The consequences of the use of bacteriological weapons. Classification, means and methods for the use of bacterial agents
Bacteriological weapons is a means of mass destruction of people and other living organisms. Its action lies in the use of bacterial agents. These include various microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, etc.). Sometimes insects are used to undermine the economic stability of the enemy, which destroy agricultural crops.
Bacteriological weapons are divided into several species depending on the tool applied.
This mass lesion agent is a special ammunition or a projectile, which is based on a biological substance.
To defeat the population use next species Bacteria and viruses that lead to massives: plague, cholera, brucellosis, Venezuelan encephalomyelitis horses, spotted fever, histoplasmosis, etc.
In order to have an impact on animals, apply the causative agents of FASHIR, plague, spa, Siberian ulcers, false rabies, etc.
For the destruction of vegetation, the pathogens of the rust of bread cereals are used, as well as insects, herbicides, defoliatants, etc.
All weapons differ in the hidden period of action. That is, from the moment of infection until the appearance of symptoms, a long time can pass. At this time, the carrier of the virus may not guess the hazard that he represents for others. This is the spread of the virus and mass infection of people. The hidden period can last from several hours to two weeks.
Chemical and biological weapons are delivered by the same methods that are used in any other form of weapons. It can be aviation bombs, mines, shells and rockets. In addition, this type of weapon is delivered by a sabotage.
One of the most popular ways to which bacteriological weapons are spread is the contamination of the air layer, closer to the ground. This happens when the projectile explosion. The generators are triggered, which contribute to the formation of an aerosol cloud. As this cloud is promoted, there is infection of living organisms.
Another way to distribute is the use of infected animals (mostly rodents, ticks and insects).
Recognize the fact of use of bacteriological weapons in the following features.
1. When the projectile is breaking, a cloud of smoke or fog over the surface of the Earth is formed. The sound when weapon is triggered less sharp.
2. If the enemy aircraft appeared for a short time a strip of smoke, this indicates that bacteriological weapons were applied.
3. In places of removal of shells, small drops of liquid or plaque on earth, vegetation and objects are formed.
4. Shell fragments have unusual details in the form of pistons that allow you to create an aerosol effect.
5. Unusually large accumulation for this area of \u200b\u200binsects, rodents or ticks.
To prevent application biological weapons And in a timely manner to eliminate his consequences, it is necessary to conduct a number of events. This is, first of all, the implementation of intelligence operations in order to identify the opponent's intentions to apply this type of weapons. This follows the continuous monitoring of the condition of air, water and the terrain as a whole and identifying signs of infection. Monitoring the well-being of people and conducting preventive measures. Timely detection of the scale of infection and the use of means to protect.
Bacteriological weapons and its use is under control of the entire world community. Some countries signed an agreement on its non-use.
Classification, means and methods for using bacterial agents. External signs of biological weapons
Classification of bacteriological means
As biological agents (funds), the enemy can use:
For the defeat of people - botulinum toxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin, plague pathogens, Tularemia, Siberian ulcers, yellow fever, ku-fever, brucellosis, Venezuelan encephalomyelitis of horses and other diseases;
For the damage to agricultural animals - the pathogens of the Siberian ulcers, the Sapa, FMD, the plague of large cattle and etc.;
For the damage to agricultural crops - the pathogens of rust of bread cereals, phytoofluorosis of potatoes and other diseases.
To destroy crops of grain and industrial crops, you can expect deliberate use of insects by an enemy - the most dangerous pests farm crops, such as locusts, Colorado Caucasus, etc.
Microorganisms, including causative agents of infectious diseases, depending on the size, structure and biological properties are divided into the following classes: bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi.
Bacteria represent single-cell microorganisms visible only under the microscope; We multiply by simply division. They quickly die from exposure to direct sunlight, disinfectants and high temperatures. At low temperatures, bacteria are small and even freezing. Some types of bacteria for survival in adverse conditions Capably be covered with a protective capsule or turn into a disruption with a large stability to the specified factors. Bacteria cause severe diseases such as plague, tularemia, Siberian ulcers, sap, etc.
Fungi - Microorganisms that differ from bacteria with a more complex structure and breeding methods. Disputes of fungi highly resistant to drying, exposure to sunlight and disinfectants. Diseases caused by pathogenic fungi are characterized by damage in the internal organs with severe and long flow.
Microbial toxins - Products of vital activity of certain types of bacteria with high toxicity. When feeding with food, water into the human body, these products cause severe, often with fatal poisoning.
The most dangerous of known bacterial toxins is a botulinical toxin, which leads in the absence of timely treatment for fatal outcomes in 60-70% of cases. Toxins, especially during dried form, is quite resistant to freezing, oscillations relative humidity Air and not losing their affect properties in the air to 12 hours. Toxins are destroyed with long-term boiling and exposure to disinfectants.
When inserting a certain amount of toxin in the body, it causes the form of a disease, called poisoning or intoxication.
The penetration of toxins into the body occurs mainly three ways: through gastrointestinal, wound surface and lungs. From the site of primary penetration, they are dealt with blood for all organs and tissues. The toxin in the blood is partially exposed to neutralizing with special cells of the immune system or specific antibodies, which are produced by the body in response to the introduction of toxin. In addition, the detoxification process goes to the liver where toxin falls with blood flow. The elimination of neutralized toxin from the body in most cases is carried out by the kidneys.
The manifestations of the toxic effect of microbial toxins are different and are associated with the preferably defeat of them or other organs and those changes in the body that arise due to the violation of the function of these bodies.
Separate toxins, affect the nervous tissue, block the conducting pulses by nerve fibers, disturbing the regulating effect nervous system On the muscles, resulting in paralysis developing.
Other toxins that act mainly in the intestines are disturbed in it the process of suction of the fluid, which, on the contrary, it comes into the intestinal lumen, as a result of which the diagrams and dehydration of the body are developing.
In addition, toxins act on various internal organs, which penetrate the blood, breaking heart activities, liver, kidney functions. A number of toxins, while in the blood, is able to provide a direct damaging effect on blood cells and blood vessels, violate blood clotting processes.
Funds and methods for using bacterial agents
The effectiveness of Bo action depends not only on the affecting abilities of causative agents of diseases, but also largely on the right choice of methods and means of their application.
The following methods of application Bo were possible:
Pollution of the surface layer of air by spraying biological recipes (disease pathogens);
Aerosol method;
Dispersion in the area of \u200b\u200bthe object of artificially infected blood-sucking carriers of diseases - transmissible method;
Direct contamination by biological means of weapons and military equipment, water supply systems (water sources), food products, foodstuffs, as well as indoor air and facilities that are important with sabotage equipment - a sabotage method.
The most efficient and probable method of using biological means is the creation of a biological aerosol with small bombs, equipped in one-time bombing cassettes, containers, combat parts of controlled and winged missiles, as well as by various spraying devices (tight and spray aircraft devices, mechanical aerosol generators), installed on airplanes, helicopters, winged rockets, aerostats, ships, submarines, on ground vehicles.
Foolish and spraying aviation devices allow you to achieve aerosol infection surface air On large areas.
One-time bombing cassettes and containers may contain several dozen and even hundreds of small biological bombs. The scattering of small bombs allows you to simultaneously and evenly cover the aerosol large-sized objects. The translation of the biological formulation in a combat condition is carried out by an explosive charge explosion.
The transmissible method is a deliberate dispersion in a given area of \u200b\u200bartificially infected carriers. The method is based on the ability of bloodsowing carriers to be easily perceived, continue to maintain, and through bittenness and selection to transmit pathogens of a number of dangerous people and animal diseases. So, separate species Mosquitoes transmit yellow fever, fleas - plague, lice - raw tit, mites - ku-fever, encephalitis, tularevia, etc. The influence of meteorological conditions is determined only by influence on the vital activity of carriers. It is believed that the use of infected carriers is most likely at temperatures from 15 s and above and relative humidity of at least 60%. This method is considered as auxiliary.
For delivery and dispersion in the area of \u200b\u200bdiseases of diseases, as well as insects - pests of crops can be used entomological ammunition - aviation bombs and containers providing protection against adverse factors During the flight and landing period (heating and a soft landing on Earth).
It is not excluded to use as a means of delivering radio and tele-controlled balloons and balloons. Draifuya together with the dominant air currents, they are capable of landing or reset biological ammunition.
The sabotage method is very affordable and effective, does not require special preparation. With the help of small-sized instruments (portable aerosol generators, spraying penalties), you can infect air in places of mass accumulation of people, in the premises and halls of train stations, airports, metro, socio-cultural and sports centers, as well as at facilities with important defense and state importance. It is possible to infect water in urban water supply systems using causative agents cholera, typhoid typhoids, plague.
Biological means can be applied by tactical, transport and strategic aviation aircraft.
According to the views of foreign military specialists, the use of biological weapons is possible both on the eve of and during hostilities in order to apply mass losses to personnel, difficulty of conducting active hostilities, disorganizing the work of objects and the economy of the rear in general. At the same time, it is planned to use biological ammunition both independently and in combination with nuclear, chemical and ordinary weapons in order to significantly increase common losses. For example, preceding the irradiation of the body with ionizing radiation of the nuclear explosion sharply reduces its protective ability against the action of the BS and reduces the incubation period.
Principles of the use of biological weapons (suddenness, massing, careful taking into account the conditions of application, combat properties and features agrowing action The causative agents of the diseases) are generally the same as for the other types of OMP, in particular, chemical weapons.
In the offensive, biological weapons are intended to be used to defeat the personal composition of reserves and second echelons located in areas of concentration or making march, as well as rear parts. In defense, the use of biological weapons is recommended for the defeat of the personnel, both the first and second echelons, major points of management and rear objects. To solve operational-tactical problems, the enemy can apply BS with a short incubation period and low contagiousness.
Under action on strategic objects, the BS with a long hidden period and high contagiousness is more likely.
External signs of biological weapons
The enemy to achieve the greatest effect will strive to apply biological weapons to the massive, suddenly, taking into account the specific struck properties of biological agents, so not only the timely establishment of the fact of its application will be of great importance in organizing reliable protection against this weapon.
The detection of the preparation of the enemy to the use of biological weapons is achieved:
By identifying all types of intelligence, the presence of special parts and means of biological attack, places for the placement of its warehouses with biological ammunition;
Measures for the preparation of troops to protection against biological agents (vaccinations, emergency prevention);
By capturing samples of biological ammunition, staff and medical documents and interrogation of the dedication and prisoners of war.
Application by an opponent of biological agents is usually determined by general external signs, indications of biological intelligence devices and then confirmed by the results of laboratory testing of samples selected during intelligence.
To the number of external (indirect) features of the use of biological weapons include:
The emergence of an aircraft, a rocket, drifting balloon, (air balloon) enemy quickly disappearing clouds, fog stripes;
After disclosure of the cassette, cassette elements (small-caliber biological bombs) are not falling again, but planning, rotating, at some angle to the ground;
The presence of ammunition fragments and in the immediate vicinity on earth and vegetation drops of turbid liquid, powdered (pasty) substances;
Availability of specific constructive features and labeling biological ammunition;
The presence in places of falling entomological ammunition (containers) clusters of live flying and dead insects, ticks;
Massive diseases of people and animals.
When signs of application this weapon Gas masks (respirators, masks), as well as skin protection products immediately.
With visual detection of indirect signs of the use of biological weapons or suspicion of the combined facility of the area of \u200b\u200bthe RV and OB using radiation and chemical intelligence devices, it is first to determine the poisoning, then radioactive substances. In the absence of infection with poisoning and radioactive substances, it should be assumed that biological agents were applied.
Also, the presence of biological agents can be determined using the ASP biological intelligence instrument (automatic biological impurities).
In places suspicious to infection, the samples of air, water, soil and vegetation are taken, smears from the surface of objects, samples of ammunition fragments (if possible, the ammunition themselves), insects, ticks.
To detect the use of biological agents by divergent methods in barracks, office spaces, other places of personnel periodically, air samples (water) are periodically taken.
Samples and samples, as well as the accompanying notes filled in the prescribed form, are sent to the sanitary and epidemic laboratory or, as an exception, the doctor is transmitted (Feldeshru) parts.
| Signs of the use of biological weapons and its features Bacteriological and (biological) weapons - this is bioming tools (bacteria, rickettsia viruses, mushrooms and toxic products of their vitality), and delivery facilities To the signs of the use of bacteriological (biologically) weapons attribute deep sound breaking shells and bombs (Unlike conventional ammunition), the presence in places of breaks of large fragments and individual parts of ammunition. In addition, the appearance of droplets of liquid or powdered substances on the ground, an unusual accumulation of insects and ticks in the places of the gap of ammunition and the fall in containers, the massive feepers of people and animals. ^ :
Flood Floods most often occur as a result of the supply of abundant precipitation, intense melting of snow (ice-nicks), the nucleation of water from the sea in the mouth of the rivers. As a rule, floods are predictable and the population is notified in advance. Upon receipt of a warning about the threat of flooding without delay, go out into a safe place - on the WHO higher. If the flood is developing slowly and you have time, take steps to save property and material values: transfer them to a safe place, and take the top floors ourselves (attic), roofs of buildings. Use existing floating media or co-encompass them from logs, boards, car chambers, barrels, bidons, burdyukov, a dry root associated in bundles. Once in the water, lose weight with yourself heavy clothes and shoes, take advantage of the free objects or waters over water and wait for help. The earthquake is one of the most destroyable phenomena of nature occurring as a result of seismic waves and movements of certain sections of the earth's crust, which causes the installation of land, the formation of giant cracks, collaps, landslides, etc. Very often, the earthquakes are accompanied by fire-rams. You were notified in advance of his threat. Before leaving the dwelling or workplace, Disconnect electricity and gas. Take the necessary things and documents, stock products, copper cents. If the earthquake found you indoors, opa sacks the fall of plaster, reinforcement, cabinets, shelves. Stay away from windows, mirrors, lamps, neos. Stand at the inner wall in the doorway. As soon as the jackets appear, as soon as possible leave the building. While on the street, drop on her middle, to the root, the wasteland, away from the buildings and construction, table bob and power lines. Screening Action - Phosgen, Diffogenbreathing is striking. Symptoms of the defeat are a sweet, unpleasant taste in the mouth, cough, general weakness. Pos-le exit from the focus of infection These sensations disappear, and the driving-giving within 4-6 hours feels fine. He does not attend the receipt of the defeat, while he has a protea-idle period of hidden action, during which the swelling of the lungs is developing. Then the temperature rises and cough appears with abundant wet. Remember!Under the damage to this type of poisoning provisions, an artificial respiration cannot be made. It is necessary to urgently put on a gas mask and withdraw a person from the zone of infection. ^ They are very toxic and belong to the substances of a tental action. When inhalation of infected air, a metal taste appears in the mouth, dizziness, weakness, nausea, sharp cramps and paralysis. Even entering the dose of 1mg / kg is a tummy. To render the presence of the victim, it is necessary to crush the AMPU-LU with an antidote (pass-waring) and introduce it under the helmet-mask of pro-tivogaz. In severe cases, the victim makes an artificial respiration, warming it and as quickly as possible sent to the medical point. In shelters, people come with personal protective equipment. Asylum (shelter) is filled and quickly. First of all, children, women with children and elderly are being passed. They are placed in places allotted for them. The shelter must have a two-day supply of nutritional nutrients in polyethylene packaging, Tua-summer accessories, documents, minimum of personal belongings and personal protective equipment. It is forbidden to bring to the protective construction of light-variable and changing and highly smelling substances, cumbersome things, to led pets, to walk without need for surveys, lit up kerosene lamps, candles and homemade lamps without permission. Supporting are obliged to fulfill all the requirements of the commandant and the personnel of the service of servicing. Covering from asylum (shelter) on the placement of the service commander after the Signal of the Wasp of Wastened Alarm or in the event of an emergency condition of the building, threatening life of people. When the main outputs from the shelter (shelter) of the Criminal Cover are derived through an emergency exit, and if it is not, measures are used for independent opening of doors. Shelters are special facilities designed to protect people covering them from all agrowing factors nuclear explosion, contralling substances, bacterial (biological) funds, as well as high temperatures and harmful gases formed during fires. Refuge consists of basic and auxiliary premises. In the main room intended to be placed shelled, two- or three-tiered nap-benches for seating and shelves for lying are equipped. Refuge's auxiliary rooms are a sanitary node, a filtering chamber, and in large capacity facilities - a medical room, a storeroom for products, premises for artesian wells and a diesel power plant. In the shelter is suitable, as a rule, at least two entrances; In shelters of low capacity - input and emergency exit. Emergency yield is equipped in a Vi de Underground Gallery, an end with a shaky with a hat or hatch on the incredible territory. Civil Defense is an integral part of a system of public defense activities carried out in peaceful and wartime. The main tasks of civil defense are:
Civil defense is organized by territorial-no-manufacturing principle. The objects of the national economy are enterprises, co-hosts, state farms, institutions, educational institutions. The head of the Civil Defense of the Object of the National Department is his head (director). |
He is fully responsible for the organization, condition and permanent readiness Civil defense on the subject subordinate to him.
To ensure the implementation of civil defense measures at the facility, headquarters and services are created.
The work of Headquarters headquarters headquarters headquarters, he is the Deputy Head of the Civil Defense of the Object.
For the immediate implementation of civil defense activities, unintelligent formations are created.
Uninuted formations of the NSPK
- Radiochemical Observation Post (RHN)
- Link and alert link
- Public Procedure Protection Group
- Sanitary squad.
- Insurance Information
- Fire extinguishing link
- Rescue team
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Biological weapons
Bacteriological (biological) weapons, its characteristic. Methods for its use.
Bacteriological weapons are called pathogenic microorganisms and toxins produced by them. As well as the means of their delivery designed to defeat people, farm animals and crops.
Signs of use of bacteriological weapons are:
1) Deaf, unknown ordinary ammunition, the sound of the breaking of shells and bombs;
2) the presence in places of breaks of large fragments and individual parts of ammunition;
3) the appearance of liquid drops or powdered substances on the ground;
4) an unusual accumulation of insects and ticks in the gap of ammunition and the fall in containers;
5) Massive diseases of people and animals.
Feature Bo:
- High potential efficiency (ability to hit with small doses)
- availability of a hidden (incubation period)
- Contantagiosity (ability to transfer from patient to healthy)
- Duration of action (ability of certain organisms for a long time Save B. environment)
- Difficulty detection (lack of instruments)
- selectivity of the presence of a large number of pathogens and the possibility of their choice. Diseases of animals, humans, humans and animals leading to death or temporarily withdrawing people out of order)
- severe psychological impact (panic when applying even non-hazardous pathogens)
- relative cheapness of production
- the possibility of using simultaneously pathogens of several infections
- The use of non-specific carriers (also resistant to disinsection tools)
- Resistance to K. modern means Prevention and treatment
According to epidemic hazard, 3 groups are distinguished: high-flowagionous, low-contagious, non-contagious.
The enemy can use Bo using different ways, which will make it difficult for anti-epidemic activities:
1) the creation of bacterial aerosols (singularity of infection large number people, changing clinical and epidemic picture)
2) the use of infected carriers (the boundaries of the focus when using infected carriers will not be clear. The incidence is growing slowly)
3) sabotage method
The zone of bacteriological (biological) area infection and its characteristics. The focus of bacteriological (biological) defeat, its characteristics and influence on the organization of medical support of the population.
When using an opponent Bo arises from the zone of bacterial contamination, which is formed as a result of the area contamination by pathogenic microorganisms. Within this zone there is a focus of bacteriological infection.
The focus of bacteriological (biological) lesion is the territory with settlements and objects of the national economy. Within which, as a result of the impact of Bo enemy, mass lesions of people, farm animals, plants arose.
The entire infected area has the same epidemiological value. Of particular importance is the territory of residence and place of work of people. The territory on which there are no people's accommodation places does not have a large epidemiological value, it is protected by signs and remains on self-testing. All anti-epidemic events are held on the rest of the territory. The border of the hearth should also include settlements adjacent to the city. Associated with a single economy, economy and transport. The primary morbidity in the use of Bo can be 25-50% of the number of persons in the focus.
In the aerosol method, infection of the territory will have a solid, total nature, the disease will manifest itself in a large number of people and will have a difficult course.
When applying infected carriers, the borders of the focus will not be clear, the incidence increases slowly.
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Signs of application
The main sign of the use of biological weapons is symptoms and manifested signs of mass disease of people and animals, which is finally confirmed by special laboratory studies.
Infection of people and animals occurs as a result of inhalation of infected air, contacting microbes or toxins on the mucous membrane and damaged skin, eating contaminated food and water, bitees of infected insects and ticks, contact with infected objects, injured by fragments of ammunition equipped with biological agents, as well as as a result of direct communication with patients with people (animals).
A number of diseases are rapidly transmitted from sick people to healthy and causes epidemics (plague, cholera, typhoid, influenza, etc.).
The main means of protecting the population from biological weapons include: Vaccino-serum drugs, antibiotics, sulfamide and others medicinal substancesUsed for the special and emergency prevention of infectious diseases, the means of individual and collective protection used to neutralize the pathogens chemicals.
The focus of biological damage is considered cities, settlements and objects of the national economy, exposed to the direct effects of bacterial (biological) funds that create a source of distribution of infectious diseases.
The main forms of combating epidemics, saying the words of the doctors and military, are observation and quarantine.
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Moscow, April 7th. (ITAR-TASS). Following the negotiations held in Sochi, the presidents of Russia and the United States adopted a declaration of strategic framework. The Russian Federation and the United States reaffirm that the era, when Russia and the United States viewed each other as an enemy or as a strategic threat ended.
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Specific features of bacteriological weapons.
Bacteriological (biological) weapon (bo): Special ammunition and combat devices, equipped with biological (bacteriological) means, as well as means of their delivery and application. Its base make up pathogenic microorganisms - bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi and bacterial poisons (toxins).
Biological meansused in the form biological
recipes- mixtures of biological agent and special preparations that provide favorable conditions to a bacterial agent during storage and application.
Possible methods of application Bacteriological weapons:
§ aerosol - infection with aerosol of the surface layer of air;
§ transmissible - dispersion of artificially infectious blood-sucking insects - ticks, fleas, mosquitoes;
§ diversionary - deliberate hidden infection by biological means of closed spaces of air, water, food.
As biological agents Can be used: pathogens of plague, natural smallpox, Siberian ulcers, cholera, Tularemia. Dangerous animal diseases include: Lush, Female Cattle, Sap, Sheep Plague, pigs.
Stormy development molecular genetics at last years Creates conditions for creating fundamentally new types of biological agents.
The zone of biological (bacteriological) infection -the area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain and airspace infected with the pathogens of the disease.
The focus of biological (bacteriological) lesion - The territory on which, as a result of the impact of biological (bacteriological) weapons, there were mass lesions of people, animals and plants.
It can be formed both in the zone of infection and abroad due to the movement of infectious people and animals.
§ planned immunization of the population by vaccine-serum drugs, emergency prevention with antibiotics, sulfanimide and antiviral agents;
§ use of personal and collective protection;
§ Sanitary processing of people and disinfection of objects external environment;
§ Destruction of insects and rodents - disinsection and deratization;
§ To prevent the spread of infectious diseases, regime-restrictive measures are carried out: "observation"or "quarantine".
Observation -enhanced medical observation of the hearth.
Quarantine -provides for complete insulation of the focus of defeat from
ambient population.
Conclusion:
The modern world is characterized by severe political instability, the presence of significant contradictions and often sharp increase in tension in relations between various states. In these conditions, it does not exclude the possibility of direct armed conflict in certain regions, including using weapons of mass lesion.
This causes the need to know features. similar weapons, the nature and degree of danger of its amazing factors, means and methods to protect the population when applied.
Control questions and tasks:
1. What types of weapons relate to "weapons of mass lesion"?
2. How the striking and destructive effect is manifested
waves »Nuclear explosion?
3. How to protect yourself from its impact?
4. What is the source of "light radiation" with a nuclear explosion?
5. How does the radiation impact of the nuclear explosion manifest?
6. Ways to protect against "penetrating radiation"?
7. What are the consequences of the use of chemical weapons?
8. Specify actions aimed at protecting against chemical lesions:
at least 4-5 points.
9. What are the consequences of the use of biological
(bacteriological) weapons?
10. How does the "mass" of the defeat at work of medical
Topic # 8: "Organization of the protection of the population and territories in the conditions of the emergence of peace and wartime."
Educational questions:
Tasks and organization Unified state system
Prevention and elimination of emergencies (RSCS).
And the elimination of emergencies (RSCS).
Civil Defense of the Russian Federation (FF RF), its purpose, structure.
4. Organization of Civil Defense of Medical College SGMU.
Tasks and organization of a unified state system of preventing and elimination of emergencies (RSCS).
The most important element of the security system of Russia is the system prevention and Elimination of Emergency Situations (RSCH).
Topic 4.3. Bacteriological weapons
It was created in 1992 by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 261. It is from this day that the RSCs exists as a holistic system. In 1994, a federal law was adopted "On the protection of the population and territories from a Natural and Technogenic CHC"which is the regulatory database of the activities of the RSCC.
It is intended for associations of efforts and coordinating the activities of all forces and funds that decide the issues of protection of the population and territories from Natural and Technogenic emergencies in peaceful time.
AT formation The RSCS participates the structure of the executive power of all levels, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, including the state. Fire service, Ministry of Health, Min. Defense, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Min. Transport, min. Construction and housing and communal services, min. Natural resources and ecology, Federal Atomic Energy Agency, Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Supervision and a number of other ministries, committees and departments.
The following falls on the RSCs tasks:
§ monitoring (prediction) possibility of emergence of emergencies;
§ alert of the population about the threat and emergence of emergencies;
§ preparing the population to actions in emergency;
§ providing the population of individual and collective remedies;
§ conducting search and rescue activities medical care;
§ Provision of temporary housing, nutrition.
RSCS can function in three modes:
§ everydayactivities - with a normal production and industrial, radiation, chemical, hydrometeorological and seismic setting;
§ increased readiness- with a worsening of the situation and obtain a forecast of the possibility of emergency;
§ emergency emergency- If an emergency occurs.
Forces and means of the Unified State Warning System
And the elimination of emergencies (RSCS).
The leadership of the entire RSCC system is entrusted to the Ministry of Affairs
and emergency unit.
RSCS has five levels of operation, respectively
state administrative structure of the Russian Federation: federal, regional, territorial (regional), local and object.
The territory of the Russian Federation is divided into administrative and territorial districts - "Regions". In each district, it was created its regional level of RSCS with regional Center. Our Volga RC is located in the mountains. Nizhny Novgorod. At the level of the region, the edges, republics created territorial subsystemsRSChs.
The most important part of the RSCs are forces and means:
a) observation and control; b) eliminating the consequences of emergencies.
— Forces and means of observation and control include:
§ divisions of the supervision of the state of potentially hazardous objects;
§ Control and inspection service;
§ State Control Unit natural environment;
§ veterinary service;
§ division of observation of food quality;
§ Unit controls for civil defense facilities.
- AT forces and liquidation The emergency includes:
§ compounds, parts and divisions of the Ministry of Emergency Situations;
§ Search and rescue units of other ministries and
departments: MO, Ministry of Internal Affairs;
§ Uninstalized formation of go.
Special attention deserves State Central Aircraft Rescue Drug.
It is intended to promptly respond to natural and man-made catastrophes not only in Russia, but also beyond. In the detachment, you can immediately comply with several groups of rescuers, ready to simultaneously act at several points of the globe.
Significant forces for rapid response in emergencies have some others ministries and departments:
—Russian Railways:have restorative and fire trains;
—Ministry of Internal Affairs:in extreme situations, it provides law enforcement, retains material values;
—Ministry of Health:in case of emergency, it holds the medical system of medicine. Part All-Russian Medicine Service Catastrophe (SDMC) Certain forces and funds allocate other ministries, committees and departments that have a significant amount medical workers: Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Russian Railways, Rosatomenergo.
Biological weapons (Bo) are special ammunition and combat facilities with deliveries, equipped with biological means.
Bo is weapons of mass destruction of people, farm animals and plants, the action, which is based on the use of the pathogens of microorganisms and their products - toxins. Biological weapons are the most odious of all means of conducting an armed struggle. In 1972, the Convention on the prohibition of the development, production and accumulation of stocks of biological (bacteriological) and toxin weapons was signed and about their destruction. However, the declarative nature of the Biological Convention, the lack of provisions in its text on the implementation of obligations by States Parties to the Convention leave loopholes for countries that continue developing and accumulating Bo, and the threat to its use in modern wars and armed conflicts continues to be maintained. The basis of the affecting action of Bo is specially selected for combat application Biological means - bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, mushrooms and toxins.
As bo, the pathogens of the plague, cholerase, Siberian ulcers, Tularemia, Brucellize, Sap and Natural Sharp, Psitakcocosis, Yellow Fever, Fedshal, Venezuelan, Western and Eastern American Encephalomyelitis, Epidemic Rock Tiff, Rocky Mountain Fever and Fever Tsutsougamoshi, Cocidioido-Mikosa, Nocardiosia, Histoplasmosis, etc. Among microbial toxins are most likely to use for the biological war of botulinum toxin and staphylococcal enterotoxin.
Ways of penetration of pathogens and toxins into the human body may be as follows:
1. Aerogenic - with air through respiratory organs.
2. Alimentary - with food and water through digestive organs.
3. Transmissive path - through the bites of infected insects.
4. Contact path - through the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, eye, as well as damaged skin Covers.
The main methods of the use of Bo are the following:
aerosol - infection of surface air by spraying liquid or dry biological recipes;
Transmissive - dispersion in the area of \u200b\u200bthe purpose of artificially infected blood-sized carriers;
sabotage method - infection of air, water, food using sabotage equipment.
The most effective way to use Bo is an aerosol, which allows air and terrain to be infected in large areas, causing massive diseases of people, animals and plants. Currently, the likely enemy has a modern system of technical means of applying biological recipes and their delivery to the goal at all theaters of hostilities.
Delivery of technical means of booster can be carried out by strategic, operational-tactical, cruise missiles, strategic and tactical aircraft aircraft. According to the views of foreign experts (Rothschild D., Roshibry T., Kabat E.), Bo is intended for solving predominantly strategic and tactical problems - mass destruction of troops and population, weakening the military-economic potential, disorganization of the system of state and military management, breaking and difficulties Mobilization deployment of Sun.
The loss of the population and the personnel composition in the focus of biological damage is determined by the number of people (personal composition), which may be affected by the impact of the primary and secondary Aerosol of the BS, as well as due to the epidemic propagation of the disease. Losses depend on the degree of achieving suddenness of biological strikes, such as BS, the degree of security of the population and the personnel composition.
Sanitary losses from biological weapons can significantly fluctuate depending on the type of microbes, their virulence, contagiosity, the scale of application and the organization of antobacteriological protection and can be 25-50%.
The medical situation in the focus of bacteriological (biological) damage will largely be determined not only by the magnitude and structure of sanitary loss, but also the presence of forces and means intended to eliminate the consequences, as well as their preparedness.
The main anti-epidemic activities in the occurrence of the epidemic focus are:
Registration and notification of the population;
Conducting sanitary and epidemiological intelligence;
Identification, isolation and hospitalization of ill;
Restrictive or quarantine measures;
General and special emergency prevention;
Disinfection of an epidemic focus;
Identification of bacteridation and enhanced medical observation;
Sanitary and explanatory work.
Organization and conduct of insulating restrictive events.
Insulatory-restrictive measures include quarantine and observation.
Quarantine is a complex of strict regime - restrictive measures aimed at full insulation, localization and elimination of the lesion focus.
The observation is established in the military union by order of the commander of the association, among the civilian population by the head of the region when applying the enemy as bacteriological weapons of pathogens Ooi.
The headquarters are created for the organization of observation activities, the necessary forces and means of medical service are attracted, armed guards of the quarantine zone are appointed. The main activities conducted in the observation zone include:
Establishing a strict anti-epidemic mode;
Active identification of ill, their isolation, hospitalization and treatment in specialized medical institutions deployed in the observation zone;
Isolation of persons who have subjected to risk of infection in the provisions deployed in the focus. Medical supervision of contact, with the aim of timely detection of ill;
Emergency, specific and non-specific prophylaxis;
Fencing of the observation zone and armed guards.
Quarantine is set for a period of at least two maximum incubation periods After curing the last diseased.
If the causative agent is not particularly dangerous infection as a tank of the weapon, a quarantine mode is introduced in the focus.
Observation is a complex of organizational, restrictive, medical and anti-epidemic measures aimed at preventing the proliferation of the focus, the early localization and liquidation.
Observation includes the following activities:
Enhanced medical monitoring of faces at risk of infection with the purpose of timely detection among them of ill;
Isolation, hospitalization and treatment of sick;
Conducting specific and nonspecific prevention;
Strengthening the sanitary and epidemic regime.
Anti-epidemic activities in the area of \u200b\u200baction and nearby areas should be directed to the neutralization of infection sources, break paths and mechanisms for transmitting pathogens, increasing the immunity of residents, reducing the possibility of developing certain forms of infectious diseases, weakening the action on people of various extreme factors. Depending on the climatogeographic conditions, the time of year, the type of accident, the disaster or natural disaster among the population can be expecting the spread of viral hepatitis, abdominal typhoids, dysentery and other acute intestinal infections, as well as natural focal diseases (plague, Siberian ulcers, Tularemia, leptospirosis and Dr.). The possibility of both other diseases is not excluded for the prevention of which special events are needed.
Anti-epidemic events- a set of measures to prevent the occurrence and distribution of infectious diseases and the faster elimination in the case of their appearance.
Anti-epidemic events are divided into two groups:
Measures to prevent the emergence and distribution of infectious diseases;
Events aimed at eliminating epidemic foci among the population in the emergency area.
Main anti-epidemic eventssuch:
Sanitary and epidemiological intelligence of the alleged areas of the suggestion and placement of evacuated residents in the country zone;
Epidemiological observation, including the study of the sanitary and epi-demiology state of settlements;
Timely detection of infectious patients, their isolation and the state-filing;
Accounting and rehabilitation of carriers of pathogens of diseases and persons suffering chronic forms infectious diseases;
Prevention of infectious diseases by applying vaccines, sera, antibiotics and various chemicals;
Fight with carriers of transmissive diseases and rodents.
Under the biological (bacteriological) weapon means a means of mass defeat of all living things: people, animals and plants. Its action is based on various embodiments of the use of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms, since bacteria, rickettsia, fungi, as well as toxins produced by some bacteria. The biological weapons include various recipes of pathogenic microorganisms, as well as the means of delivering them to the goal - it can be rockets, aerosol sprayers, aviation bombs, which we have previously spoken, and others. In connection with this definition, several more important definitions should be given associated with biological weapons.
Biological formulation is a specific multicomponent system that contains pathogenic microorganisms or simply put toxins, fillers and additives that ensure the increase in their stability with different use of them: storage, use and location in the aerosol state, as in the cannters, for example. Also, recipes may be dependent on the agricultural state with liquid and dry.
Biological means is a generalized concept of biological recipes, as well as infectious carriers. According to the effect, they are divided into lethal: based on the pathogens of plague, smallpox and Siberian ulcers, and output, for example, based on the causative agents of Brucellize, cholera.
Delivery facilities are combat vehiclesproviding the delivery of technical means scheduled to goal (lesion object). This includes: aviation, ballistic winged rockets, sabotage groups that are delivered to the use of special confountainers with radio commands or timer autopsy systems.
Thus, bacteriological weapons have high combat activity that affects large areas at low costs of forces and means. But at the same time, its predictability and handling is significantly lower than that of chemical or nuclear weapons.
Methods for using bacteriological agents
Various variations of the introduction of harmful substances into the atmosphere are known. So, to the methods of use of bacteriological weapons, it can be attributed:
aviation bombs and shells;
artillery mines;
packages, including bags, boxes and containers, discharged from airplanes or helicopters;
special devices scattering infected insects;
divergent methods.
And yet the main way to use bacteriological attackers is infection atmospheric air. The mechanism is as follows: with a breaking of a predetermined bacteriological recipe for ammunition, the so-called bacteriological cloud (fog) is formed. Spreading in the wind, it dissipates and then settles on the surface of the Earth, forming an infected area, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich directly depends on the composition and the number of recipes, as well as from the wind speed.
There are also other ways to infect the enemy, for example, in some cases, the ill-wisher can leave in public places infected withdrawal items: clothing, bag, products, etc. In this case, the disease may occur as a result of direct contact with an infected object.
This form of the propagation of bacteriological weapons is possible, as a deliberate leaving when the waste of infected patients is possible. In turn, he infects everyone else and becomes a source of infection among the entire population.
