Territorial (geographical) division of labor in Russia. The doctrine of the geographical (territorial) division of labor The concept of the geographical division of labor

The geographical division of labor makes it possible for countries to develop certain industries without experiencing problems with the lack of goods for which there is a demand, but which are impossible or economically unprofitable to produce on their territories. The system of product exchange between countries arose in antiquity, and with the development of technology and transport, it only intensifies.

Definition

The geographical division of labor is a certain spatial form, implying the social division of labor. An important condition is the existence of a gap between the place where the product is produced and the place where it is consumed. In other words, different countries work for each other - this is precisely the geographical division of labor.

In the understanding of the term, erroneous judgments also occur. Some experts include the term geographical division in the concept of the world geographical division of labor. However, this is not entirely true, since rather any world division of labor is part of the concept of a general geographical division.

Cases of division of labor

There are two types of division of labor:

Absolute. In this case, the country imports a product from another state due to the impossibility of producing it on its own territory for geographical, technical or other reasons.
Relative. The country imports the product, but can also produce it on its own territory. In most cases, the reason is the economic unprofitability of production on their own territory.

History of the geographical division of labor

In ancient times, the concept of geographical division of labor resources was understood as the division between small territories, in most cases, which covered the Mediterranean.

Further, already in the Middle Ages, the sphere of the geographical division of labor was not only European territories, such as France, Italy and England, but the territory of the Muscovite state, as well as Indochina and Madagascar.

With the creation of railway transport, labor relations also entered the interior of the continents. High influences on the geographical division of labor have been and are exerted by the economic benefits received by the participants.

Factors affecting the geographical division of labor

Important factors in the development of the geographical division of labor between the two countries are the high difference between unit prices and low transport costs. Every year, the improvement of transport leads to a reduction in the cost of transporting goods, and thereby increases the volume of trade between the two countries. The geographical division of labor in this case develops both in depth and in breadth.

Advantages

With the development of the geographical division of labor, its productivity also increases. Countries, focusing on their own capabilities and conditions, select several industries in which they can succeed. The development of several industries that are most favorable for the state leads to an increase in productivity and a decrease in the cost of a unit of goods. Cost reduction is directly proportional to the increase in profits.

With the development of the territorial division of labor, consumers increase their own needs, as well as create new ones, which is also the engine in supply and demand relations.

The geographical division of labor is an opportunity for the development of transport technology. As well as the economies of individual states as a whole.

International geographical division of labor

MGRT is understood as a narrow focus in the production of goods and services of individual countries and the subsequent exchange of them. This is an industry of international specialization for each individual country. In other words, each country is characterized by a specific industry, which is mostly focused on the export of a certain type of product.

There are a number of conditions for the emergence of such international specialization:

the presence of a number of advantages for the production of certain products (this may be geographical or other conditions);
it is necessary to have separate countries that do not have the ability to produce goods in this industry, but are in dire need of them;
transport costs must be acceptable to the exporting country;
the volume of production in this industry must exceed the demand in the domestic market.

Examples

Examples of the geographical division of labor:

Japan's international specializations are automobiles, robots and radio electronics;

Canada's international specialty is the timber industry;
the international specialization of Bulgaria is the agro-industrial complex;
The United States is actively exporting medicines.

Role of Russia

Russia is far from the last position in the international geographical division of labor. The international specialization of the country is mainly the extraction of natural resources: oil, gas, diamonds. Russia's participation in the geographical division of labor is also observed in such areas as aluminum and nickel mining.

Most of the country's exports are unprocessed raw materials. The main importers of Russian products are the countries of the European continent, as well as America. A large share of imports in the country falls on cars, medicines and equipment. In addition, the share of imports of food industry products is also high.

How does the territorial division of labor arise?

When studying the branches of the economy, you noticed that a number of regions are characterized by the development of one or another type of production. Recall that we associated the North of the European part of Russia with one of the main regions of the forest industry, the products of which (timber, paper, cardboard) are supplied to other regions of the country.

Gas and oil flows through pipelines to consumption areas from Western Siberia, Russia's main fuel base; Central Russia, the North-West, the Volga region, the Urals act as regions for the production of complex industrial products, the North Caucasus is one of the main regions for grain farming and industrial crops. Thus, on the territory of the country, it is possible to single out the main areas of the mining and manufacturing industries, the development of agriculture and recreation, trade and financial activities, and others. In other words, districts specialize in different industries.

Rice. 52. Diversity of the economy of the regions of Russia

Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky (1881 -1963). One of the founders of domestic economic geography, the creator of the doctrine of the geographical division of labor and the theory of economic and geographical location. He considered the task of geography to be a comprehensive study of the territory - "from geology to ideology", and not just to describe it, but also to transform it. Geography, according to Baransky, should be a constructive science.

It is very important that the districts not only produce certain products, but also conduct an active, profitable exchange of goods and services, successfully working for each other to create inter-district, inter-regional exchange, geographical division of labor.

The geographical, or territorial, division of labor is expressed in the economic specialization of individual territories and in their exchange of goods and services with each other.

What conditions allow the territorial division of labor to develop successfully?

The territorial division of labor appeared at a time when the economy ceased to be natural (that is, producing absolutely everything necessary for life) and became commodity (producing something in excess of its needs, for sale).

Initially, such a division of labor took place in small areas: artisans work in the city, and peasants work in the surrounding villages. But with the development of the economy, with the advent of cheap transport, the division of labor began to cover large areas - already entire districts and regions specialized in the production of one product or another.

The division of labor can be "hard" dictated by nature - its conditions and resources. For example, in Russia, the only explored and developed group of large diamond deposits is in Yakutia. And throughout the vast stretch of the shores of the Arctic Ocean, the only non-freezing area is the northern coast of the Kola Peninsula. And no matter how much we want to mine diamonds in the Central Region or build a large year-round port at the mouth of the Lena, nothing will succeed.

But much more often, the restrictions imposed by nature are less severe. And for the manufacturing industry or for the service sector, there are practically none at all. In this case, the territorial division of labor arises if two conditions are simultaneously met:

it is cheaper to produce specific products in the given area;
it is possible to transport this product to another region (to the consumer) so that it remains competitive, that is, it does not become too expensive due to transportation costs.

How is the territorial division of labor changing?

The emergence of new types of industries, new technologies in transport, the development of new areas, changes in the needs of society - all this is constantly changing the existing picture of the division of labor.

For example, in the 1930s the development of deposits in the Moscow region coal basin began (mainly in the territory of the modern Tula region). This coal was the main fuel for thermal power plants in the Central Region and a raw material for the chemical industry. But since the 1960s, when oil production increased sharply, and especially in the 1980s, when cheap gas from Western Siberia came to the Center, coal mining became unprofitable. Extracting gas several thousand kilometers away and pumping it through pipes is ultimately cheaper than extracting low-quality coal underground. Therefore, the power plants of the Center have been mainly converted to gas and fuel oil, and the chemical industry has also switched to gas.

The division of labor between regions is changing for many reasons: the depletion of natural resources, the rise in the cost (or reduction in price) of transport, changes in world market prices, etc.

These changes can contribute both to the flourishing of individual regions and their degradation and decline. In relatively favorable conditions are areas with a wide range of industries, which, however, is a general rule: the more diverse the system, the more stable it is.

Imagine what will happen to the cities - the centers of the diamond industry in Yakutia, if the price of diamonds on the world market drops sharply. For them it will be a disaster. A large city with many businesses always has a greater range of opportunities. It is no coincidence that the unemployment rate in our country is minimal precisely in large cities.

conclusions

The division of labor between the regions of our country is complicated by vast distances. In the last decade, the transition to a market economy has changed the usual picture in many ways. How to adapt production to the new conditions, what to produce and consume locally, what to export, what to import - all these questions must be decided in relation to each specific region. For this (including) economic geography is needed!

Questions and tasks

Highlight on the map the main industrial and agricultural regions of the country. Compare their placement with the location of the Main Settlement Strip.
Expand the content of the concept of "territorial (geographical) division of labor", highlight its components.
What, in your opinion, specialization for the territory is more profitable - narrow or wide? Why?
Explain the significance of the geographical division of labor: a) for individual territories and b) for the country as a whole.
What is the economic specialization of your region? What conditions determined it? Is it promising in modern conditions? Are there opportunities to deepen it? Offer your project for the participation of your region in the district, regional geographical division of labor and at the federal level.
What modern industries are associated with the names of individual cities or regions? Give examples.

Questions and tasks for the generalization of knowledge in the section "Economy of Russia"

Explain in your own words the meaning of the following concepts: economy; branch of the economy; the structure of the economy; zoning; Unified energy system; specialization and cooperation; information infrastructure; service sector; territorial (geographical) division of labor.
You know that the country's economy is divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors of the economy. Consider what factors other than the degree of dependence on nature underlie this division.
Why in the modern period, the priority development in the economy is given to the service sector, science, finance, and management?
The Russian economy has gone through several stages in its development. And what are the features of the stages of development of the economy of your region?
What productions or separate enterprises of your city, region are the only ones of their kind (unique)? What is the history of their origin, economic relationships?

The geographical division of labor is a spatial form of the social division of labor.

The geographical division of labor is one of the forms of social division of labor. Peculiarities:

its necessary condition is that countries should work for each other, including specializing, which leads to an increase in communication between them;

technical progress in the development of production is the main reason for the geographical division of labor;

economic profit is the driving force behind the geographical division of labor;

transport has a great influence, and its development, improvement and cheapening stimulates the division of labor in breadth;

subdivided into:

world - covers the entire world economy and countries of different types;

international - within the framework of the EU and associations of groups of states;

interregional;

intra-regional;

It is implemented mainly in cities where industry, science, and other spheres of social life are concentrated.

Types of division of labor:

common - the division of labor by spheres of production, is manifested in the fact that countries are usually divided into industrial, raw materials, agricultural .; such a division of labor is determined by natural and climatic conditions, economic and geographical position and natural resources;

partial - manifested in specialization in certain industries and widows of manufactured products;

single - is expressed in the specialization of countries in the manufacture of individual units of machine units or specialization in technological stages; such a division of labor corresponds to highly developed industries and means the development of intra-industry specialization.

In modern conditions, the role of the global division of labor is increasing; it has become a prerequisite for economic, social and social progress. The objective reason for including the economies of different states in the global division of labor is:

in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, the mass introduction of the achievements of scientific and technological revolution requires huge expenditures on development;

global problems (ecology);

in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, there is a shift in emphasis from trade and economic relations to scientific and technical production cooperation;

the geographical division of labor is accompanied by the integration of labor. Labor integration is the process of establishing and deepening economic ties between individual countries, in the formation of intra-economic centralization.

Geographical and territorial division is an inextricable interacting system of processes in which the geographical division of labor is of decisive importance. The regulator of such interaction is the territorial structure of the national economy at different levels. The main motive for the territorial integration of labor is profit (economic benefit).

1. Highlight on the map the main industrial and agricultural regions of the country. Compare their placement with the location of the Main Settlement Strip.

The main industrial (Central, North-Western, Ural, Volga) and agricultural regions (Central Chernozem, Northern Caucasus, Volga) generally coincide with the most densely populated zone of the country's population.

2. Expand the content of the concept of "territorial (geographical) division of labor", highlight its components.

The geographical, or territorial, division of labor is expressed in the economic specialization of individual territories and in their exchange of goods and services with each other.

3. What, in your opinion, specialization for the territory is more profitable - narrow or wide? Why?

Each specialization has its pros and cons. Broad specialization enables the integrated development of the economy of the region and guarantees a certain degree of independence from imports from other regions. Narrow specialization makes it possible to concentrate on one industry, improve it and make its products the most competitive.

4. Explain the significance of the geographical division of labor: a) for individual territories and b) for the country as a whole.

The geographical division of labor is one of the laws of the development of society. Previously "closed" countries and regions begin to exchange the products of their labor, and as a result, the efficiency of the entire economy increases, people's lives become richer and more diverse. A) individual regions can develop those industries that really benefit from receiving the rest of the products from other regions. B) for a country, specialization is the ability to find its place in the world market, to obtain products that cannot be produced on its territory.

5. What modern industries are associated with the names of individual cities or districts? Give examples.

Norilsk - Norilsk Nickel, Togliatti - Avtovaz, Cherepovets - Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant.

35. GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION OF LABOR AND FACTORS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT

The geographical division of labor (GDT) is the specialization of a country or region and the exchange of products and services between them. Sectors of specialization - such industries that are more focused on the export of products and determine the "face" of the country or region in the geographic area. division of labor. Geogr. the division of labor helps to strengthen trade and economic ties between countries or districts. Specialization in a particular industry is formed under the condition (factors):

1. The country must have an advantage over other countries in the development of this industry. For example, natural resources, labor resources, the convenience of transp.-geogr. position, highly qualified workers, the presence of significant capital, etc. Usually several factors act.

2. There are foreign markets where these goods are not enough and the price is higher than in the domestic market. For example, demand in Western Europe caused the development of the production of natural rubber and tin in Southeast Asia.

3. The cost of supplying products should not absorb the entire difference in price at the place of production and in the markets. The difference in price should cover shipping costs, customs duties and take into account the profits of export trading companies.

The latter condition is directly dependent on the development of transport and the transport network - this is one of the main factors in the development of GDT. Dr. factors - lack of resources in a given territory and their excess in others.

The division of labor opens the access of the territory to the resources of other territories, which contributes to progress in production and consumption. The reason for GRT is the differences in natural conditions and resources, which increases the efficiency of production. The development of GRT is determined by the following groups of factors:

1. natural-geographic and social-econ. - differences in natural conditions and resources, in soil and climatic conditions, in the size of the territory, the number and concentration of the population and the availability of labor resources;

2. the results of scientific and technological progress - specialization, the level of development of the territory - these factors are of increasing importance compared to the first group;

3. social-political. and social-econ. - foreign policy, participation in the division of labor, features of historical development, traditions of random development and external relations, originality of the structure of the economy.

37. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE REGIONS

Anthropogenic factors, i.e. the results of human activities that lead to a change in the environment can be considered at the level of the region, country or global level. Anthropogenic pollution of the atmosphere leads to global change. Atmospheric pollution comes in the form of aerosols and gaseous substances. The greatest danger is represented by gaseous substances, which account for about 80% of all emissions. First of all, these are compounds of sulfur, carbon, nitrogen. Carbon dioxide itself is not poisonous, but its accumulation is associated with the danger of such a global process as the "greenhouse effect". We see the consequences of global warming.

Acid rain is associated with the release of sulfur and nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the air combine with water vapor, then, together with rain, fall to the ground in the form of dilute sulfuric and nitric acids. Such precipitation sharply violates the acidity of the soil, contributes to the death of plants and the drying up of forests, especially coniferous ones. Once in rivers and lakes, they have a depressing effect on flora and fauna, often leading to the complete destruction of biological life - from fish to microorganisms. The distance between the place of formation of acid precipitation and the place of their fall can be thousands of kilometers.

These global negative impacts are exacerbated by desertification and deforestation processes. The main factor of desertification is human activity. Among the anthropogenic causes are overgrazing, deforestation, excessive and improper land exploitation. Scientists have calculated that the total area of man-made deserts exceeded the area of natural ones. That is why desertification is classified as a global process.

As a result of the active impact of civilization on the environment, the degree of pollution increases every year. This negative impact is especially strong in places of ecol. disasters or in places of irrational use of mineral resources and a variety of hazardous waste products. Ensuring life safety in a contaminated environment is impossible without sufficient knowledge about the harmful effects of many toxic substances.

Among all environmental pollutants, a special group stands out - metal ions. The main cause of these pollutions can be considered the colossal consumption and processing of mineral resources,

Russia occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of fresh water reserves. And considering that the total fresh water resources make up only 2-2.5% of the total volume of the Earth's hydrosphere, it becomes clear how rich we are. The main threat to these resources is the pollution of the hydrosphere. The main reserves of fresh water are concentrated in lakes, the area of which in our country is larger than the territory of Great Britain. Baikal alone contains approximately 20% of the world's fresh water reserves.

There are three types of water pollution: physical (primarily thermal), chemical and biological. Chem. Pollution occurs as a result of exposure to various chemicals. substances and compounds. Biological contaminants primarily include microorganisms. They enter the aquatic environment along with chemical waste. and pulp and paper industry. Baikal, the Volga, and many large and small rivers of Russia suffered from such pollution. Poisoning of rivers and seas with industrial and agricultural waste leads to another problem - a decrease in the supply of oxygen to sea water and, as a result, poisoning of sea water with hydrogen sulfide. An example is the Black Sea. In the Black Sea, there is an established regime of exchange between the surface and deep waters, which prevents the penetration of oxygen into the depths. As a result, hydrogen sulfide accumulates at depth. Recently, the situation in the Black Sea has deteriorated sharply, and not only because of the gradual imbalance between hydrogen sulfide and oxygen waters, there is a violation of the hydrological regime after the construction of dams on the rivers flowing into the Black Sea, but also because of the pollution of coastal waters by industrial waste. and waste water.

The problems of chem. pollution of reservoirs, rivers and lakes in Mordovia. One of the most striking examples is the discharge of heavy metals into drains and water bodies, among which lead is especially dangerous (its anthropogenic inputs are 17 times higher than natural ones) and mercury. The sources of these pollutions were the harmful production of the lighting industry. In the recent past, a reservoir in the north of Saransk called the Saransk Sea was poisoned with heavy metals.

Not bypassed Mordovia and a common misfortune - the Chernobyl accident. As a result, many districts suffered from radioisotope contamination of lands. And the results of this anthropogenic impact will be felt for hundreds of years.

Strengthening the concentration and intensity of agricultural production exacerbates the problem of maintaining ecol. balance. The natural landscapes of Mordovia are distinguished by a high (in some cases exceeding ecological balance) plowing of the territory, which causes the main ecological. agricultural problems. Among them, it should be noted a decrease in soil fertility due to a decrease in humus and mineral nutrition elements in them, widespread water erosion, and degradation of pasture resources, which are extremely limited in many districts of the republic. Therefore, based on real conditions, it is advisable in some areas to reduce the intensity of production, in particular, to expand the area under perennial grasses, which is an important agrotechnical method of erosion control.

Local sources of pollution have a significant impact on agricultural ecosystems - processing enterprises, large pig farms and poultry farms, places for storing mineral fertilizers, etc. Therefore, measures should be taken to prevent unfavorable environmental conditions. consequences (use of non-waste technologies, improvement of treatment facilities). Nitrogen fertilizers, which are used the most, break down, decomposing humus organic matter and depleting soils. Pollution with mineral fertilizers in case of violation of the technologies for their application and storage occurs not only in relation to soils, but also to water bodies. Calculations by ecologists show that at least 1/3 of the mineral fertilizers falling on the fields are washed away by melt and rain waters into reservoirs and streams. Negative consequences are caused by the massive use of pesticides - insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, etc. Many of them are highly toxic and biologically active. Most of them are characterized by increased resistance to environmental influences, the ability to persist in the soil for many years and even decades.

To predict unfavorable environmental conditions. consequences of agricultural intensification, which in most cases are associated with the deterioration of soil quality (dehumification, erosion), it is necessary to assess the current level of soil fertility and identify the factors that most strongly affect soil fertility.