The highest salinity in the sea. Why is the sea salty? Legends and scientific facts about the salinity of the seas

The main difference between the sea and a lake or any other large reservoir is belonging to the world ocean, that is, through rivers and straits it (in this case, the reservoir is called internal) is connected with other water areas, which together make up a single space equal to two-thirds of the surface of the earth. The saltiest sea in the world is called the Red Sea. It belongs to the Indian Ocean and is thus an internal strait connected to the World Ocean and surrounded on all sides by land. While the Dead Sea has no flowing rivers, it does not communicate with other bodies of water in any way, that is, it is not such at all.

Very cool pickle

Since the most concentrated body of water (the Dead Sea) on the planet with a salt content of 340 grams per 1 liter of water, with a total indicator of the world's oceans of 34 g, it is not considered the most salty sea on Earth, it is simply a unique object in salinity. This one-of-a-kind body of water was formed on the site of a graben, or tectonic fault, which, millions of years after the tectonic plates parted, filled with water. Much has been written that the territory of the "Sea of Arava" is located at a depth of 350-400 meters below the level of the World Ocean, that is, all of it, including the lowest point - 423 meters, is a depression, the deepest valley on our planet. The only river Jordan flows into the Dead Sea and nothing flows out. As a lake, the Dead Sea is inferior to the Red Sea, which belongs to the Indian Ocean, and is connected with it through the Bab el-Mandeb ("Gate of Tears") Strait, which flows into the Gulf of Aden.

What causes salinity in the first place

As already noted, the saltiest sea in the world is the Red Sea, which, as it were, separates Africa from the Arabian Peninsula. In the north, thanks to the Suez Canal, it mixes its waters with the Mediterranean Sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean. except Dead sea... both the Caspian and Baikal are lakes. But the first, because of its enormous size, is customarily called the sea, and Baikal is not called that, except in songs ("Glorious Sea - Sacred Baikal"). The saltiest sea in the world is such for two reasons: heat on the surface, causing strong evaporation, and the absence of rivers that replenish and dilute marine reserves fresh water... Through the only source - the Gulf of Aden, or rather - through the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, water flows in half annually than evaporates. It almost never rains in this area - 100 ml per year.

The youngest and most beautiful

To the most important feature that characterizes the Red Sea, we can add the fact that it is also the youngest on the planet - it is only 25 million years old. It was formed simultaneously with the East African Rift. In essence and shape, the sea bed is a trough - a valley formed by the activity of glaciers. This trough has a U-shaped cross-section, a wide bottom and rather steep sides, which, passing into the banks, stretch from north to south almost parallel to each other. Also the saltiest sea in the world is one of the most beautiful. It is also the warmest sea on the planet. In a word, the sea is a record holder.

Causes of increased salinity

The water in it is well mixed, but there are areas of increased salinity in the sea, where its concentration reaches 60 grams per liter. This is the Akaba, or, as it is also called, Eilat, the Gulf separating the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt. He himself is detached from the body of the sea by the shallow strait of Tiran. In dry years, this narrow bay turned into a salt lake much more often than the Red Sea itself. And this has happened repeatedly over the course of 25 million years, last time- 2.7 million years ago.

As a result of natural disasters, the sea level dropped to the bottom of the "bottleneck" - the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait. This state of affairs existed for quite a while. long time, and the water in the reservoir became, according to the assumptions of some scientists, almost saltier than the current waters of the Dead seas. Then the World Ocean brought the sea to itself, and the salt concentration decreased. In the 60s of the last century, scientists discovered depressions with hot brine at the bottom of the Red Sea (the salt content reaches 60 g per liter and rises by 0.3-0.7 g annually). It is very interesting that, according to the testimony of researchers who dived to the bottom in special devices, the brine does not mix with sea water, but lies in a separate mass. It contains many different precious metals. The Red Sea is truly unique, in many respects it is the "most" on the planet.

Many variants of the name

The origin of the name is also interesting. There are several versions, each of which has the right to exist. For example, it is named after the color of the numerous red algae that give the water this hue. Ancient sailors saw it red because of the rocks of that color reflected in it. Or is it the wrong reading of the ancient Simite word, as if it meant the name of the people who lived here in time immemorial. IN Ancient egypt the desert near the sea was called Ta-Desher (desher - "red").

One of the versions claims that some peoples associated the cardinal points with colors: east meant white, north - black, and south - red. According to this version, the Black Sea also means "northern", "dark", because in relation to the location of the most ancient civilizations, it really is located in cold countries. The salinity of the Black Sea is low - 18%.

Salinity indicators of some seas

The most fresh sea on Earth with a salt content in depths of up to 1 gram per liter, and on the surface - up to 5, is the Baltic. The saltiest sea in the world belongs to the pool Indian Ocean, the warmest of all. It is natural to assume that the waters located closer to the equator are more saturated with salt. For example, salinity Aegean- 37-39% and more, the Mediterranean - 36-39.5%, the Ionian - 38%, etc. The Sargasso Sea, located on the other side of the world, is also quite salty - 37%.

The disappearing Aral Sea, which at one time was the 4th salinity body of water on the planet, is inappropriate to remember, since it is also a lake. The saltiest seas in the world are located in the same area of the world, at a distance of 300 km from each other. The dead (if, in this particular case, forget that this is a lake), or, as it is also called, Asphalt, or Sodom, is located between Israel, Jordan and Palestine.

Natural unique

You can talk about the Dead Sea endlessly, because it is unique. As already noted, the lowest point on the planet - 423 meters below sea level - is located here. The sea was formed about 5000 years ago by a fracture of the earth's crust, as a result of which the shores of the salt lake are still diverging. There is no life in it. This is an object of tourist pilgrimage. The Dead Sea cosmetics are known all over the world. What else can you say? It is here that all the inhabitants of Sodom were turned into salt.

It is so concentrated that little drowns in it. You can see a lot of photographs of people lying on the surface and reading a newspaper. Millions of tourists claim that the most salty sea in the world is the Dead Sea. It is difficult to argue with this, it is really very large, and many travelers do not delve into whether it is sewage or closed, connected to the World Ocean or not. Fabulous, amazing and big. Its area is 1059 sq. km. For comparison: the saltiest lake in Russia Baskunchak (37 grams of salt per liter of water) occupies 106 sq. km.

Salty seas of Russia

The northern seas of Russia, located very far from the equator, are also quite concentrated. According to some sources, the percentage of salt in the Barents and Kara Seas is 34%, sometimes higher. But in most cases, the most salty sea in the country is called the Sea of Japan, although it has the same indicator. So it is not in Russia, with the overall largest number of seas with a high content of this element, that the saltiest sea in the world is located. Karskoye is simply one of the saltiest water bodies in Russia.

Sea water, billions of years ago, dissolving mass in itself chemical compounds, transformed into a solution containing many unique microcomponents. One of the main characteristics sea water- its salinity. The Mediterranean Sea is the saltiest on the planet after the Red Sea.

A bit of history

The Mediterranean Sea, according to scientists, was once part of the Tethys, the oldest ocean that stretched from America to Asia.

Five million years ago, due to severe drought, the sea consisted of many lakes and began to flood only after the end of the drought, many years later. This was facilitated by a gigantic waterfall, which cut through the barrier that served as a barrier between the sea and Atlantic Ocean... Gradually, as the sea filled with the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, this obstacle disappeared and the Strait of Gibraltar was formed.

Characteristic

The Mediterranean Sea is located between Africa and Europe, and its shape is constantly changing. To date:

its area is 2.5 million km 2;
water volume - 3.6 million km 3;
average depth - 1541 m;
maximum depth reaches 5121 m;
water transparency 50-60 m;
salinity Mediterranean Sea in percentage places reaches 3.95%;
total annual 430 km 3.

This is one of the warmest and saltiest areas of the World Ocean.

The Mediterranean Sea got its name from its location among the lands that made up the whole world known to the ancients. The sea in the middle of the Earth - this is how the ancient Greeks called it, the Romans called it Inland sea, or Our . Large green water - this is how the ancient Egyptians dubbed the reservoir.

Water composition

Sea water is not just H 2 O, but a solution of a myriad of substances, where in various formulas many chemical elements... Of these, the most a large number of are chlorides (88.7%), among which NaCl is the leader - common table salt. Sulfuric acid salts - 10.8%, and only 0.5% of the rest of the water is formed by other substances. These proportions determine the salinity of the Mediterranean Sea. The rate is 38 ‰. This allows you to receive table salt from sea water, evaporating it.

During the many years of development of life on Earth, seawater became a supplier of salt, transforming into salt layers. Some of the largest in Europe are located in Sicily - the largest

Salt deposits can form at different depths, which sometimes reach 1 km, and in some cases these are salt lakes at the level of the Earth's surface - the Uyuni salt marsh, a dry salt lake.

Oceanographers have found that the World Ocean contains 48 quadrillion tons of salt, and even with its constant extraction, the composition of sea water will not change.

Salinity concept

Determining the salinity of the Mediterranean Sea, like other bodies of water, take into account the mass of salts in grams contained in one kilogram of sea water.

It is calculated in ppm and is due to the fact that a large volume of river water or thawed continental glaciers enters the seas. Low salinity equatorial zone caused by tropical rain, which desalinates the water.

Salinity changes with increasing depth. Further 1500 meters it is practically nonexistent.

To take a sample, to measure it, use special samplers that allow you to take samples from different depths and from different water layers.

Why is there so much salt in sea water

For some time, scientists were of the opinion that the rivers brought salt, but this hypothesis was not confirmed. The only assumption that is now held: the ocean became salty during its birth and transformation, since ancient animals could not live in fresh or slightly salted water. At the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, in the area of the Greek city of Zakynthos, organized structures were found that are more than three million years old, but what was the salinity of the Mediterranean Sea in those distant times in percentage, unknown.

Academician V.I.Vernadsky believed that sea inhabitants - animals and plants - extracted silicon salts and carbon dioxide from the depths of the sea, which the rivers brought to form their shells, skeletons and shells. And as they died off, the same compounds settled on the seabed in the form of organic sediments. Thus, for centuries, marine life has kept the salt composition of sea water unchanged.

What causes salinity

All seas are part of the ocean. But there are seas that break deeply into the land and are connected with the ocean only by a narrow strait. These seas include:

Mediterranean;
Black;
Azov;
Baltic;
Red.

All of them can be either very salty, because they are affected by hot air, or almost fresh because of the rivers flowing into them, which dilute them with their water.

The salinity of the Black and Mediterranean Seas is largely influenced by the hot climate.

Despite the fact that the Black Sea is located in the Mediterranean basin and is connected with it by the shallow and Bosphorus, it has a lower salinity. The indicator is lower not only as a result of difficult water exchange with the Atlantic Ocean, but also due to a significant amount of precipitation and the influx of continental waters. In the open part of the sea, this indicator varies from 17.5 ‰ to 18 ‰, and in the coastal strip of the North-West region - it is below 9 ‰.

The salinity of the seas is different from the salinity ocean waters, which is due to free water exchange between the seas and the ocean, water runoff and the influence of climate. On the surface of the Mediterranean Sea, water salinity increases from the Strait of Gibraltar to the shores of Egypt and Syria, and near Gibraltar reaches 36 ‰.

Climate

Due to the location of the Mediterranean Sea in the subtropical belt, the Mediterranean climate prevails here: hot summers and mild winters. The January air temperature on the northern coasts of the sea is kept in the region of +8 .. + 10 ° С, and on the south - it is +14 ... + 16 ° С. The hottest month is August, when the maximum temperature near the east coast reaches + 28 ... + 30 ° С. Winds blow over the sea all year round, and in winter cyclones from the Atlantic invade, generating storms.

From the African deserts, a sirocco breaks through, a sultry wind that carries a lot of dust and the temperature often reaches + 40 ° C and higher. All these factors affect the salinity of the Mediterranean Sea, increasing its percentage due to the evaporation of water.

Fauna

The fauna of the Mediterranean Sea is characterized by a great variety of species. This is due to a favorable environment and a long history. It is home to over 550 species of fish, 70 of which live in a limited range.

Huge shoals concentrate here during the winter, and in the rest of the year, individuals keep absent-mindedly, especially during spawning or fattening. For this, numerous fish species migrate to the Black Sea.

The southeastern region of the Mediterranean, influenced by the flow of the Nile River, is one of the most fruitful. The waters of the Nile generously supplied seawater big amount nutrients and mineral suspensions, which affected the salinity of the Mediterranean Sea.

But at the beginning of the sixties, the Aswan hydroelectric power station was built, as a result of which the river runoff and the redistribution of water during the year sharply decreased. This significantly worsened the living conditions of marine individuals, and their number decreased. As the desalination zone decreased, useful salts began to flow into the sea in a smaller volume. This led to a significant reduction in the number of zoo- and phytoplankton, respectively, a decrease in the number of fish (sardines, mackerel, horse mackerel, etc.) and a decline in fishing.

Unfortunately, the pollution of the Mediterranean Sea is increasing in direct proportion to the development technical progress, and the ecological situation raises concerns of scientists. Let's hope that all caring people will unite and preserve the wealth of the sea world for posterity.

There are more than 70 seas on our planet. And they are all insignificant, but an integral part of Of the World Ocean. Researchers classify them into very different categories: size, location, depth, etc. One of these categories is the level of salt in the water. We have compiled the top 10 most saline seas in the world, and also tell you exactly how the salinity of water is measured in them and who can live in the waters of such objects.

Method of determination

The unit for measuring the salinity of water, as well as the level of alcohol in the blood, scientists called ppm. 1 ppm means the volume of solids that are dissolved in 1 kg of seawater. The problem is that the composition of water in the seas is complex enough for direct chemical analysis. To determine the level of salinity, the concentration of an element, electrical conductivity, is taken as a basis. Or they proceed from the magnitude of refraction. Using this method, biologists were able to determine which seas are the saltiest in the world.

At the very end of our list is the White Sea. Its waters wash the north of the European part of our country. The salt content here is kept at around 26-28%. Such low level due to the fact that a huge number of rivers flow into the White Sea. At depth, the mineralization can reach 31 ppm.

It should be said that the White Sea is one of the smallest, washing the shores of Russia. Its area barely exceeds 90,000 km 2.

The fishing industry is very developed here: the average catch is kept at around 2,000 tons.

9. Chukchi Sea

In the water area of the Arctic Ocean, between Alaska and Chukotka, there is Chukchi, which occupies the 9th position in our rating of the saltiest seas in the world, with an area of 590 km 2. Given the geographic features, even in summer, the water temperature rarely rises above 12 ° C. In winter, it drops to 0 ° С altogether. But despite this, the salinity level here is slightly higher than that of Of the White Sea- 32-33 ppm.

The harsh climate prevailing in these latitudes is reflected in the inhabitants of the sea. Only the most persistent representatives of the fauna are able to survive in such conditions. Nevertheless, cod is the main target here.

The huge sea (more than 670 square kilometers), washing the north of Siberia, is called the Laptev Sea and ranks 8th in our ranking of the saltiest seas. IN winter period the salinity of its waters fluctuates at 34%. But in the southern part it drops sharply up to 25%, and with the arrival of summer it can even drop to 5 ppm. As in all other seas, the maximum level (35%) is observed in the depths.

An interesting fact: despite the fact that the water temperature rarely rises above 0 ° C, the Laptev Sea is especially loved by surfers from all over the world because of the high level of coastal waves.

If you want to organize fishing in the Laptev Sea, then you are in for a complete failure. Only 40 species of fish live here. True, a giant flounder and a gigantic sardine are often found.

Another body of water that is part of the Arctic Ocean. The Barents Sea washes the coast of Norway and Russian Federation... It is considered the most dangerous in our country.

Through the influence warm current from the North Atlantic, the salinity of the water is constantly changing here. True, it fluctuates in a small range: from 33 to 35 ppm. The level also depends on the seasonality: in summer it is slightly lower.

The flora of the Barents Sea is rich in plankton. Also, it is from this reservoir throughout the country that Kamchatka crab... But be careful: aggressive polar bears and seals can be found on the coast.

Occupying the middle position on our list, the Sea of Japan confidently leads the top of the saltiest seas in Russia. Despite the gigantic area of 1000 km 2, the level of NaCl (sodium chloride) in almost all of its zones is confidently kept at around 34%.

It should be noted that the Sea of Japan is extremely cold. In the south, temperatures can drop below -27 ° C. The average annual temperature ranges from -1 ... + 13 ° С.

The underwater world of the Sea of Japan is not stable. In the northern part, there are much fewer inhabitants than in the southern part. Nevertheless, if you decide to feast on large shrimp or scallops, the Sea of Japan will give you such an opportunity. Also on the coast at the end of spring you can meet crabs.

Finally, we are transported to where it is warm. To start on the shores of Greece. It is believed that the Ionian is both the saltiest sea in this country (38 ppm) and the densest in the world. If you are just learning to swim, then this reservoir will be a real gift for you. The waters of the Ionian Sea literally push you to the surface. It is because of the high level of density that you are unlikely to be able to get to the bottom on your own. In summer, the water is warm, about +27 ° С. Winter and the end of the swimming season mark a temperature drop of up to + 15 ° С.

The coast of Greece is washed by another sea - the Aegean. Researchers have found a concentrated alkali level of 39.5% here. If you plan to swim in its waters, then you should heed the advice of dermatologists and use a special cream after the completion of the procedure. It will also be useful to douse yourself with fresh water to wash off the sodium deposited on the skin.

The sea is believed to have formed over 20,000 years ago. True, what size of the reservoir was at that time is unknown. Today, the Aegean Sea stretches over an area of 180,000 km 2.

Underwater flora of the Aegean and Ionian seas in many ways is similar. Animals are different. If the Aegean is rich in octopuses, then the Ionian is rich in flounder and tuna.

The top three winners on our list are opened by the Mediterranean Sea. We all know him, many regularly visit his beaches, not even suspecting that the salinity of his waters reaches 41 ppm.

The Mediterranean Sea stands out among others in several ways. Firstly, it is the warmest sea. Secondly, it is truly gigantic - its area is just over 2,500,000 km 2. And the greatest depth recorded by scientists exceeds 5 km.

Due to its enormous size, the Mediterranean Sea also boasts a variety of inhabitants. Its waters are home to just over 500 species of fish. Needless to say, Mediterranean cuisine is based on marine life.

Between Middle East Asia and African continent the picturesque Red Sea, which is part of the Indian Ocean, spreads its waters. The reservoir is relatively small - only 438,000 km 2. And this is a unique sea of its kind, into the waters of which not a single river flows.

Despite the fact that the reservoir ranks second in the ranking of the saltiest seas, the world of its flora and fauna is very diverse. Here you can find both sharks and killer whales, as well as age turtles and dolphins. In addition, the diversity and beauty of the coral reefs attracts many divers from all over the world.

It should be noted right away that many scientists still consider the reservoir a lake. But if we ignore all the legal nuances ... the salinity of the dead sea - 270%! This is both unique and stunning figure, which means that chemical analysis showed 270 grams of alkali in 1 liter of water. This is almost 10 times more than in the Red Sea. Naturally, there is no such thing on our plan anymore, so this is the saltiest sea on earth. Its minerals contain an impressive portion of the periodic table, including bromine and potassium. Do I need to warn that swimming in its waters is not worth it?

It's not called the Dead Sea for nothing. Only a few species of mushrooms can survive here. It will definitely not work to find random inhabitants: the maximum depth of the sea-lake reaches only 300 meters, so 99.9% of the waters have already been studied and surveyed.

Summarizing the facts

As you can see, the opinions of scientists about which sea is the saltiest are divided. Many geographers are firmly convinced that Dead is a lake, not a sea, which is why they give the palm to the vice-winner of our rating - the Red Sea. Those researchers who do not care about such trifles are in favor of the Dead.

Five objects from our list border on the territory of the Russian Federation, which should be noted. The most salty sea washing the shores of our country is the Japanese one. And from the lakes - Bear.

Now you know about the 10 most salty seas. And which one is best suited for a spa vacation is up to you.

Answer from Natalia [guru]
On personal feelings - Mediterranean, more salty Aegean, the most salty - Red. Then - Dead. A% - you need to look ...
Salinity is the amount of solids in grams dissolved in 1 kg of seawater, provided that all halogens are replaced by an equivalent amount of chlorine, all carbonates are converted into oxides, and organic matter is burned.
Measured in "‰" ("ppm").
The average salinity of the world's oceans is 35 ‰. To calibrate instruments in the Bay of Biscay, the so-called normal water with a salinity close to 35 ‰ is extracted.
Baltic - 7-8
Azovskoe - 12
Black - 16
Marble 26
Adriatic - 35-38
Aegean 37
Ligurian -38
Mediterranean (overall) about 38 - 39.5
Red - 39-40
Dead 260-270
Source Wikipedia and:

Answer from Marina F[guru]
Aegean Sea
Salinity 37.0-39.00 / 00.
Mediterranean Sea
Large evaporation leads to a strong increase in salinity. Its values increase from 3. to V. from 36 to -39.5. The density of water on the surface varies from 1.023-1.027 g / cm³ in summer - up to 1.027-1.029 g / cm³ in winter.
Red sea
Strong fumes warm water turned the Red Sea into one of the saltiest on the globe: 38-42 grams of salt per liter. Salinity - 40-60 g / l. Salinity reaches - up to 40 ‰
Dead Sea
The content of minerals in the water reaches 33%, an average of 28% (for comparison, in the Mediterranean Sea - 4%).
Barencevo sea
The salinity of the surface layer of water in the open sea during the year is 34.7-35.0 in the southwest, 33.0-34.0 in the east, and 32.0-33.0 in the north. In the coastal zone of the sea in spring and summer, salinity decreases to 30-32 ‰, by the end of winter it increases to 34.0-34.5 ‰.
Azov sea
The salinity of the sea before the regulation of the Don was three times less than the average salinity of the ocean. Its value on the surface varied from 1 ppm at the mouth of the Don to 10.5 ppm in the central part of the sea and 11.5 ppm near the Kerch Strait. After the creation of the Tsimlyansk hydroelectric complex, the salinity of the sea began to increase (up to 13 ppm in the central part). Average seasonal fluctuations in salinity values rarely reach 1-2 percent.
Davis Sea
Salinity 33.0-33.5 ‰.
Baltic Sea
Salinity of sea water decreases from the Danish straits, connecting the Baltic Sea with the salty North, to the east. In the Danish Straits, salinity is 20 ppm at the sea surface and 30 ppm at the bottom. Towards the center of the sea, salinity decreases to 6-8 ppm near the sea surface, in the north of the Gulf of Bothnia, dropping to 2-3 ppm, in the Gulf of Finland up to 2 ppm. Salinity increases with depth, reaching 13 ppm in the center of the sea at the bottom.
White Sea
Large inflow of river waters and insignificant exchange with the Barents Sea resulted in relatively low salinity surface waters sea (26 ppm and below). The salinity of deep waters is much higher - up to 31 ppm.
I monitored the sites! Fuh! With you Chocolate! !

Answer from Marina F[guru]
Aegean Sea
Salinity 37.0-39.00 / 00.
Mediterranean Sea
Large evaporation leads to a strong increase in salinity. Its values increase from 3. to V. from 36 to -39.5. The density of water on the surface varies from 1.023-1.027 g / cm³ in summer - up to 1.027-1.029 g / cm³ in winter.
Red sea
Strong evaporation of warm water turned the Red Sea into one of the saltiest in the world: 38-42 grams of salt per liter. Salinity - 40-60 g / l. Salinity reaches - up to 40 ‰
Dead Sea
The content of minerals in the water reaches 33%, an average of 28% (for comparison, in the Mediterranean Sea - 4%).
Barencevo sea
The salinity of the surface layer of water in the open sea during the year is 34.7-35.0 in the southwest, 33.0-34.0 in the east, and 32.0-33.0 in the north. In the coastal zone of the sea in spring and summer, salinity decreases to 30-32 ‰, by the end of winter it increases to 34.0-34.5 ‰.
Azov sea
The salinity of the sea before the regulation of the Don was three times less than the average salinity of the ocean. Its value on the surface varied from 1 ppm at the mouth of the Don to 10.5 ppm in the central part of the sea and 11.5 ppm near the Kerch Strait. After the creation of the Tsimlyansk hydroelectric complex, the salinity of the sea began to increase (up to 13 ppm in the central part). Average seasonal fluctuations in salinity values rarely reach 1-2 percent.
Davis Sea
Salinity 33.0-33.5 ‰.
Baltic Sea
Salinity of sea water decreases from the Danish straits, connecting the Baltic Sea with the salty North, to the east. In the Danish Straits, salinity is 20 ppm at the sea surface and 30 ppm at the bottom. Towards the center of the sea, salinity decreases to 6-8 ppm near the sea surface, in the north of the Gulf of Bothnia, dropping to 2-3 ppm, in the Gulf of Finland up to 2 ppm. Salinity increases with depth, reaching 13 ppm in the center of the sea at the bottom.
White Sea
The large inflow of river waters and insignificant exchange with the Barents Sea resulted in a relatively low salinity of the surface waters of the sea (26 ppm and below). The salinity of deep waters is much higher - up to 31 ppm.
I monitored the sites! Fuh! With you Chocolate! !