

Barrett's esophagus

Barrett's esophagus refers to the replacement of healthy tissue of the esophagus by squamous epithelium. This pathology occurs against the background of the development of gastroesophageal reflux and can be the main cause of the formation of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Its main symptom - heartburn - is characteristic of all diseases of the digestive system. You can find out about the presence of this particular disease by passing a complete examination of the esophagus. In most cases, a tissue biopsy will be required. The goal of treatment is to prevent the development of pathology and its transformation into a cancerous tumor. Drugs prescribed in the presence of Barrett's esophagus include: proton pump inhibitors, antacids. Significant changes in the cells of the body require surgical intervention. Precancerous tissue can be removed with a surgeon's scalpel or laser. Timely treatment of gastroesophageal reflux avoids such complications as Barrett's esophagus, and, accordingly, its transformation into a life-threatening disease.

Ulcer

An ulcer is a chronic disease during which defects of various sizes appear on the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum, gradually progress and capture the deep tissues of the organ. Peptic ulcer often develops against the background of already existing gastritis, malnutrition, stress, drug treatment, etc. The disease proceeds in some cases asymptomatically, in some cases with periods of exacerbation from one to three times a year. The main symptom of peptic ulcer is prolonged dull pain in the stomach, frequent heartburn, intolerance to fatty foods. The pain can last for several years. In the absence of due attention to this symptom, the ulcer perforates, that is, it ruptures. This condition requires immediate surgery. The goal of the treatment of the disease is to eliminate the existing defects of the mucous membrane. This is achieved with the help of antibiotics, enveloping, anti-inflammatory drugs, drugs that reduce the acidity of the stomach. Persons who often experience symptoms of peptic ulcer are advised to be careful about their diet, stop smoking and drinking alcohol.

Medical statistics notes that in recent decades, pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract have taken a leading place in the list of diseases. Experts confirm that the majority of city dwellers suffer from eating disorders in one way or another.

The modern rhythm of life, full of constant stress, poor ecology, improper and irrational nutrition lead to the fact that by the age of 30 every fourth person has one of the diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in his anamnesis. Which of them are the most common, what is the cause of pathological conditions and how to deal with diseases of the digestive tract?

More about the human digestive tract

Everyone knows that a person cannot live without food, with it he receives the proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and microelements necessary for the life of the body. They are a source of energy and the main building material for new cells. And it helps to get this energy from the incoming products of the human gastrointestinal tract.

1. The main function of the digestive system is motor-mechanical, which ensures the breakdown of food, its movement through the intestines and removal from the body.
2. The secretory function is responsible for the production of enzymes, bile and gastric juices necessary for proper and complete digestion.
3. The suction function helps the body absorb fluids and essential nutrients.

The digestive system itself consists of the following main sections: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach. This is followed by the lower sections: small and large intestines, rectum. Each of these departments performs a specific function in the processing and assimilation of incoming food.

Under the influence of adverse factors, malfunctions in the gastrointestinal tract occur, leading to various diseases. What are the most common triggers for disease?

Causes of intestinal diseases

Diseases of the digestive system can provoke the following factors:

The list of adverse factors is quite extensive and the risk of developing a pathology of the digestive system is high for each person. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the slightest signs of trouble in order to avoid the development of serious and dangerous diseases. What symptoms should you look out for?

Symptoms of intestinal diseases

The main symptoms of intestinal diseases are known to many. But the nature of the manifestations in each case is individual, and the severity of the symptoms depends on the affected organ and the stage of the disease.

• Stomach ache- the most common symptom of diseases of the digestive tract. They can occur with gastric ulcer, intestinal or hepatic colic, be aching or cramping in nature and radiate to various parts of the body. With a perforated ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, when the peritoneum and its nerve endings are involved in the pathological process, constant sharp pains appear with a clear localization. Severe pain syndrome accompanies acute appendicitis, strangulated hernia and other pathologies.
• Belching. The appearance of repeated belching indicates functional disorders of the stomach and is most often associated with a decrease in the tone of the cardiac sphincter or the ingress of gas into the esophagus. Belching with the smell of rotten eggs indicates a pathological retention of food masses in the stomach, and belching with air or acidic stomach contents indicates a violation of the digestive process.
• Heartburn. It feels like a burning sensation in the lower part of the esophagus, and is associated with the reflux of stomach contents into it. Usually the appearance of this symptom does not depend on the level of acidity of the stomach, but indicates its organic lesion and excessive secretion. With peptic ulcer, heartburn may be accompanied by painful sensations, and its strengthening in the supine position indicates the formation of a diaphragmatic hernia.
• Nausea and vomiting. Most often, these manifestations occur in chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Constant moderate nausea can be a sign of chronic gastritis with low acidity. The appearance of such a formidable symptom as bloody vomiting will indicate an ulcer or cancer of the stomach.
• Flatulence, bloating. It develops in cases where the diet is dominated by foods containing coarse fiber (cabbage, legumes, black bread) and forming a large amount of gases during digestion. In addition, flatulence is accompanied by such pathological conditions as secretory pancreatic insufficiency, dysbacteriosis, intestinal obstruction.

In addition to these main symptoms, there are a number of characteristic signs that indicate damage to the digestive system:

• Discomfort, feeling of fullness and heaviness in the abdomen for a long time
• Bitterness in the mouth, lack of appetite or aversion to food (especially meat)
• Bad breath, white coating on the tongue
• Increased salivation or constant thirst
• Prolonged stool disorder with alternating diarrhea and constipation
• The appearance of bloody discharge from the rectum
• Sudden weight loss
• Manifestations of anemia (weakness, pallor, dizziness)

Most of these symptoms do not pose a great danger, but significantly reduce the patient's quality of life and affect his performance. If symptoms are ignored and medical help is sought late, diseases of the digestive system become chronic, and their exacerbation can have serious consequences for the patient.

Classification of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

All diseases of the digestive tract by nature of origin are divided into two large groups:

1. infectious
2. non-infectious

According to the localization of the pathological process, diseases of the following organs are distinguished:

• stomach
• Esophagus
• Intestine (small and large)
• biliary tract
• Liver

In addition, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are acquired and hereditary, acute and chronic.

Acute intestinal diseases mainly have a bacterial-infectious nature and develop against the background of poisoning, allergic reactions, or some pathological conditions (viral hepatitis, esophagitis).

Chronic inflammatory processes, such as gastritis, colitis, cholecystitis, develop against the background of a long-term violation of the diet, the use of low-quality and harmful products. Moreover, such chronic diseases rarely occur in isolation, in most cases the entire digestive tract is involved in the inflammatory process. Let us consider in more detail the most common pathological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract.

A short list of the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract:

• Gastritis of various etiologies. The most common pathology in which there is a lesion of the mucous membrane of the walls of the stomach. It occurs as a result of exposure to a specific bacterium called Helicobacter pylori. Along with this provoking factors are alcoholism, smoking, stress, dietary errors.
• Colitis. The disease is inflammatory in nature, localized in the area of ​​the mucous membrane of the large intestine. Occurs against the background of a bacterial infection, pathogenic bacteria (staphylococci, E. coli, streptococci) can provoke the disease. Nonspecific ulcerative colitis (NUC) affects the intestines and is manifested by characteristic ulcerations of the mucous membrane of the organ. Such ulcerative lesions can cause serious complications: intestinal bleeding and obstruction, peritonitis, malignant tumors.
• Viral hepatitis. A group of dangerous infectious diseases caused by different viruses and affecting the liver.
• Cirrhosis of the liver. A deadly chronic disease characterized by extensive damage to liver cells.
• Ulcer of the stomach and duodenum. When organs are damaged, tissue integrity is violated, an ulcer is formed, as a result of the pathological process, life-threatening complications can develop.
• Dysbacteriosis. A condition in which there is a change in the normal composition of the intestinal microflora, resulting in disturbances in the digestive system.
• Cholecystitis. An inflammatory disease in which the gallbladder is affected, and characteristic symptoms occur: pain, nausea, bitterness in the mouth, defecation disorders, dyspepsia.
• pancreatitis. Inflammatory disease of the pancreas, accompanied by pain, indigestion, nausea, vomiting and other characteristic manifestations.
• Cystitis. A common disease resulting from inflammation of the bladder mucosa. Basically, representatives of the weaker sex suffer from this pathology.
• Haemorrhoids. Inflammatory disease associated with pathological dilatation of the veins of the rectum and the formation of painful hemorrhoids.
• Appendicitis. Inflammatory process that affects the appendix of the caecum. Symptoms of the disease depend on the form in which the pathology manifests itself: acute or chronic.

The list of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is quite extensive and the above ailments are only a small part of them. The treatment of intestinal diseases requires a competent approach, correct and timely diagnosis and timely access to a doctor when unfavorable symptoms appear.

Diagnosis of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

For the diagnosis of diseases of the digestive system, methods of physical and instrumental examination are used.

Physical examination

To begin with, the doctor will interview the patient, collect an anamnesis, ask about complaints, well-being, diet, heredity, and the presence of chronic diseases. Then he will proceed to examine the patient using diagnostic methods such as palpation, auscultation and percussion.

1. Palpation involves probing the internal organs through the abdominal cavity. The method is based on tactile sensations and allows you to examine the position of organs, their shape, consistency, mobility and pain with your fingers.
2. Auscultation- this is listening to the internal organs with a phonendoscope or stethoscope.
3. Percussion- a method that allows, by tapping on various parts of the body, to determine the physical condition and topography of internal organs.

Instrumental examination

The basis of many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is a violation of the secretion and motor activity of various parts of the digestive tract. Therefore, methods for studying the acidity of gastric juice, such as intragastric, daily and endoscopic pH-metry, are in the first place.

To study the motility of the gastrointestinal tract, methods of manometry and gastrography are used. In order to visually inspect the inner surface of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, endoscopic methods are used.

If it is necessary to examine the internal organ as a whole in order to identify pathological defects, methods of fluoroscopy, laparoscopy, MRI are used. ( magnetic resonance imaging), CT (computed tomography) and ultrasound (ultrasound). In some cases, diagnostics are carried out using radioactive substances (scintigraphy).

In addition, laboratory diagnostic methods are used, histological examination of tissue samples taken by biopsy is carried out, cytological and microbiological studies are carried out.

Treatment of intestinal diseases

Therapy of intestinal diseases begins after a thorough examination and clarification of the diagnosis. The course of treatment will depend on the specific disease, the stage of its development, the general condition and well-being of the patient. In most cases, methods of conservative drug therapy are used. In some acute cases, there is a need for surgical intervention.

Therapist or gastroenterologist is engaged in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. If any adverse symptoms associated with the digestive organs occur, it is important to promptly seek medical help and establish a diagnosis. It is unacceptable to self-medicate and postpone a visit to the doctor, this can result in serious complications or conditions that threaten the patient's life.

The tactics of treatment in each case will be selected individually, based on the results of the examination. In combination with drug therapy, many people use folk remedies: decoctions and infusions of medicinal plants. They give a good therapeutic effect, but they can be used only after consultation with the attending physician and under his supervision.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in children

Recently, there has been a significant increase in the number of diseases of the digestive system in children. Many factors contribute to this:

1. bad ecology,
2. unbalanced diet,
3. heredity.

Sweets and confectionery products with a high content of preservatives and artificial colors, fast food, carbonated drinks, so beloved by many, cause great harm to the child's body. The role of allergic reactions, neuropsychic factors, and neuroses is growing. Doctors note that intestinal diseases in children have two age peaks: at 5-6 years and at 9-11 years. The main pathological conditions are:

• Constipation, diarrhea
• Chronic and acute gastritis and gastroenteritis
• Chronic duodenitis
• Chronic enterocolitis
• Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum
• Chronic cholecystitis
• Chronic pancreatitis
• Diseases of the biliary tract
• Chronic and acute hepatitis

Of great importance in the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal diseases is the insufficient ability of the child's body to resist infections, since the child's immunity is still weak. The formation of immunity is greatly influenced by proper feeding in the first months of life.

The best option is breast milk, with which protective bodies are passed from mother to child, increasing the ability to resist various infections. Formula-fed babies are more susceptible to various diseases and have a weakened immune system. The cause of violations in the digestive system can be irregular feeding or overfeeding of the child, early introduction of complementary foods, non-compliance with hygiene standards.

A separate group consists of acute intestinal diseases in children (dysentery, salmonellosis). Their main clinical manifestations are dyspeptic disorders, dehydration (dehydration) of the body and symptoms of intoxication. Such manifestations are very dangerous and require immediate hospitalization of a sick child.

Intestinal infections are especially often diagnosed in childhood, this is due to the imperfection of protective mechanisms, the physiological characteristics of the digestive organs and the lack of sanitary and hygienic skills in children. Especially negative acute intestinal infections affect young children and can lead to a significant decrease in immunity, delayed physical development, and complications.

Their onset is accompanied by characteristic signs: a sharp increase in temperature, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, loss of appetite. The child becomes restless, or, on the contrary, lethargic and inhibited. The clinical picture largely depends on which parts of the intestine are affected. In any case, the child needs emergency medical care and antibiotic therapy.

The treatment of diseases of the digestive system in babies is handled by a pediatric gastroenterologist, it is he who should be contacted when unfavorable symptoms appear.

Diet and eating habits in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are so different that it is impossible to give any specific recommendations that are suitable for all patients without exception. Adjustment of the diet in each case is made by the doctor individually, taking into account all the characteristics of the patient and his diagnosis. We can only consider the principles of a healthy diet, which must be observed by all patients suffering from pathologies of the digestive system.

Diet for intestinal diseases involves fractional nutrition, in small portions, this allows you not to overload the stomach and prevent overeating. You need to eat 5-6 times a day, preferably at the same time. Be sure to observe the drinking regimen. On the day the patient should drink 1.5-2 liters of liquid and in the form of water, juices, compotes, weak tea (preferably herbal or green). Carbonated drinks are excluded.

Food should be as sparing as possible, not irritating the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines. It is preferable to use:

• porridge cooked in water
• low-fat meat and fish broths,
• omelets,
• puree,
• souffle.

It is better to cook meat in the form of cutlets, meatballs, dumplings. All products are best boiled, baked or steamed; fried foods should be discarded. Observe the temperature regime when serving ready meals. Do not eat too hot or cold food. Meals should be served warm.

Vegetables are best cooked or mashed, fruits can be grated or baked (baked apples). Vegetables with coarse fiber, which cause fermentation processes in the stomach and excessive gas formation, are not recommended. These are cabbage, all kinds of legumes, radishes, corn, radishes, turnips.

It is necessary to limit or minimize the use of flour and confectionery products, sweets, strong coffee, tea, and avoid fast food. It is strictly forbidden to drink alcohol, fatty, fried, salty, spicy, pickled foods. It is better to exclude from the diet:

• condiments,
• sauces,
• semi-finished products,
• canned food and all other products containing artificial colors and preservatives.

Food should be fresh, easy to digest and contribute to the normalization of the digestive tract. The less refined food in the diet, and more foods containing fiber and dietary fiber, the better the digestive system will work.

Prevention

Prevention of intestinal diseases primarily includes measures to ensure a balanced and healthy diet. Observe personal hygiene and sanitary requirements when preparing meals. This way you protect yourself from foodborne infections.

Eat more fruits and vegetables, choose the right methods of thermal processing of food (boiling, stewing). Eat fractionally, do not overeat, give up snacks on the go and fast food. Nutrition should be balanced and varied, with the right ratio of nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins).

Try to move more, lead an active lifestyle, go in for sports, walk more, do feasible physical exercises, run, swim.

Fight stress and psychological tension, for this you can take natural sedatives (motherwort, valerian).

If you experience any adverse symptoms associated with the work of the digestive tract, seek medical help in a timely manner, do not self-medicate. This is the only way to avoid the transition of the disease to the chronic stage and achieve recovery.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract) are among the most common human diseases. They occur in all age groups, both in men and women. Pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract can be acute or chronic. The wide spread of such diseases is associated with malnutrition of modern man, frequent stress, and poor environmental conditions.

Symptoms of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are diverse and depend on the location of the pathological process. Analysis of the symptoms that accompany the disease allows the doctor to diagnose the disease and determine the nature of the treatment.

Main symptoms

Consider the most common symptoms of diseases of the digestive system.

Vomit

Rejection of the contents of the stomach is usually a defensive reaction of the body, which is trying to cleanse itself of the destructive effects of toxins. Among the main causes of vomiting in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are:

• poisoning;
• acute gastritis - vomiting occurs immediately after eating;
• peptic ulcers - in the vomit there may be blood and mucus;
• hemorrhages of the vessels of the stomach or esophagus - the presence of blood in the vomit;
• intestinal obstruction - vomiting is foul-smelling, accompanied by pain in the abdomen;
• pancreatitis - vomiting occurs after eating, accompanied by spasms.

Nausea and vomiting are frequent companions of toxicosis in early pregnancy. Unlike poisoning, vomiting during pregnancy is not accompanied by diarrhea, cramps and pain in the abdomen.

Diarrhea (diarrhea)

Most often, diarrhea occurs with intestinal dysbacteriosis, acute intestinal infections, chronic diseases of the digestive system. With dysentery and salmonellosis, an admixture of blood and mucus is observed in the feces. Diarrhea can become a constant symptom of inflammation of the small and large intestines, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis. Diarrhea leads to severe dehydration, which is especially dangerous for the elderly and children.

pain

Pain in the pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract can be of varying degrees of intensity and be of a different nature. Constant aching pain in the stomach area is characteristic of chronic gastritis. With an ulcer, the pain is more intense, usually occurs as a reaction to eating. Intense sharp and stabbing pains may indicate gallstone disease.

Important! When diagnosing, pay attention to the location of the pain. Discomfort in the navel is a signal of intestinal disorders, hepatitis causes pain in the right side, and inflammation of the large intestine in the left.

For diseases of the pancreas, acute pain in the region of the left hypochondrium is characteristic. Pathologies of the kidneys cause acute paroxysmal pain. Very severe pain radiating to the right arm, shoulder and right collarbone is one of the main symptoms of inflammation of the gallbladder wall.

Pain in the liver area may not be strong, aching in nature. Often, patients ignore such pain for a long time, considering it a manifestation of fatigue or tension. With liver diseases, jaundice, itching of the skin, and an increase in the size of the abdomen occur.

Constipation

Constipation is the absence of a bowel movement for more than three days. It can occur with the following diseases:

• irritable bowel syndrome;
• Hirschsprung disease;
• paraproctitis;
• dysbacteriosis;
• peptic ulcers;
• chronic pancreatitis.

Nausea

Unpleasant sensation in the epigastric region is accompanied by weakness, increased salivation, pallor of the skin and often precedes vomiting. This is one of the most common signs of diseases of the digestive tract.

The symptom is typical for:

• intestinal obstruction;
• gastritis, peptic ulcer;
• intestinal inflammation;
• infectious diseases (for example, helminthiasis);
• hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver;
• the presence of a foreign body in the stomach or intestines;
• food poisoning.

Nausea and vomiting can be side effects of certain medications.

Colic

Flatulence

Bloating occurs as a result of a violation of the motor function of the gastrointestinal tract. A feeling of heaviness occurs with pancreatitis, colitis, peritonitis, adhesions and tumors, Crohn's disease, liver cirrhosis, dysbacteriosis, cholecystitis.

Flatulence in infants often indicates intolerance to certain nutrients (lactose, maltose).

Belching

Belching with air occurs with intensive swallowing of air when eating. The sour, bitter and even putrid taste of belching is a signal of increased production of pancreatic juice, excess bile and stagnation in the stomach. Belching indicates a violation of the liver, gallbladder, duodenum, small and large intestines.

Heartburn

Feeling of discomfort and burning in the stomach, which occurs after taking spicy and plentiful food. Heartburn and sour belching are symptoms of gastritis, gastric ulcer, inflammation of the duodenum, cholecystitis.

Heartburn is common in obese people because excess fat in the abdomen pushes the contents of the stomach into the stomach.

Heat

An increase in body temperature, not accompanied by other signs of a cold, may indicate intestinal infections, tumors of the liver and kidneys, ulcerative colitis, appendicitis.

In addition to the main symptoms, other characteristic signs of damage to the digestive system are also distinguished:

• unpleasant taste in the mouth;
• stool disorders (alternating diarrhea and constipation);
• prolonged lack of appetite;
• sudden weight loss;
• constant thirst;
• white coating on the tongue;
• itching of the anus;
• painful urge to defecate;
• rumbling in the stomach;
• swallowing disorders;
• dizziness, general weakness.

Each of these symptoms, while not being critically dangerous, leads to a constant feeling of discomfort and the inability to lead a full-fledged lifestyle.

If the disease is ignored, the disease can worsen or become chronic.

Treatment

For diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, it is necessary to contact a general practitioner or gastroenterologist. Patients are always advised to strictly adhere to the diet, eat small meals 5-6 times a day, and give up bad habits. Drug treatment is prescribed depending on the symptoms of the disease. To relieve pain, antispasmodics are prescribed (Papaverine, Drotaverine). To normalize the stool, laxatives are indicated (Duphalac, Guttalax). Motilium, Cerucal will help eliminate nausea and vomiting, and antibacterial drugs will help relieve signs of inflammation.

If the disease is complicated by diarrhea, adsorbents are used (Dismectite, activated carbon). Preparations Linex, Espumizan will relieve excessive gas formation and belching.

ethnoscience

Folk remedies are a good alternative to medical treatment. They are mainly effective in the early stages of the disease.

To relieve cramping pains, flatulence, nausea, they drink decoctions of chamomile inflorescences, mint leaves, fennel fruits, calamus rhizomes, valerian.

A well-known folk remedy for constipation is the aloe plant. Aloe leaves older than 2 years are crushed and mixed with warmed honey. After insisting, take several times a day before meals. With chronic constipation, a mixture of dried fruits helps: dried apricots, figs, prunes.

Vegetable juices (cabbage, potato) relieve pain and heartburn in gastritis and stomach ulcers. Eliminate nausea and vomiting will help decoctions of peppermint, dill seeds, lemon balm. You can get rid of vomiting with the help of viburnum or blueberry juice.

With pain in the abdomen, rice water is an effective way. Honey can be added to it if desired. A decoction of rice acts as a soothing agent for the inflamed mucosa. If the pain is accompanied by increased gas formation, they drink ginger or mint tea.

To get rid of diarrhea, plants that have an astringent effect are used. For this, decoctions are prepared from oak bark, St. John's wort and immortelle. Effective infusions of wormwood, sorrel root, wild rose.

Surgical intervention

In some cases, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract require surgical intervention.

It is produced at:

• severe cases of damage to the esophageal mucosa;
• acute appendicitis;
• elimination of intestinal obstruction in Crohn's disease;
• complications of stomach ulcers;
• malignant neoplasms;
• secondary peritonitis;
• gastric bleeding with gastritis.

Disease prevention plays an important role. A healthy lifestyle based on rational nutrition, psychological comfort, giving up bad habits, and fighting excess weight will help prevent the appearance of many diseases.

Note!

The presence of symptoms such as:

• smell from the mouth
• stomach ache
• heartburn
• diarrhea
• constipation
• nausea, vomiting
• belching
• increased gas production (flatulence)

If you have at least 2 of these symptoms, then this indicates a developing

gastritis or ulcer. These diseases are dangerous for the development of serious complications (penetration, gastric bleeding, etc.), many of which can lead to

LETHAL

exodus. Treatment needs to start now.

Read an article about how a woman got rid of these symptoms by defeating their root cause. Read the material ...

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract - the main characteristic

The term "gastrointestinal disease" refers to a very broad spectrum of stomach and intestinal disease due to the magnitude and complexity of a system such as the intestinal tract.

This article provides information on the most pressing issues, such as:

• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract symptoms and treatment,
• what disorder of the gastrointestinal tract may indicate the presence of a serious disease?
• What symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases should I pay special attention to?

Violation of the gastrointestinal tract, the diseases of which can be functional and organic, can be a reflection of many primary ailments, affecting primarily other systems.

The digestive system begins in the mouth, where saliva begins the process of digestion. It continues through the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. The digestive system includes some exocrine glands (pancreas, liver).

The digestive system is influenced by nerves (sympathetic, parasympathetic) and hormonal by many substances, some of which are produced in the endocrine glands, and some of which are created by the cells of the digestive system themselves.

The stomach is affected by various diseases, relatively often, but, as a rule, there is no serious violation in most cases, so it is also not difficult to treat such disorders.

The functions of the digestive system are to convert food into absorbable substances and absorb them, maintain water and mineral levels, and eliminate waste and indigestible substances from the body. The liver and pancreas also have other very specific and complex functions in managing the body.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, in particular the esophagus, most often represents gastroesophageal reflux disease. Also, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract include the following frequent disorders:

1. Inflammation (non-infectious and infectious - most often in people with impaired immunity).
2. Diaphragmatic hernia.
3. Ulcer.
4. Functional or organic dysmotility (blockage or narrowing of the passage by a foreign body, tumors, scars and inflammation).
5. Achalasia.
6. Benign neoplasm in the esophagus.

Division of gastrointestinal disease

Diseases of the stomach

The most common manifestations of gastrointestinal disorders include pain, dyspepsia, and motor deficits. Abdominal pain is the most common manifestation

The stomach is affected by various diseases, relatively often, but, as a rule, there is no serious violation in most cases, so it is also not difficult to treat such disorders. Some of the most common diseases are functional gastric dyspepsia and solar syndrome, the symptoms of the disease are manifested by digestive problems without the presence of an organic basis of the disease. Another disease that can befall the stomach is various inflammations (gastritis), which can be acute or chronic. Quite often, people suffer from peptic ulcer, which occurs, most often, in connection with Helicobacter pylori infection. More rarely, there is such a violation as gastropathy, which is not demonstrated by signs of gastritis, but there are some changes in the mucous membrane, the disease is accompanied by digestive problems, and sometimes bleeding. On the basis of this disease can reach a stomach ulcer. The stomach can also suffer from tumors, both benign and malignant.

Bowel disease

The large intestine often suffers from functional diseases (irritable bowel syndrome), diverticulosis, disorders of the functionality of the large intestine also include constipation and diarrhea (infectious, non-infectious basis), ulcerative colitis, hemorrhoids and, unfortunately, tumors of the large intestine (adenocarcinoma) are very common.

Symptoms of gastrointestinal disease

The most common manifestations of gastrointestinal disorders include pain, dyspepsia, and motor deficits.

Abdominal pain is the most common manifestation. It is divided into:

• somatic - occurs due to irritation of the abdominal wall, peritoneum and diaphragm, pain is acute, limited, localized, often accompanied by reflex muscle contraction (défense musculaire), leads to sensitive branches of the spinal nerves,
• visceral - caused by irritation of the internal organs (tension of the body or muscle wall of the organs), the pain is dull, less amenable to analysis, as a rule, it is localized in the midline, its location does not correspond to the location of the organ, leads to sympathetic nerves,
• shooting - caused by a strong stimulus or anatomical damage to organs (passing stones, pinching the intestines), the pain radiates to the surface of the body, to the places of the innervated spinal nerves from the same roots that feed the affected organ, the typical direction of pain helps to determine its origin.

When assessing abdominal pain, there is:

1. Character - whether the pain is dull, squeezing, burning ...
2. Localization - the location of the pain may not coincide with the position of the organ.
3. Duration - as a rule, differs depending on the type of disease. Convulsive pains last from a few seconds or minutes to hours, irritation of the mucous membrane is manifested by days or even weeks of painful sensations.
4. Rhythm - whether pain alternates with periods of relief.
5. Irradiation - is more important than localization, it allows you to determine the affected organ, the most common directions:

• upward from the epigastrium: damage to the lower part of the esophagus, the cardial part of the stomach and the upper part of the stomach (in the differential diagnosis, it is necessary to exclude angina pectoris),
• in the right upper hypochondrium: gastroduodenal ulcer, disorders of the biliary tract, pancreas,
• below the right shoulder blade: diseases of the gallbladder,
• in the left upper hypochondrium and below the left shoulder blade: disorders of the pancreas, stomach, colon cancer,
• between the shoulder blades: inflammation of the esophagus, penetration of a gastroduodenal ulcer,
• radiating to the shoulder: diaphragmatic lesions, subdiaphragmatic abscess, splenic infarction, gastroduodenal ulcer perforation,
• in the groin: kidneys, urinary tract.

Colic is a rhythmically recurring, constantly receding pain in the abdomen, of varying duration, caused by peristalsis of hollow organs (spasm and relaxation of smooth muscles), which increases when overcoming an obstruction of patency (biliary - stones in the bile duct, renal - stones in the urinary tract, intestinal - intestinal obstruction, dyskinesia).

Dyspepsia

Dyspepsia is a difficult term to define. It is used to briefly express a disorder of the gastrointestinal tract of a functional or organic origin or an extragastrointestinal nature (metabolism, drugs).

Upper (gastric) dyspepsia is represented by the following phenomena:

• nausea,
• vomit,
• burp,
• heartburn.

Lower (intestinal) dyspepsia is represented by the following phenomena:

• abnormal bowel movements
• flutulence (outgassing),
• flatulence (accumulation of gases in the digestive tract).

Dysphagia

Manifested by a feeling of pressure when swallowing food. According to localization, it is divided into upper or lower type. The most common causes are ulcer or cancer of the esophagus, gastroesophageal reflux disease, spasms.

Paradoxical dysphagia presents difficulty in swallowing liquids. Has a functional character.

Heartburn

Burning behind the lower sternum, associated with the reflux of the contents of the stomach and duodenum into the esophagus. Features of the problem require the exclusion of angina.

Vomit

It has a complex reflexive nature, occurs due to irritation of the vomiting center.

According to the causes, the disease can be divided into:

• central - toxic effects (acidosis, uremia), reaction to drugs (Digoxin, Morphine), psychogenic, intracranial hypertension (vomiting without nausea),
• peripheral - gastroduodenal diseases, gallbladder diseases, otogenic disorders and during pregnancy.

Proper assessment of vomiting in terms of diagnostic assessment requires the context of its occurrence and evaluation of the vomit.

1. Formation - depending on the meal (time and type of food).
2. Appearance - color, the presence of food (fresh, digested), blood.
3. Smell - sour indicates the presence of HCl, fecal - associated with intestinal obstruction.

Constipation and diarrhea

Constipation is difficulty with defecation, hard stools.

Patients with characteristics of irritable bowel syndrome and general gastrointestinal dysfunction are an extremely heterogeneous and large group in terms of referral to both general practitioners and specialist gastroenterologists.

Diarrhea is loose or watery stools more than usual.

Examination of a person in both cases is subjective, which complicates the diagnosis.

1. The number of bowel movements, the sequence, the presence of ingredients associated with the meal are assessed.
2. The feeling of urge to defecate, tenesmus is assessed.

Causes can be functional, infectious, organic, and always require a careful assessment of the possible presence of colorectal cancer.

Gastrointestinal bleeding

Melena

Melena means loose stools, black in color, tarry in appearance. Characterizes bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach). Evaluation of the black color of the stool can be difficult for a previous meal from products containing animal blood, some drugs (containing iron or bismuth, charcoal).

Bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal tract is manifested by intestinal bleeding (blood is not digested). The most common causes are colon and rectal cancer, internal hemorrhoids, and ulcerative colitis.

Hematemesis

Manifested by vomiting of fresh or digested blood. Staining depends not only on the intensity of bleeding, but also on the rate of gastric emptying and the presence of HCl. Delayed emptying and the action of hydrochloric acid causes a brown-black color, the color of black coffee.

The source of bleeding is most often varicose veins of the esophagus, gastric and duodenal ulcers, tumors and hemorrhagic gastropathy. The presence of blood during repeated, intense bouts of vomiting indicates a high likelihood of Mallory-Weiss syndrome (laceration - cracks in the mucous membrane of the distal esophagus).

Evaluation of hematemesis requires the exclusion of bleeding from another source (epistaxis, hemoptysis) or confusion after ingestion of coloring foods (blueberries, red beets) or drugs (activated charcoal).

Hematemesis can occur simultaneously with melena.

Treatment of gastrointestinal diseases

First of all, it should be clarified that in case of signs of a serious problem (bleeding, vomiting with blood, melena), you should immediately consult a doctor!

Therapy of gastrointestinal disorders can be divided into two main approaches: non-pharmacological and pharmacological.

Non-pharmacological approach

It is very important to give a person a detailed definition of the nature of the disease in such a way that he can mentally cope with this information. Through information and cooperation, which is essential in long-term treatment, better results can be achieved.

Change in diet and diet

Exclusion of products or their components that cause discomfort. With regard to nutrition, fiber, drinking regimen, regular consumption of small portions of food with a predominance of carbohydrates are important. Often, spicier foods, milk (especially in large quantities at a time) and raw milk, such as fermented milk products, fried foods and those with a higher fat content, are often limited or excluded.

The specialized literature also mentions the possibility of influencing gastrointestinal disorders of hypnosis and psychotherapy.

Pharmacological approach

Medicines are selected according to the predominant symptom. Of the drugs, mainly considered:

1. Antispasmodics.
2. Antidiarrheal drugs.
3. Antidepressants.
4. Prokinetic drugs and laxatives.

Antidiarrheals

This is the most suitable group of drugs for the treatment of irritable bowel with the presence of diarrhea. The most commonly prescribed Loperamide (Imodium) 2-4 mg up to 4 times a day, the drug slows down the passage of food through the intestines, increases the absorption of water and ions, increases the tone of the anal sphincter, which can lead to a partial removal of unpleasant accompanying effects in many people. It does not cross the blood-brain barrier and is therefore preferred over Diphenoxylate or Codeine. The second choice drug is cholestyramine, which can be used when considering the proportion of bile salts in the etiopathogenesis of irritable bowel.

Antispasmodics

The following drugs are currently available:

1. Spasmomen.
2. Calcium antagonists, selective for the gastrointestinal tract.
3. Trimebutine (peripheral opioid antagonist).
4. Mebeverine (Duspatalin) with anticholinergic effect.

None of the drugs tested, however, is established, which significantly reduces its use in practice. In this case, the effectiveness of long-term treatment is assessed by reducing exacerbations, the duration of symptoms and the occurrence of remission.

Antidepressants

Their use is justified by conditionally coexisting psychological changes in patients with gastrointestinal disorders. These include:

1. Sulpiride.
2. Tianeptine (Coaxil).
3. Amitriptyline.
4. Benzodiazepines are only considered as a short-term solution.
5. Other drugs are a very diverse group of substances for which there are not enough convincing pharmacological studies, but their use in medical practice is based on substantial empirical foundations. These include pancreatic enzymes, peppermint, cholestyramine, and others.

Conclusion

Patients with characteristics of irritable bowel syndrome and general gastrointestinal dysfunction are an extremely heterogeneous and large group in terms of referral to both general practitioners and specialist gastroenterologists. Because of its frequent occurrence, irritable bowel syndrome is often discussed. The objectification of subjective complaints is the most difficult area on which classification and treatment depend.

If you find symptoms that indicate the presence of a gastrointestinal disease, consult a doctor. He will help determine the cause of the disease or direct him for further examination.

Smoking, lack of physical activity, excessive psycho-emotional stress, non-compliance with the diet and food hygiene - all this can lead to problems with the digestive system. How to prevent gastrointestinal diseases?
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During the period of autumn and spring beriberi, it is necessary to pay great attention to one's own health, especially people with gastritis. What is gastritis?

A dozen organs are involved in digestion, which grind food, absorb nutrients and remove excess from the body. This is a "full cycle" system - from the absorption of food products and their processing to the removal of undigested residues. It is extremely important that each of its elements work clearly and do not fail.

How is the human gastrointestinal tract

The process of digestion is a bit like going down a slide in a water park. The beginning of the way - oral cavity where food is chewed, crushed, mixed with saliva and turned into a soft food lump.

This is interesting
The mucous membrane of the oral cavity has receptors that help to recognize the taste, temperature and texture of food. These sensors transmit signals to the brain, which activates the salivary, fundus, and pancreas glands.

The food journey continues in esophagus- a cylindrical muscular tube 22–25 cm long. The upper and lower esophageal sphincters at the ends serve as valves that prevent food from getting back into the oral cavity.

Stomach- a sac-like muscular organ that connects the esophagus to the duodenum (duodenum). It is like a cauldron in which food is accumulated, mixed to a paste-like mass and digested by the action of gastric juice. Gastric juice consists of enzymes and hydrochloric acid, which is why it has a pronounced acidity (about 1.5–2.0 pH). Gastric juice breaks down proteins and other chemical compounds, after which they are transported to the small intestine for final digestion and assimilation.

Length small intestine, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum and occupying most of the abdominal cavity, is about 4.5 m. The small intestine contains glands that produce intestinal juice for the main digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients into the blood.

Colon- the lower part of the intestine, in which the absorption of water, electrolytes, fiber and the formation of unsuitable food residues in the feces. The large intestine is 1.5 m long and is divided into the caecum, colon, and rectum. The rectum - the final section of the digestive tract - ends with an opening (anus). Serves for the accumulation of feces and bowel movements. This is where the "unprecedented journey" ends - processed food residues leave the body.

Digestion also involves the pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, gallbladder, and liver.

Pancreas located in close proximity to the stomach and duodenum. It secretes pancreatic juice, which contributes to the full digestion of food and the flow of metabolic processes.

Liver takes part in the metabolism of lipids, vitamins, proteins and carbohydrates, synthesizes blood proteins: globulins, albumins and fibrinogen. The organ is involved in immunological reactions.

Functions gallbladder- store and serve as needed concentrated bile, which is constantly produced by liver cells. Bile is directly involved in human digestion and acts as a kind of antibacterial agent.

It is worth mentioning the role in digestion kidneys and adrenals pertaining to the urinary system. They process the water that comes from the colon, filtering it into suitable for the needs of the body and into urine containing unnecessary impurities and to be excreted.

At each stage of the passage of food through the gastrointestinal tract, failures are possible, leading to incomplete absorption of food, problems with the excretion of waste material and threatening the development of gastrointestinal pathologies.

Among the causes of problems with the digestive system, malnutrition, which has various forms, is in the lead. These are overeating and eating heavy meals, malnutrition and starvation, irregular meals, quick snacks, scarcity and imbalance in the diet. The gastrointestinal tract is adversely affected by poorly purified water, harmful food additives.

Disruptions in the digestive system negatively affect the entire body, reduce immunity, disrupt metabolism, lead to a deterioration in the appearance of the skin, brittle hair and nails. They are fraught with numbness of the limbs, pain in the muscles and bones, sleep disturbance.

Possible complications for the cardiovascular system: hypertension, arrhythmia, angina pectoris, risk of stroke and heart attack. Against the background of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, anular stomatitis, glossitis, bleeding gums, eczema, neurodermatitis can develop. With advanced forms of gastrointestinal diseases, damage to the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, sex glands, and thyroid gland is possible.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: what the statistics say

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are among the most common pathologies in the world.

medical statistics
Mortality from gastroenterological causes in Russia ranks third after cardiovascular and oncological diseases and is about 0.08% (80 cases per 100,000 people). An increase in deaths by an average of 0.003% is recorded annually.

Men are 38% more likely to become victims of gastrointestinal diseases, which is associated with both uncontrolled alcohol consumption and late seeking medical help.

Among the deadly gastroenterological diseases, over 45% are liver disease caused by alcohol. Men die twice as many as women (ratio 16:7). Acute pancreatitis and other diseases of the pancreas are the cause of death in 17% of gastroenterologist patients. Death from peritonitis due to gallbladder rupture is less than 1%.

Lethal bowel diseases are caused by neglected forms of inflammation and perforation (violation of integrity, formation of holes) of the walls of the small and large intestine. In particular, appendicitis (inflammation of the caecum) is responsible for up to 4% of all deaths associated with the gastrointestinal tract. The same amount falls on a heart attack (necrosis, necrosis) of the intestine.

Despite widespread, gastric and duodenal ulcer is the cause of death in no more than 10% in the gastroenteric group.

Of the non-lethal diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, chronic gastritis. Up to 80–90% of patients in the world suffer from it, which is facilitated by the pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which causes inflammation of the gastric mucosa. In developing countries, infection with Helicobacter pylori in people over the age of 40 reaches 95%.

In Russia, the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach is noted according to various sources in 62–94% of adult patients.

Sequelae of gastritis stomach ulcer found in every 15th inhabitant of the Earth. In our country, the statistics are more optimistic - only 1 out of 40 Russians is ill. Men "earn" an ulcer 2-4 times more often than women.

Prevalence gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) reaches 50% among the adult population. Symptoms of the disease are observed equally often in both men and women.

Duodenitis- a common disease of the duodenum, which affects 5-10% of patients. In men, it is diagnosed twice as often due to alcohol abuse and poor lifestyle.

Relatively common and colitis- Inflammatory diseases of the walls of the large intestine. The cause of the disease are pathogenic microbes (streptococci, staphylococci, Escherichia coli).

Appendicitis (inflammation of the caecum) occurs in 30% of Russians.

Every tenth man and every fourth woman who complains of abdominal pain is diagnosed with chronic cholecystitis(cholelithiasis).

Common among children and adults dysbacteriosis- imbalance of the intestinal microflora, leading to disruption of the digestive system.

Symptoms of the most common gastrointestinal diseases

Typical signs of gastrointestinal pathologies: heartburn (burning from the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus), flatulence and intestinal stenosis (bloating caused by the accumulation of gases in the intestines), belching (exhalation of gases from the stomach or esophagus), nausea and vomiting, problems with stools (constipation or diarrhea), bad breath, plaque on the tongue.

Less common: dysphagia (swallowing disorder, accompanied by pain and a feeling of stopping the food bolus), impurities in the feces (blood, mucus, undigested food residues), swelling of the tongue, bitterness in the mouth, skin itching and other allergic reactions. Diseases of a single pathogenesis have both general and specific signs.

Stomach diseases

Pain in the epigastric (epigastric) region and dyspeptic syndrome (sour belching, heartburn, vomiting and nausea) may indicate a number of diseases of the stomach, esophagus and PrEP.

At peptic ulcer, which is a wound in the wall of the DCT or stomach, there are sharp periodic pains in the left hypochondrium, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, bloody impurities in the feces.

Inflammatory processes of the stomach are manifested in a similar way ( gastritis) and duodenum ( duodenitis). Diseases are accompanied by sharp, aching or pulling pains in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, problems with stools. Patients experience a feeling of a full stomach and heaviness in the abdomen even with a small intake of food.

Hernia of the esophagus also gives pain in the epigastric region when changing positions and after eating. It is also possible to experience back pain and girdle pain. In 20% of patients (mostly older than 60 years), there are pains in the region of the heart against the background of concomitant cardiac diseases.

The intestine often suffers from inflammatory processes, infectious lesions. Inflammation of the large and small intestines enteritis And colitis) are accompanied by stool disorder (up to 15 times a day). During a bowel movement and immediately after it, the patient experiences severe weakness, dizziness, nausea, and a drop in pressure. There is bloating, cold sweat, trembling of the limbs, tachycardia, as well as loud rumbling, splashing noise and pain on palpation.

Signs of paraproctitis, or abscess(purulent inflammation) rectum- this is severe pain in the rectum or perineum. Against the background of an increase in the size of the abscess, the pain intensifies, the urge to defecate becomes painful, the temperature rises, chills are possible.

Dysbacteriosis manifested by a violation of the stool, bloating, cramping pain, dyspeptic disorders and allergic reactions (itching and skin rashes).

hemorrhoids(varicose veins of the rectum) is characterized by bleeding or smearing with blood after the act of defecation, prolapse of hemorrhoids through the anus and pain during bowel movements, which continues for some time (when walking, in a sitting and lying position).

Symptoms appendicitis is determined by the age of the patient, the location of the appendix in the abdominal cavity and the presence of complications. Characterized by dull pain in the right side, weakness and headache, which may be accompanied by pain in the legs, nausea in combination with a single vomiting, frequent loose stools, temperature within 38 degrees.

We must not lose sight of one of the most common and meanwhile mysterious pathologies - irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), accompanied by cramps in the abdomen, impaired stool, painful bloating. IBS has a negative effect on the entire body: the patient complains of headache, insomnia, increased fatigue, palpitations even at complete rest. According to most experts, IBS is psychosomatic in nature and appears as a result of stress, severe emotional overload. However, to get rid of the problem, it is important not only to come to peace of mind, but also to apply complex medical treatment. One solution may be to take bismuth preparations, which simultaneously have a bactericidal, anti-inflammatory and protective effect.

Liver disease

Spicy hepatitis C(inflammatory viral liver damage) is marked by a whole range of symptoms. Among them: weakness, decreased appetite and performance, sleep disturbance, aversion to food, a feeling of heaviness in the abdomen, pain in large joints, the appearance of a rash, fever, dark urine, yellowing of the skin (hence the popular name of the disease is jaundice).

The first signs liver cirrhosis are: a feeling of a full abdomen, decreased efficiency, pain in the right hypochondrium, a feeling of fullness in the stomach, bleeding gums and nosebleeds, fever, flatulence, nausea, vomiting.

Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tract

Signs of cholecystitis(inflamed gallbladder) - acute pain in the right hypochondrium, bloating, bouts of nausea and vomiting. The pain intensifies with a deep breath while probing the zone of the gallbladder. Many patients report a slight increase in temperature.

Diseases of the pancreas

In patients pancreatitis there are often complaints of acute pain in the abdomen, which is accompanied by nausea and vomiting with gastric juice, mucus, bile, etc. Also present are bloating, dry mouth, and belching. Bluish spots often appear on the left side and in the navel.

Most of the common and life-threatening diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are caused by inflammatory processes against the background of a bacterial or viral infection. Digestion is a single interconnected system and diseases of its organs can consistently develop according to the domino principle. The source of the avalanche of problems is often in the stomach, which we daily test for strength. Therefore, in the treatment of gastrointestinal pathologies, an integrated approach using gastroprotective (protective) and antiseptic gastrointestinal drugs is effective.