What is the working capital standard?

home Determining the enterprise's need for its own working capital ah is carried out in the process of rationing, i.e..

determining the working capital standard The purpose of rationing working capital is to determine the rational amount of working capital diverted to certain period

into the sphere of production and the sphere of circulation. The task of rationing working capital

- ensure an uninterrupted process of production and sales of products with a minimum, economically justified advance of on-duty resources into circulating production assets and circulation funds.

Rationing of working capital is carried out according to the following elements: raw materials, main and auxiliary materials, purchased semi-finished products, components, fuel, containers, low-value and wearable items, spare parts, work in progress, etc. The process of rationing working capital includes the calculation of norms and standards. The standard for an individual element of working capital is calculated using the formula: H i = N i x t zap / T pl where N i is the standard of own funds for i-th The standard for an individual element of working capital is calculated using the formula: H i = N i x t zap / T pl where N i is the standard of own funds for element, units; N i - release for this

element for the period; T pl - duration of the period, days; t zap - working capital stock norm for this element, days. The standard for an individual element of working capital is calculated using the formula: H i = N i x t zap / T pl where N i is the standard of own funds for The standard for an individual element of working capital in rubles: H d i = Z i x t zap / T pl where N d i is the standard for own funds for

element, units; Z i - consumption for this element for the period; T pl - duration of the period, days; t zap - working capital stock norm for this element, days. The enterprise's need for working capital

= Production inventory + Work in progress inventory + Finished goods inventory + Standard for future expenses

Rationing of materials Average working capital rate
is determined as a weighted average value based on working capital standards for individual types or groups of raw materials, basic materials and purchased semi-finished products and their daily consumption.

First, find the average stock rate in days: t av zap = ∑ З i x t zapi / ∑З i
t stock - average stock rate, days.

Z i - consumption according to the production estimate for the period T pl, rub.

Determination of the weighted average rate of working capital for raw materials and supplies
Average stock rate

One-day consumption of raw materials, basic materials and purchased semi-finished products
Z o = 1089 / 90 = 12.1 rub. (Tpl = 90)
The working capital ratio for raw materials, basic materials and purchased semi-finished products is equal to
Z tek = 12.1 * 13.16 = 159.25 rubles.

Working capital in inventories

Working capital norm for each type or homogeneous group of materials, it takes into account the time spent in the current (t tek), insurance (t str), transport (t transp), technological (t tech) and preparatory (t preg) stocks.

The enterprise's need for inventories= Current stock (production stock) + Safety stock + Transport stock + Technological stock + Preparatory stock H = Z about (t current + t page + t transport + t tech + t preg) Z about - average one-day consumption (average stock rate) , rub. Z o = ∑ Z i / T pl T pl = 90 days (quarter)
Tpl = 360 days (with uniform production).
t zap = t tech + t str + t transp + t tech + t preg

Working capital standard in production inventories H = Z o x t zap

or by the formula Z pr = ∑З i x N pl x t zap / T pl where З i is the consumption rate i-th material (type of component parts) per manufactured product, rub./piece; Npl - planned production volume in the period under review; t zap - stock rate of materials or components i-th type (time interval between deliveries), calendar days; T pl - planned period, calendar days;

Current stock

Ztek = Z i N pl / T pl x t tek T pl = 365 days
or according to the formula Ztek = ∑ P i x t tek / (∑ P i x 2) P i - delivery cost
t current - interval between deliveries.

Safety stock

Safety stock- a stock that is introduced to meet an unpredictable increase in demand and is intended to uninterruptedly supply production with materials in case of deviation from the accepted spacer intervals (Zstr). Typically 50% of current stock.
Zstr = Z o x t page, where Z o is the one-day (average daily) need for materials, pcs.;

t page = ∆t - average number of days of deviations from planned delivery.

Zstr = (N pl / T pl) x ∆t t str = ∆t - deviation from the delivery interval; Tpl = 365;
or according to the formula Zstr = Z current / 2
Safety stock in cash.

Zstr = Z o x t page, where Z o is the one-day consumption of materials, rub.;

The need for working capital to finance work in progress

Zzp = (c i x N i x T ci x Knz i) / T pl
where Tpl = 365
c i - cost i-th products;
T ci - duration of the production cycle for manufacturing a product for shipment

or according to the formula Ззп = c i x (Sм + Sк) x Kнzi x T ci / (y x T pl) where y is the share of costs for materials and components in the cost of a unit of production (0.3-0.6);
T ci - production cycle, days.

Sk - costs for components 1 unit. products, rub.

Duration of the production cycle Tc = t tech x y c x T pl (m x t cm x (T pl - B)) where y c is the relationship between the production cycle and technological time (2-20),
B - number of days off and holidays,
m - number of shifts per day,
t cm - number of hours in one shift.
or Tc = t pr + t techn + t transp + t str t pr - duration of the production process, days;
ttransp - time required for transportation between workshops;

Working capital norm is defined as the product of the production cycle duration in days and the cost increase factor.
Norm of working capital of work in progress, days.

t зп = Kнzi x Tсi

Cost increase factor
The cost increase coefficient is determined for a uniform and uneven increase in costs.
Cost increase coefficient with a uniform increase in costs (0.3-0.8) Kнzi = d i + (1 - d i) / 2
The share of one-time costs in the production of the product di = (Sм + Sк)/c i
Sm - costs of materials 1 unit. products, rub.
Sk - costs for components 1 unit. products, rub. or Kнzi = (S 1 + S 0 /2) / C where S 1 - costs of the first day; S 0 - all subsequent costs; C - production cost.

or Kнzi = (S unit + S n /2) / (S unit + S n) where S unit is one-time costs; S n - increasing costs;
If costs increase unevenly over the days of the production cycle, the cost increase coefficient is determined by the formula: Kнzi = C av / C where C av is the average cost of a product in work in progress; C is the production cost of the product.

The average cost of a product in work in progress is calculated as the weighted average of the costs attributable to each day of the production cycle and the number of days they are in the production process. For example, production costs amounted to 110 rubles on the 1st day, 80 rubles on the 2nd day, 60 rubles on the 3rd day, and 90 rubles for the rest. - These are expenses incurred evenly every day. C av = (1110 + 180 + 160 + (30- 3)90) / 30 = 89.3 rub.

Working capital standard for work in progress is defined as the product of the daily production cost of gross output and the working capital rate. The rate of working capital depends on the duration of the production cycle and the rate of increase in costs in production. Production cycle time is equal to the time from the moment of the first technological operation to the acceptance of the finished product at the finished product warehouse. Cost increase factor represents the relation average cost work in progress to the total cost of production of finished products.

Rationing of working capital in work-in-progress (the need for working capital to finance work-in-progress) Zzp = Z o x Knzi x Tci Z o - one-day costs;

Finished goods inventory

Working capital standard for finished products is defined as the product of the working capital norm and one-day output of marketable products in the coming year at production cost: Zgp = V o * t gp V o = Z o - one-day output of marketable products at production cost;
t gp - the rate of working capital (the rate of their stock in the warehouse), days;

or according to the formula Zgp = C year * t gp / T pl C year - annual production program of the enterprise;
t gp - time of presence of finished products in the enterprise warehouse (2-10), days;
Tpl - number of days in the planning period.

The stock rate t gp is set depending on the time required:

for the selection of individual types of products and their assembly in a batch;
for packaging and transportation of products from the suppliers’ warehouse to the sender’s station;
for loading.

Working capital standard for deferred expenses

The working capital standard for deferred expenses (Zbp) is determined by the formula: Zbp = RBPnach + RBPpred – RBPs, where RBPnach is the carryover amount of deferred expenses at the beginning of the planned year;
RBPpred - deferred expenses in the coming year, as provided for in the estimates;
RBPs - deferred expenses to be written off against the cost of production for the coming year.

The need for working capital to cover normal accounts receivable

Z dz = V x t cr / T pl where Z dz is the need for working capital to cover normal accounts receivable;
V - revenue from sales of products (excluding VAT and excise taxes);
T pl - duration of the billing period (90,180,360 days);
t cr - average lending (advance) period to buyers, days.

or according to the formula Z dz = V 0 x t cr V 0 - one-day revenue from sales of products (excluding VAT and excise taxes);

Under rationing of working capital refers to the process of determining the minimum, but sufficient (for the normal flow of the production process) amount of working capital at the enterprise. In a planned economy, a higher organization established a general working capital standard for each enterprise. Under these conditions, enterprises were forced to control this value.

With the transition to market conditions for enterprises, no one sets or controls working capital standards. But this does not mean that in market conditions enterprises should not themselves establish and control working capital standards.

In market conditions, the importance of rationing working capital increases sharply, since ultimately this is related to the solvency and financial condition of the enterprise.

The general standard of working capital (Ntot) consists of the sum of private standards:

where N p.z - production reserve standard;

N n.p - work in progress standard;

N g.p - finished product standard;

N b.r - standard for future expenses.

Inventory standard(refinery) consists of the current stock standard, preparatory stock and insurance stock and can be determined by the formula

where Qcy t is the average daily consumption of materials;

N t.z - current stock norm, yes.;

N p.z - norm of preparatory stock, days;

N page - safety stock norm, days.

Magnitude work in progress standard(Нн.п) can be determined by the formula

where V day is the planned volume of production at production cost;

T c - duration of the production cycle;

Kn.z - cost increase coefficient.

At enterprises with uniform production output, the cost increase coefficient (K„z) can be determined as follows:

where a is the costs incurred at a time at the beginning of the production process;

c - subsequent costs until the end of production of finished products.

Thus, the standard of working capital in work in progress depends on the daily volume of products produced, the duration of the production cycle and the cost increase factor. It characterizes the degree of readiness of the product and is determined by the ratio of the cost of work in progress to the cost of finished products.

Working capital standard in finished product inventories(N g.p) can be determined by the formula

where Vsut is the daily output of finished products at production cost;

Tf.p - time required to form a batch to send finished products to the consumer, days;

T o.d - time required to prepare documents for sending cargo to the consumer, days.

Rationing working capital at an enterprise and monitoring established standards is one of the most important components of enterprise management as a whole. This problem is especially relevant for medium and large enterprises.

See also:

Industrial inventories are material resources located at the enterprise, but not entered into the production process.

Rationing of working capital in production inventories begins with determining the average daily consumption of raw materials, basic materials and purchased semi-finished products in the planned year.

The average daily consumption of raw materials, basic materials, purchased products and semi-finished products is calculated in groups, and in each group the most important types are identified, which constitute approximately 80% of the total cost of material assets of this group. Unaccounted for raw materials, basic materials, purchased products and semi-finished products are classified as expenses for other needs. The average daily consumption of material resources P is the quotient of dividing the sum of all planned annual expenses of raw materials, basic materials, purchased products and semi-finished products by the number of working days in a year (360). The production inventory standard consists of current, insurance, technological, and transport stocks.

The current stock (TS) is intended to provide production with material assets between two reporting deliveries:

where J is the delivery interval, days.

This is a constant supply of materials fully prepared for launch into production.

This reserve is the maximum. The current stock reaches its maximum value at the time of the next delivery. As it is used, it decreases and by the time of the next delivery it is completely consumed.

In the process of calculating current inventories, the most labor-intensive thing is to establish the delivery interval, i.e. interval between two next deliveries. In case of untimely receipt of material, i.e. when the actual interval (J) exceeds the planned interval (J), a situation may arise that stops production due to lack of required material. To avoid stopping the production process, a safety stock is created.

Safety stock (SZ) is defined as half the product of the average daily material consumption (P) and the gap in the supply interval (J-JPL),

SZ=P*(J-J)*0.5

negotiable asset rationing

In case of an aggregated assessment, it can be taken in the amount of 50% of the current stock. In the case where an industrial enterprise is located far from transport routes or non-standard, unique materials are used, the safety stock norm can be increased to 100%. When supplying materials under direct contracts, safety stock is reduced to 30%.

The occurrence of safety stock is due to a violation in the supply of materials on the part of the supplier. If this violation is associated with a transport organization, a transport stock (TR) is created, which includes those working capital that are diverted from the day the supplier's invoice is paid until the cargo arrives at the warehouse. Transport stock is calculated in the same way as safety stock:

TrZ= P*(J-J)*0.5

The most labor-intensive process is determining the supply interval for insurance and transport stocks, which are influenced by both permanent and temporary factors. Therefore, when calculating working capital standards, it is necessary to take into account the specific production and economic conditions of each industrial enterprise.

Technological (preparatory) stock is created in cases where incoming material assets do not meet the requirements of the technological process and undergo appropriate processing before launching into production. Technological reserve is calculated as the product of the material manufacturability coefficient and the amount of reserves (current, insurance, transport):

The material's manufacturability coefficient is established by a commission consisting of representatives of suppliers and consumers.

Preparatory stock is associated with the need to receive, load, sort and store production stocks. The time standards required for these operations are established for each operation on the average size deliveries based on technological calculations or through timing.

In this case, the preparatory stock is equal to the sum of the average time for receiving and unloading incoming material and the time for documentation and storage, divided by the number of working hours (8). Technological reserve is not specified.

Stock rate:

NZ= PZ+TZ+SZ+TRZ,

where NZ is the stock norm;

PZ - preparatory stock;

TK - current stock;

SZ - safety stock;

TRZ - transport stock.

Preparatory stock is calculated as the sum of the average time for receiving and unloading incoming material from the supplier and the average time for completing documentation, quality control and warehousing for one delivery, divided by 8 hours.

Calculation of stock norms

Name of material	Preparatory stock, days	Current stock, days	Safety stock, days	Transport stock, days	Stock norm, days

Calculation of one-day consumption of materials in cost terms:

n=total quantity of materials in natural units of measurement*standard price per unit of materials / number of working days per year.

The number of working days in a year is the number of days in a year excluding weekends and holidays (250).

Determination of daily material consumption:

The stock standard for each type of material is equal to the product general norm stock and daily consumption of materials:


Stock standard, rub.

The total stock standard for materials is equal to the sum of the stock standard for certain species materials:

SNZ= 244568.305, where

СНЗ - total stock of materials.

The working capital standard for spare parts is established based on their actual consumption of 1 million rubles. the cost of all equipment by dividing the working capital standard by the book value of the equipment.

The standard for spare parts is calculated depending on the equipment group. The first group includes equipment for which standard working capital standards for spare parts have been developed; the standard is defined as the product of standard standards and the quantity of this equipment, taking into account reduction factors. The second group includes large, unique, including imported, equipment, the standard for which is determined by the direct counting method. The third group of equipment includes small single equipment, the standard for which is established by the consolidated counting method. The working capital standard for spare parts is generally equal to the sum of the standards for three groups of equipment.

The standard for working capital in inventories of low-value and wear-and-tear items is calculated for each item based on stock in the warehouse and operation. The standard for warehouse stock is determined in the same way as for raw materials and basic materials; for operational stock, the standard is set, as a rule, at 50% of the cost of items, the other half of their cost is written off to the cost of production upon transfer to operation.

The current system of rationing working capital has a number of negative consequences, and therefore needs to be improved. For example, the working capital standard in inventories takes into account the cost of stocks of individual materials that do not meet real needs. In fact, the cost of a day's supply of materials and finished products is not constant and may deviate significantly from the planned value during the year. Consequently, when planning working capital based on the standard, it is necessary to take into account the fact that with a significant range of materials, one part of them may be characterized by maximum reserves, and the other by minimum. If maximum inventories increase during production activities, then the amount of normalized working capital will exceed the real need, i.e. excess stocks will arise.

Note. The text of the problem was taken from the forum.

Determine working capital standards by element and general standard based on the following data:

Indicator name	Indicator value
Production program, parts	500
Cost of one part, UAH.	107 145
Duration of the production cycle (costs increase evenly), days	38
Amount of costs for basic materials as part of the cost of the part, UAH.	71 430
Standard stock of basic materials, days	19
Consumption of auxiliary materials for annual production, UAH	4 285 800
Standard stock of auxiliary materials, days	36
Fuel consumption, UAH.	2 285 760
Fuel reserve rate, days	27
Standard for other industrial reserves, UAH.	642 870
Standard stock of finished products, days	5

A comment.
It’s interesting, does the author of the problem know that the production program can be daily, shift, weekly, monthly, quarterly and annual, as well as for any period of time that we can think of? From which it follows that production load (as well as working capital standards) will vary significantly! And how to solve this? I would venture to guess that the production program was given to us a year in advance. (I came to this conclusion by comparing the reserve standards given for the year, and the annual program turned out to be close in meaning)

There is also one more nuance - is the standard given in working days or in calendar days? Accordingly, the solution will be different. For simplicity, we select calendar days and assume that the enterprise operates in one shift. We have 365 days in a year.

It is completely unclear what is hidden behind the words “cost of one part”. Is this direct cost? Full cost? Production cost? For the purposes of the solution, we assume that the average actual production cost is taken into account on account 26 “Finished products”.

One more note. It will still not be possible to determine the general working capital standard from the task data, since there is no data on safety stock, loading and unloading standard, etc. But for the holy purpose of "solving the problem" we will ignore all this... I wonder how many businesses will lose their money being managed by "specialists" who are trained on such tasks?

Solution.
Let's determine the daily (daily) production program.
500 / 365 = 1.36986 parts per day

Then:
Stock standard for basic materials
19 * 1.36986 * 71,430 = 1,859,132.90 hryvnia

Standard for stock of auxiliary materials
4,285,800 / 365 * 36 = 422,709.04 hryvnia

Fuel and lubricants stock standard
2,285,760 / 365 * 27 = 169,083.62 UAH.

Finished product inventory standard
5 * 107,145 * 1.36986 = 733,868.25 UAH.

Work-in-progress inventory standard
(107 145 - 71 430) * 1,36986 * 38 / 2 = 929 566,45

Having summed up the obtained values, we determine a certain “general standard” that is required to solve the problem. Please take into account that the actual working capital standard will differ from the obtained value.
1,859,132.90 + 422,709.04 + 169,083.62 + 733,868.25 + 929,566.45 = 4,114,360.26 hryvnia

Answer: 4,114,360.26 hryvnia

Task 2. Calculate the working capital ratio

During the year, 1000 products will be manufactured, the cost of one product is 183 UAH. The duration of the manufacturing cycle is 9 days, at the beginning of the cycle 405 UAH are spent. Determine the standard for working capital in work in progress.

Solution.

Knz - coefficient of increase in costs in work in progress.

Knz = (First + 0.5*С) / (First + С)

Rationing working capital solves two main problems. The first is to constantly maintain the necessary correspondence between the size of the enterprise's working capital and the need for funds to ensure the minimum required reserves of material assets. This means that for each enterprise it is necessary to establish a standard, the use of which would allow the enterprise to economic activity not experience financial difficulties to ensure the reproduction process. Another task is more complex: to manage the size of inventories based on rationing. Rationing is intended to stimulate the improvement of economic activity, the search for additional reserves and the formation of a reasonable combination of supply methods, etc. The first stage of rationing is the development of stock standards for each element of working capital. Rationing of working capital involves determining the norms of their stock in days and the norms of working capital in monetary terms as a whole, including for each element. Working capital standards are determined by the operating conditions of the enterprise, namely: the duration of the production cycle; time to prepare materials for production; the procedure for processing and using waste, the territorial location of suppliers; frequency and uniformity of deliveries, size of supplied batches of materials and products; system and form of payments, other conditions of supply and sales. When establishing working capital standards, the following indicators are used: volume of production and sales of products; production costs; norms of working capital by type of inventory, expressed in days. The internal needs of the enterprise - the buyer of raw materials and materials - are determined on the basis of data on production volume, product sales and information on costs at the enterprise. The enterprise's need for working capital depends on external conditions, namely on the work of suppliers and transport; for this purpose, the working capital rate in days is calculated. Rationing of working capital is carried out according to three main positions: rationing of working capital for raw materials, materials, purchased products; rationing of working capital for work in progress; rationing of working capital for finished products. The rate of working capital for raw materials, materials and purchased products is calculated as the sum of the time: the stay of material assets paid for by the enterprise in transit (transport stock); necessary for unloading, delivery of material to the enterprise, acceptance and storage; necessary to prepare materials for production; presence of materials in the current and insurance stocks. The first element of the working capital norm for raw materials, basic materials and purchased products - transport stock - includes the presence of materials in transit from the moment the supplier's invoice is paid until the cargo arrives at the consumer's warehouse. Over a certain period of time, material assets are withdrawn from the sphere of production - the supplier sent them to the consumer and can no longer use them, and the buyer has not yet received them and, accordingly, does not have the opportunity to consume them (this is especially significant if there is a a number of intermediaries). It is during the period of diversion of material assets from the production sector that working capital is required for the supplier and the consumer.

For the supplier - for the period from shipment until payment by the buyer, for the consumer - from the moment of payment until the materials arrive at the buyer's warehouse. During the shipment of products by the supplier, there is a simultaneous movement of material assets by various modes of transport (material flow) and payment documents (document flow), and the movement of material assets and payment documents may not coincide in time and most often does not coincide. The following options are possible: the enterprise receives payment documents, pays the cost of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products before the receipt of material assets. In this case, he needs a certain amount of working capital to pay for material assets that will be in transit for some time; payment documents and material assets arrive at the same time; material assets arrive earlier than payment documents. In the second and third cases, the company does not need working capital to pay for materials in transit. The size of the transport stock is calculated based on the cost of materials in transit and the daily consumption of materials according to reporting data. The second element of time, which makes up the working capital norm for raw materials, basic materials and purchased products, is the time required for receiving, unloading, sorting and storing materials. As a rule, it is determined by technical standardization of these operations or timing. This norm depends on: the specifics of logistics, organization of loading and unloading operations and other similar factors. Moreover, for this indicator big influence influence the type of materials and features of their design. The most difficult thing is to calculate the residence time of materials and raw materials in the current and safety stocks. Current inventories are the main part of the working capital norm. Current (warehouse) stock is a constant supply of materials fully prepared for launch into production. Its purpose is to ensure uninterrupted production activities of the enterprise. The amount of stock depends on the frequency of deliveries of this type of raw material and material. Another element of the working capital norm is the reserve or safety stock, which should neutralize the influence of random factors on the turnover of these funds. It is designed to ensure that in case of violation of the deadline or the established volume of deliveries, in the event of receipt of supplies that do not comply regulatory documents, or incomplete materials to ensure the smooth operation of the enterprise. In economic and methodological literature It is recommended to calculate the safety stock norm at 50% of the current stock norm. The working capital rate for each type of materials is calculated by adding the number of days obtained for each element that exceed the number of days of inventory. To estimate the cost of working capital norms, it is necessary to multiply the number of days by the average daily consumption of this type in value terms. Work in progress includes products that are in production various stages processing - from the launch of raw materials, materials and components into production to the acceptance of finished products by the technical control department. Work in progress is determined by the amount of advanced funds invested in the costs of raw materials, main and auxiliary materials, fuel, electricity, depreciation and other expenses. All these costs for each product increase as you move along the technological chain. The amount of working capital diverted in work in progress depends on the duration of the production cycle, the cost of manufactured products and the rate of increase in costs during the production process. Determining the size of working capital in work in progress is the most difficult part of calculating the full amount of working capital. The rate of working capital employed in work in progress (Nnp) is calculated as:

where Zsd - average daily costs, rub.; Tdts is the duration of the production cycle for the manufacture of this product, days; k is the cost increase coefficient. The production period, or the duration of the production cycle, is determined by the time that passes from the start of production of the first machine part put into production until the acceptance of the finished machine by the technical control department (QC). With a uniform increase in production costs, the cost increase coefficient is calculated using the formula:

where Zmp - planned costs for basic materials; Zpr - other cost elements; C is the planned cost per unit of production.

The final element of the working capital norm is the working capital norm for finished products. This includes products completed in production, accepted by the quality control department and delivered to the finished goods warehouse. The rate of working capital for finished products is determined by the time from the moment the products are accepted into the warehouse until payment by the customer and depends on the time required for: acceptance of finished products from the workshops; completing and selecting products to the size of the shipment and in the range corresponding to orders, orders, contracts; packaging, product labeling; delivery of packaged products from the enterprise warehouse to the railway station, pier, etc.; loading products into vehicles; storage of products in a warehouse. Working capital standard (Ngp) in finished product inventories in the warehouse:

where Psd is the average daily output of each product at production cost, rub.; Ngpd - working capital norm, days.

24. Turnover of working capital. Working capital turnover indicators*

The efficiency of using working capital is determined mainly by their turnover indicators. The significance of accelerating the turnover of working capital is as follows:

1). Acceleration of turnover with other equal conditions allows you to provide the same volume of products sold, using less funds.

2). Accelerating turnover allows you to get more profit.

3). Accelerating turnover allows you to reduce the need for borrowed funds, or use freed up cash for highly profitable short-term investments.

4). Accelerating turnover allows you to increase the profitability of current assets.

Indicators

1). Turnover ratio (turnover speed) – expresses the number of turnovers made by working capital during the analyzed period. The rapid turnover of funds allows enterprises, even with a small volume of production, to receive significant profits from current activities.

This coefficient is calculated as the ratio of the volume of produced (sold) products in value terms to the average balance of working capital.

2). Turnover period (or duration of one turnover of working capital)

It is calculated as the ratio of the number of days in the analyzed period to the turnover ratio.

3). Working capital consolidation coefficient (load factor) is the inverse coefficient of the turnover ratio and shows how much working capital is accounted for per 1 ruble of manufactured or sold products.

4). The effect of accelerating the turnover of working capital is reflected in the indicators of their release or additional involvement in turnover.

The absolute release of working capital occurs when the production program is fulfilled or exceeded. The relative release of working capital is calculated using the following formula:

25. Labor resources, personnel and personnel of the enterprise.

Personnel of an enterprise is the main composition of qualified employees of an enterprise, company, or organization. Typically, enterprise personnel are divided into production personnel and personnel employed in non-production departments.

Production personnel - workers engaged in production and its maintenance - make up the bulk of the enterprise's labor resources.

The most numerous and basic category of production personnel are workers of enterprises (firms) - persons (workers) directly engaged in the creation of material assets or work to provide production services and move goods. Workers are divided into main and auxiliary. The main workers include workers who directly create commercial products of enterprises and are engaged in the implementation of technological processes, i.e., changes in shape, size, position, condition, structure, physical, chemical and other properties of objects of labor.

Auxiliary workers include workers engaged in servicing equipment and workplaces in production shops, as well as all workers in auxiliary shops and farms.

Auxiliary workers can be divided into functional groups: transport and loading, control, repair, tool, housekeeping, warehouse, etc.

Managers are employees holding management positions at the enterprise (director, foreman, chief specialist, etc.).

Specialists - workers with higher or secondary specialized education, as well as workers who do not have special education, but occupy a certain position.

Employees – workers who prepare and process documents, accounting and control, and business services (agents, cashiers, clerks, secretaries, statisticians, etc.).

Junior service personnel - persons occupying positions in the care of office premises (janitors, cleaners, etc.), as well as in servicing workers and employees (couriers, delivery boys, etc.).

The ratio of different categories of workers in their total number characterizes the personnel structure of an enterprise, workshop, or site. The personnel structure can also be determined by such characteristics as age, gender, level of education, work experience, qualifications, degree of compliance with standards, etc.

The professional and qualification structure of personnel is formed under the influence of the professional and qualification division of labor. A profession is usually understood as a type (genus) labor activity, requiring certain preparation. Qualification characterizes the extent to which workers have mastered a given profession and is reflected in qualification (tariff) categories. Tariff categories and categories are also indicators characterizing the level of complexity of work. In relation to the nature of the professional preparedness of workers, such a concept as a specialty is also used, which determines the type of work activity within the same profession (for example, the profession is a turner, and the specialties are a lathe-borer, a turner-carousel operator). Differentiation in specialties for the same working profession most often associated with the specifics of the equipment used.

26. Quantitative characteristics of the personnel composition of the enterprise.
The quantitative characteristics of the enterprise's personnel are measured by indicators of the payroll, average and attendance numbers of employees.

The payroll reflects the movement of the number of all employees - hiring and dismissal from it, etc. It takes into account all permanent and temporary employees, including employees on business trips and vacations, hired on a part-time or part-time basis, as well as those with whom labor relations have been established. To determine the number of employees for a specific period, the average number of employees is calculated, which is used in calculating average labor productivity, average wages, staff turnover, etc. To calculate it, accounting data from working time sheets is used.

Turnout refers to the number of workers who are actually at work during a certain day.

Determining the number of personnel

Determination of personnel requirements at an enterprise (firm) is carried out separately by groups of industrial and non-industrial personnel. The initial data for determining the number of employees are: production program; time, production and maintenance standards; nominal (real) working time budget for the year; measures to reduce labor costs, etc.

The main methods for calculating quantitative personnel requirements are calculations based on the labor intensity of the production program; production standards; service standards; jobs.

1. Calculation of the standard number (Nch) for the labor intensity of the production program.
When using this method, the total labor intensity of the production program (ltr. floor) is determined as the sum of the labor intensity of technological (ltr. tech.), maintenance (ltr. obs.) and management (ltr. control): ltr. floor. = ltr. those. +ltr. obs.

Ltr. ex. The sum of the first two terms reflects the labor costs of main and auxiliary workers and, accordingly, forms the actual production labor intensity (ltr. pr.), and the third reflects the labor costs of employees.
2. According to production standards. Loс = Qvyp / (Nв* Teff), where Qvyp is the volume of work performed in accepted units of measurement; Nв - planned production rate per unit of working time; Teff - efficient fund working hours.

3. According to service standards. used to determine the number of key workers whose activities are difficult to regulate. This applies to workers who operate units, furnaces, devices, machines and other equipment and control the progress of technological processes. The average number of workers is calculated using the formula: Lр =n* Lр. ag* h *(Ts.pl. / Ts.f.), where n is the number of working units; Lр. ag. - the number of workers required to service one unit during a shift; Ts. pl. - number of days of operation of the unit as planned

period; Shh. f. - actual number of days of work.

4. By workplace it is used when planning the number of those groups of auxiliary workers for which neither the volume of work nor service standards can be established, since their work is performed at certain

workplaces and is associated with a specific service object (crane operator, storekeeper, etc.). In these cases, the calculation is carried out according to the formula: Lvs = Nm * h * ksp, where Nm is the number of jobs; h - number of shifts per day; ksp - payroll coefficient.

The number of service personnel can also be determined by aggregated service standards, for example, the number of cleaners can be determined by the number of square meters of premises, wardrobe attendants - by the number of people served, etc. The number of employees can be determined based on the analysis of industry average data, and in their absence - according to the standards developed by the enterprise. The number of managers can be determined taking into account controllability standards and a number of other factors.

27. Qualitative characteristics of the personnel of the enterprise
The qualitative characteristics of the personnel of an enterprise are determined by the structure of personnel, the degree of professional and qualified suitability of workers to achieve the goals of the enterprise and perform the work it performs.
When determining the personnel structure, employees engaged in the main and non-core activities are distinguished. Employees of the enterprise directly related to the main activity (production) represent the industrial production personnel of the enterprise. In addition to them, at any enterprise there are employees who are not directly related to the core activities of the enterprise, that is, they are engaged in non-core activities (employees of healthcare institutions, public catering, culture, trade, subsidiary agricultural facilities, etc.). Workers engaged in non-core activities constitute non-production personnel of the enterprise.
Employees of industrial production personnel include workers of main, auxiliary, auxiliary and service workshops (see below), research, design, technological organizations and laboratories, plant management, services engaged in major and current repairs of equipment and vehicles. Industrial production personnel are divided into workers and employees.
Workers include people directly involved in the production of material assets, as well as servicing this production. Workers are divided into main and auxiliary. The main workers are busy working in the divisions of the main production that produce core products, while the auxiliary workers are in the auxiliary, secondary, service, and ancillary divisions that ensure the uninterrupted operation of all departments (inter-shop, intra-shop transport, warehousing, etc.) .

Employees include workers in the following three categories: managers, specialists and actual employees. Managers are considered to be the employees heading the enterprise and its structural divisions, as well as their deputies and chief specialists (chief accountant, chief engineer, chief mechanical engineer, chief technologist, chief power engineer, chief metallurgist, chief metrologist, etc.). Specialists include workers performing engineering, technical, economic, accounting, legal and other similar activities. The actual employees include workers who prepare and process documentation, accounting and control, and business services (timekeepers, bookkeepers, secretaries, office clerks, etc.). Along with the structure of personnel, the quality indicators of personnel include the professional and qualification suitability of personnel, which is determined by the profession, specialty and level of qualifications of enterprise employees. A profession is a special type of activity that requires certain theoretical knowledge and practical skills. A specialty is a type of activity within one profession that has specific characteristics and requires additional special knowledge and skills from workers) A high degree of qualification is fixed by assigning the employee the appropriate qualification categories (tariff categories), which characterize not only the complexity of the work performed within the profession and specialty, but also the degree of remuneration through tariff coefficients corresponding to tariff categories (the higher tariff category, the higher the tariff coefficient and wage). At a specific enterprise, the professional qualification structure is reflected in a special document, approved annually by the head of the enterprise and representing a list of positions and specialties for each division (department, workshop, site, etc.). This document is called the staffing table.