Do dinosaurs exist in our time, do dinosaurs exist in our time? Prehistoric animals ... in our time, there are still dinosaurs
From the editor. In this collection, we are placing several articles that will help readers dispel the myth that the existence of dinosaurs does not fit into the Christian picture of the world.
Rev. Varsonofy Optinsky:
"Chinese and Japanese legends about the existence of dragons are by no means fantasies or fables, despite the fact that European naturalists, along with ours, deny the existence of these monsters. So, in the end, everything can be denied, simply because it does not fit our understanding. "
(Secret notes. Quoted from the book:Hieromonk Seraphim (Rose).Creation of the world and the first Old Testament people. Moscow, Publishing House "Russian Pilgrim", 2004))
About dinosaurs
One of the most frequently asked questions about the Bible's teaching on creation concerns the following: "What about dinosaurs?"
We recommend Dinosaurs (1991, third edition, 2000) and The Real History of Dinosaurs (1991), both by Dr. Mace Baker.
There is a lot of speculation and little-known facts about dinosaurs that have been reflected in a number of creationist sources:
1. Like fossil finds of other animals, the appearance of dinosaur fossils has a sudden character in the fossil record, with no evolutionary precursors or transitional forms corresponding to their different genera. See Russell M. Grigg, Dinosaurs and Dragons (Creation Ex Nohilo, Volume 14, No. 3); Ken Ham p. 19, 114 The Great Dinosaur Mystery Solved.
2. Dinosaurs are usually not located among fossil finds as if they were dying due to natural causes, but their most typical location suggests a catastrophic death, often unusually brutal. They should definitely have died in short time, their remains are found under the sedimentary rock, because they not only represent abundant burials, but in many cases the primary bone material and epithelium have been phos-silized with sufficient preservation. There are a large number of massive dinosaur graveyards around the world. According to Dr. Henry Morris, "Burying so many enormous creatures literally strongly suggests some form of disaster."
All of this is obviously seen as evidence that dinosaurs became extinct during Noah's Flood. For data collected from around the world, see The Genesis Flood. John Whitecomb and Henry Morris, pp. 98-99; That Their Words May Be Used against Them. Henry Morris, pp. 266-72; The Real History of Dinisaurs. Mace Baker, pp. 31-39; Dinosaurs. Mace Baker, p. 156; "Exceptional Soft-Tissue Preservation in a Fossilized Dinosaur" (Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, vol. 12, pp. 8-9; The Great Dinosaur Mystery Solved. Ken Ham, pp. 58, 135); and the video The Footsteps of Leviathan, produced by American Portrait Films.
3. Evolutionists for a long time disputed the extinction of dinosaurs throughout the world, but in this case, they still have not provided an adequate theory for discussion. Most creation scientists agree that the main reason for the death of the dinosaurs was a radical change in the world between what it was in the time before Noah's flood, and the world, the conditions of which developed after the flood. For those interested in a discussion considering one reason or another, we recommend Dinosaurs by Design. Duane Gish, pp. 76-77; The Real History of Dinausars. Mace Baker, p. 57; The Great Dinosaurs Mystery Solved. Ken Ham., Pp. 67-68; and Dinosaurs, the Lost World, and You. John D. Morris, p. 33.
4. A recent find of well-preserved (non-fossilized) dinosaur bones and Tyrannosaurus rex bones that appear to contain blood cells, indicating that dinosaurs could not have died out seventy million years ago, as evolutionists claim. See Margaret Helder "Fresh Dinosaur Bones Found" (Creation Ex Nihilo, Volume 14, No. 3); The Great Dinosaurs Mystery Solved. Ken Ham, pp. 14-16, 108-9; Davis, Liston and Whitemore The Great Alaskan Dinosaurs Adventure; and the video film The Footsteps of Leviathan, produced by American Portrait Films.
5. Since the fossil finds represent those animals that died during Noah's flood, the question of whether any dinosaurs survived in Noah's ark presents a certain difficulty, the answer to which cannot be given based on the results of studying the fossil remains. We should rather turn to the earliest literature and the earliest accounts of human history after the flood. Evolutionists are unable to provide an explanation for “dragons,” which are narrated in the sources of ancient cultures around the world, many of which contain startling details about dinosaur-like creatures. Creationists explain this as referring to the species of dinosaurs that survived the flood (the term "dinosaur" was not known until 1841).
In the Old Testament, dragons - dinosaurs - (in Hebrew - tannim) are mentioned twenty-one times. The most important reference is found in the Book of Job, where chapters 40-41 detail the majestic lizard dinosaur, which "twists its tail like a cedar." For a close look at the references to dinosaurs in the Bible, we recommend: The Real History of Dinosaurs. Mace Baker, pp. 8-49; The Biblical Basis of Modern Science. Henry Morris, pp. 350-59. See also Dinosaurs by Design. Duane Gish, pp. 82-83; and The Remarkable Record of Job. Henry Morris, pp. 115-25.
Creationists have collected a great deal of evidence from historical literature and art sources indicating that dinosaurs coexisted alongside humans. Unfortunately, all this material was not systematized in a single anthological work, and thus, we can only collect individual facts from a number of sources. These include: "Dinosaurs and Dragons" by D. Lee Niermann (Creation Ex Nihilo Tchnical Journal, Volume 8, No. 1); "Dinosaurs and Dragons" by Russell M. Grigg (Creation Ex Nihilo, Volume 14, No. 3); That Their Words May Be Used against Them. Henry Morris, pp. 251-61; After the Flood. Bill Cooper, pp. 130-61; "The Early History of Man, Part 1: Living Dinosaurs from Anglo-Saxon and Other Early Records." Bill Cooper (Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal 6, no. 1); The Real History of Dinousaurs. Mace Baker, pp. 51-62, 86-88; The Great Dinosaur Mystory Solved. Ken Ham, pp. 28-33. 119-21, 137; and Messages in Stone, Denis L. Swift (Creation Ex Nihilo, vol. 19, no. 2) The story of St. George the Victorious and the dragon, presented by Duane Gish in Dinosaurs by Design, p. 80 -81 One of the best introductions to the subject is the video The Great Dinosaurs Mystery, written and directed by Paul Tailor.
How dinosaurs (presumably their babies) could have assembled into the ark has been dealt with fairly well by Russell M. Grigg in his article Dinosaurs and Dragons, Mace Baker in The Real History of Dinosaurs, p. 28, and Ken Ham in The Great Dinosaur Mystery Solved, pp. 52-58.
(From the book: "Hieromonk Seraphim (Rose). Genesis: Creation of the World and the First Old Testament People. Appendix 5, compiled by Hieromonk Damascene (Christensen). M., Edition of the Brotherhood of Reverend Herman of Alaska (Platinum, California, USA) and Valaam Society) America. 2004).
To the question:
It was with great pleasure that I read your answer to the question about the theory of evolution. But then such a question arises: How Orthodox Church refers to paleontology, to paleontology as a science and what paleontologists find? The question arose from the answer of the nun, who firmly stands on the fact that "God created the earth and all life on it in 6 days," and dinosaurs with their million-year history have no place in this chart.
Dmitry, editor of the magazine "Paleo World"
Hieromonk Job (Gumerov) answers:
Dear Dmitriy! The question concerns the scientific status of paleontology. We can solve it only when, at least in general terms, we consider the distinctive properties of classical science and compare it with paleontology. Salient feature science - the objectivity and objectivity of knowledge. Its categorical apparatus and methods were formed in relation to the study of a specific given object. Therefore, the structural units of scientific knowledge are scientific fact
(accurate and complete empirical description of the object under study) and theory(logically ordered knowledge of the properties of the investigated object). The result of the work is the construction of an ideal model of the object. The adequacy of this model is being tested empirically. Representatives of logical positivism, as a criterion for the demarcation of science and non-science, put forward the principle verification(Latin verificatio - confirmation). Karl Popper showed the insufficiency of this principle. He proposed as a criterion for demarcation the method falsifiability(lat. falsus - false): only that theory is scientific, which can be fundamentally refuted by experience. “The dogma of meaning or meaning and the pseudo-problems generated by it can be eliminated if we take falsifiability criterion, that is, at least asymmetric or unilateral solvability. According to this criterion, statements or systems of statements contain information about the empirical world only if they have the ability to come into conflict with experience, or more precisely - if they can systematically check, that is, subject (in accordance with some "methodological decision") checks, the result of which may be their refutation "(K. Popper. Logic and the growth of scientific knowledge). Further work in the field of the logic of science showed that the principle proposed by K. Popper is a variant of the verification principle. So, the criterion of science is a system of knowledge that can be confirmed or refuted. How well does paleontology meet the logical criteria of science? The first thing that attracts attention is the extremely narrow empirical base... The past world, which paleozoology is trying to scientifically investigate, is presented in the form of traces - insignificant fragments. Instead of an analytical description, there is a reconstruction. The final knowledge always turns out to be hypothetical (a hypothesis is an unproven statement or assumption). The development of hypotheses is a necessary stage in the formation of scientific knowledge. But if a certain hypothesis is fundamentally unverifiable, if it can neither be proved nor refuted, then it will never have the status of scientific knowledge. Since paleontology gains knowledge by the method of reconstruction, the dependence of conceptual constructions on the worldview of the researcher is great. An axiological (value) aspect is inevitable in any science. However, in classical science, it is not decisive in the formation of concepts. This is not the case in paleontology. The basic methodological principles in it depend on the worldview of the scientist. This does not invalidate the scientific work of paleontologists. It all depends on how the researcher's worldview corresponds to the truth. This can be well seen by looking at the history of paleontology. Its founder, J. Cuvier (1769-1832), combined the talents of the great scientist with the Christian faith. He fully shared the biblical teaching on the creation of the world: "Moses left us a cosmogony, the truth of the provisions of which is amazingly confirmed from day to day." J. Cuvier introduced the concept of type in zoology. He established the principle of "organ correlation", which made it possible to reconstruct the structure of many extinct animals. He did not recognize the variability of species. The follower of J. Cuvier, the prominent Swiss zoologist Jean-Louis Agassiz (1807–1873), who did a lot for the development of paleontology, was also an opponent of evolutionism. He was a Christian. Exploring nature, J.L. Agassis could be convinced that: "The world is the clearest proof of the existence of a personal God, the Creator of all things and the Provider of the world." Other prominent paleontologists of this period, AD D'Orbigny in France, and A. Sedgwick and Richard Owen in England, were opponents of evolutionism.
With the appearance in 1859 of Charles Darwin's book "The Origin of Species by Natural Selection", "evolutionary paleontology" began to form. Darwinism is not a science. He was a kind of ideology that proved to be in great demand in the face of growing mass disbelief. The terms "Darwinist", "Darwinism", "struggle for existence" in a short time became known in all segments of the population. In those decades, Darwin's name gained such popularity that no scientist ever got it. N. Ya. Danilevsky, scientist and original thinker, in his major work “Darwinism. Critical Research "(St. Petersburg, 1885 - 1888, vols. 1-2) precisely noted that the name of a person is not called science, but philosophical systems:" Darwin's doctrine took possession of the minds of scientists of all specialties, the entire educated and semi-educated society, and will not remain, and does not even remain, without a strong influence on people who are completely uneducated. What is the reason for this extraordinary phenomenon? If we take a good look, we will find it already in the name itself, which the common voice of both the learned world and the public gave to this teaching, calling it Darwinism. .. Indeed, not a single direction given to any branch of positive sciences, or their totality, no matter how important and fruitful it may be - neither given by Copernicus to astronomy, nor Galileo to physics, nor Lavoisier to chemistry, nor Jussier to botany, nor Cuvier zoologies - they were not and are not called Copernicism, Galileanism, Cuvierism, etc. , i.e. philosophy, where such a conversion of the proper name of the author of a philosophical doctrine into a common noun to designate a whole philosophical system is quite common. Everyone says Cartesianism, Spinozism, Schellingism, Hegelism to denote the philosophical doctrines, the creators of which were: Descartes, Spinoza, Schelling, Hegel. Thus, if we classify Darwin's teaching as a philosophical teaching, then the anomaly noted by Mr. Timiryazev will disappear; it turns out that Darwin's teaching received the name Darwinism not because of its special qualitative superiority and perfection, in comparison with other teachings in the field of positive knowledge, but because of the general nature of this teaching, completely regardless of its inner merit, the character by which it seems to be removed from field of positive sciences, and belongs to the field of philosophy. Is our assumption justified in practice, can the character of a special philosophical worldview be attributed to Darwin's teachings? Such a character not only can, but must necessarily be ascribed to it, because this doctrine contains a special world outlook, a higher explanatory principle, not for any particular, even the most important, but for the whole world building, explaining by itself the entire area of being "(Darwinism, vol. 1, Introduction). A paradoxical situation arose: although paleontology refuted Darwinism every decade, it itself was more and more captured by this philosophy. And paleontology refuted Darwinism by showing the absence of transitional forms. If Darwin's teachings were true, there would have to be millions of transitional forms. Darwin himself knew that this undermined his hypothesis. He said that paleontology was still young and had to discover these forms that would support evolution. What do we have a century and a half later? Here is the opinion of scientists: “We adhere to the point of view that there are no intermediate links at all that could convincingly confirm the evolution from the simplest living things to complex ones. This point of view is not new - on the contrary, this fact belongs to the category of "open secret" in paleontology. And, despite this, for many decades they have been trying to preserve the classical evolutionary model and 100 years after Darwin they hope, like he did in his time, to find convincing evidence of the evolutionary process - intermediate links. Based on the innumerable millions of fossils researched, scientists to date have cataloged over 250,000 species of fossil animals that are on display in museums around the world. And among them it is impossible to find a single indisputable intermediate link. In the last decade, the scientific community has witnessed how these hopes (that intermediate links in the evolutionary chain will still be discovered), apparently, finally collapsed "(R. Junker, Z. Scherer. History of the origin and development of life) ... I will give an assessment of another representative of science: “Over the past century, the number of remains dredged to the surface has increased hundreds of times, but the picture that existed in Darwin's time has not changed at all, and not a single species of animals or plants that could be called intermediate has never changed. was found. The "developmental ranks" (mouse - horse) now shown to the public in museums are just selected fragments of creatures of completely different species. Some species that were at one time reckoned among the long-extinct intermediate forms, for example, the lungfish cross-finned fish, were found living today and exactly the same as they were previously found in the layers of the earth. Recently, it has been experimentally proven that the dog is NOT descended from the wolf, as it has always been argued, but that they are two different, albeit closely related, species. The search for the fossil remains of human ancestors has been carried out especially intensively (and is being carried out), such as Pithecanthropus, Neanderthal, Piltdown man, Sinanthropus, Javanese man, and, more recently, Australopithecus. Without going into details, we can say with complete certainty that the presented fragments of skeletons (most often individual bones of the skull) of all the mentioned "ancestors" belong either to monkeys and other animals, or to people close to modern ones, or are more or less successful fakes. The most famous fake is the "Piltdown Man", which for more than forty years was considered the most conclusive link between ape and a man all over the world, until it was established that the bones found were falsified by mechanical and chemical processing of fragments of skeletons of monkeys and people, their grouping and burying in land on the site where the English amateur archaeologist was excavating "(Doctor of Physics and Mathematics. Sciences G.A. Kalyabin. Historical perspective of a mathematician on Christianity and science). Suffice it to recall the history of the so-called. Pithecanthropus. Young Dutch military doctor Eugene Dubois in 1891 on the island of Java in the valley of the river. Bengavan, near the villages. Trinil, at a depth of 1 meter, found a third molar, similar to a human, and at a distance of one meter from it, at the same level, the upper part of the skull. In 1892, 15 meters from this place up the river, he found a femur, very similar to a human. Subsequently, another molar was found. All this, according to Dubois, belonged to the same individual - a humanoid ape. Only at the end of his life Dubois admitted that top part The Pithecanthropus skull actually belonged to a large gibbon.
About dinosaurs. The recognition of the existence on Earth of reptiles up to 30 m long does not in the least contradict the biblical teaching on the creation of the world. One of the largest dinosaurs, the diplodocus, was about 28 meters long. The sizes of individual individuals of blue or blue whales reach 30-33 m, and weight up to 130-150 tons. Dinosaurs do not fall out of the taxonomy. They belong to the class of reptiles, a subclass of archosaurs. There are four orders of archosaurs: lizard-like dinosaurs, ornithisch dinosaurs, pterosaurs and crocodiles. Why doesn't the Bible say anything about dinosaurs? We have no basis for a categorical statement. This word, indeed, is not, because it appeared in 1841. The concept of "dinosaur" was introduced by the English zoologist and paleontologist Richard Owen (1804-92), combining two Greek words deinos (terrible) and sarius (lizard). However, the Bible contains descriptions of huge animals. We cannot exclude that this is about a large dinosaur: “like a monster in the seas, you throw yourself in your rivers, and muddy the waters with your feet, and trample their streams” (Ezek. 32: 2); "From the root of the serpent will come forth a viper, and the flying dragon will be its fruit" (Is.14: 29). But even if not about dinosaurs, then this is because the Bible is not a book on zoology, but the revealed Holy Scripture about the ways of our salvation. The most inappropriate thing about dinosaur writing is dating. It is surprising how confidently it is asserted that they began to exist 220 - 230 million years ago, their heyday was 160 million years ago, and they disappeared 65 million years ago. All this is fantasy. This is contradicted by the data of a relatively young scientific discipline - molecular paleontology. Let me give you an example. In the state of Montana in 1990, the remains of a Tyrannosaurus were found. It was studied by a team led by University of North Carolina lead researcher Mary Schweitzer. Tyrannosaurus rex bones were not fossilized. There were blood cells in them. This clearly proves that the dinosaur did not live "65 million years ago", but only a few thousand years ago. How unreliable the accepted dating methods are can be judged from some examples. A study was made of the flow of dacitic lava formed in 1986 in the new dome of Mount San Helens (Washington state). Dating showed from 0.35 to 2.8 million years. In fact, lava was formed in 1986, i.e. 10 years ago. “Uncertainty in the initial data leads to uncertainty in the results. So, many different samples of lava rocks from Hawaii, the occurrence of which is documented in 1800-1801 years, according to the potassium-argon method give an age of 160 x 106 - 2 x 109 years, while their true age reaches 166-167 years "(R ... Juncker, Z. Scherer. The history of the origin and development of life).
How can we explain the continued monopoly of evolutionism in biology? The spirit of the times, which is characterized by mass disbelief. Doctor Phys.-Math. Sciences, prof. V.S. Olkhovsky explains: “Why is this doctrine so tenacious? What are the reasons for its vitality? There are many of them. First of all, it is hypnotic influence, force of habit and residual conformism after a long monopoly of this doctrine in the state curricula of secondary schools and universities in many countries. And this monopoly was caused over a hundred years ago by the fact that the doctrine of evolutionism became an anchor for the salvation of the weakening secular humanism, generated by the illusions of the Enlightenment and scientism, and then a number of currents of atheistic ideology and the ideology of the New Era, despite the fact that a number of prominent scientists subjected the theory to a universal evolution to serious doubts and scientific criticism. " The thought of the Creator saves a person from the hypnosis of evolutionism, for it is impossible for a true scientist, penetrating into the secrets of this world, not to see the wisdom astonishing the mind in its structure. “I believe in God as a Person and, in all conscience, I can say that I have not been an atheist for a single minute of my life. While still a young student, I resolutely rejected the views of Darwin, Haeckel and Huxley, as views helplessly outdated ”(A. Einstein).
Dear Dmitriy! It took so long to talk about evolutionism, because many paleontologists are still captivated by this atheistic philosophy. I wish you and your journal to confirm the thought of one of the most outstanding representatives of paleontology Zh.L. Agassiz: "Science is the translation of the Creator's thoughts into human language."
I. Popov
Are all dinosaurs extinct?
Archaeological finds
Many archaeological finds suggest that dinosaurs lived at the same time as humans.
One of the most striking discoveries was made in 1982 in the Paluxy River Valley in Texas (USA). Here, the water that rose after heavy rains washed away part of the sedimentary rocks, exposing a limestone layer, the age of which should have been 108 million (!) Years. On the surface of the layer, many dinosaur paw prints and ... human feet were found. Double prints were also found, when dinosaurs stepped over a human footprint, and vice versa - a person stepped on a footprint already left by a dinosaur. Scientists were forced to admit that these traces are the same as those of modern humans. Year after year, massive expeditions are sent to the Paluxy Valley. The list of finds is constantly growing, and the most sensational of them are petrified human teeth and a finger from the same geological layer.
Recently, paleontologists are increasingly giving themselves surprises, discovering "fresh", that is, not yet fossilized dinosaur bones. And on July 7, 1993, a team of researchers at the University of Newcastle was able to isolate from such bones, not yet decomposed protein. But protein decomposes very quickly - it is unlikely that it could have survived for more than five thousand years. ...
Fantasies or facts?
So, people were not so long ago familiar with dinosaurs. There is no such people who would not preserve the memories of giant dragons and monsters.
Let us recall the miracle of the holy Great Martyr George about the snake. ... The prophet Daniel, the great martyr Theodore Stratilat (+ 319) also fought with dragons [“The bravery of the holy warrior became known to many after he, with the help of God, killed a huge serpent that lived in an abyss in the vicinity of the city of Euchait. The serpent devoured many people and animals, keeping the whole area in fear "(" Handbook for a priest ", vol. 2, p. 601)] and other holy saints of God; this is narrated in their lives.
In the chronicles of the Canterbury Temple (Great Britain), it is noted that on September 16, 1449, near the village of Little Conrad, many residents watched the fight between two giant reptiles. American researchers managed to recognize almost all types of fossil giants in the rock paintings of the Indians. And the Russian Serpent Gorynych, familiar to us from childhood? In the chronicles of Western European peoples, there are many references to all kinds of dragons.
In the Celtic chronicles, King Moridd was swallowed in 336 BC by the giant monster BELUA, “as large fish swallows small. " British chronicles tell of many places on the territory of present-day Wales, once inhabited by the monsters AFANK and CARROGES and got their names from the names of these creatures. One of the last Afanki was killed in 1693 by Edward Lloyd on the Conway River. Dragons also occupy a significant place in the Scandinavian epic. The Wolsunga saga celebrates the feat of a warrior named Sigurd, who defeated the monster FAFNIR. Fafnir moved on four legs, dragging a heavy body along the ground. Knowing that the skin on the back of a fafnir is invulnerable to a sword or a spear, Sigurd dug a hole on the path that the monster used to go to the watering hole, and, seated in it, struck the monster crawling above him in the belly.
The hero of the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf (495-583), the grandson of King Grethel Beowulf, defeated the monster GRENDEL in 515. The life span of a grendel exceeded 300 years, and at the end of its life the monster was several times higher than a person whom he could not easily swallow. The skin on his torso could not be pierced with a sword or spear. The giant monster moved quickly and silently on its hind legs, while the front ones were small and frail and hung helplessly in the air. What is not a reliable description of a Tyrannosaurus? Beowulf, who knew the most vulnerable sides of the enemy, cut off the grendel's weak front paw in close combat, after which the beast died, bleeding. And no wonder - the blood pressure of a Tyrannosaurus rex must be considerable to supply oxygen to a head held high. Almost all types of fossil reptiles can be recognized in the dragons of the poem.
These are just some of the European sources of evidence of dinosaur encounters. And how many more are there in Indochina and Japan, in North and South America, in Africa, in Asia, in the Middle East? And all sources indicate that not so distant ancestors of our contemporaries "personally" were familiar with dinosaurs.
Dinosaurs in the Bible
“Here is a hippopotamus, - says the Lord God righteous Job- whom I created, as well as you; he eats grass like an ox; behold, his strength is in his loins, and his strength is in the muscles of his belly; turns his tail like a cedar; the veins on his thighs are intertwined; his legs are like copper pipes; his bones are like iron bars; this is the height of the ways of God; only He who created it can draw His sword closer to it; the mountains bring him food, and there all the beasts of the field play ... behold, he drinks from the river and is in no hurry; remains calm, even if Jordan rushes to his mouth ... ”(Job., ch. 40).
The huge beast described here is called HEGEMOT in Hebrew. Experts are inclined to believe that in this passage of Holy Scripture we are talking about a giant reptile such as diplodocus. (According to scientists, diplodocus are the largest dinosaurs and, in general, the largest of all animals that have ever lived on earth; in length, these giant herbivorous dinosaurs reached 30-40 meters, and their weight was up to 70 tons [weight of about twenty elephants] and more.) In 1993, the staff of the British Museum even made some corrections to the model of the diplodocus skeleton. In particular, the monster's tail, previously dragging along the ground, is now depicted swinging in the air.
Further in the Book of Job (chap. 40-41), a description is given of the largest of the sea creatures - the sea monster LEVIATHAN, the identification of which with a crocodile or with the largest known modern marine animal - a whale - would, of course, be naive.
“Can you,” the Lord God asks Job, “can you pull the Leviathan out with a fishing rod and grab his tongue with a rope? will you put the ring in his nostrils? will you pierce his jaw with a needle? Will he beg you much, and will he speak to you meekly? will he make a covenant with you, and will you take him forever as a slave? will you play with him like a bird ... can you pierce his skin with a spear and his head with a sharp fisherman? ... will you not fall at his glance? There is no one so brave who would dare to disturb him ... I will not keep silent about his members, about their strength and beautiful proportions. Who can open the top of his garment, who can fit his double jaws? Who can open the doors of his face? the circle of his teeth is terror; his strong shields are splendor; they are sealed, as it were, with a firm seal; one touches the other close, so that the air does not pass between them; one with the other lie tightly, adhered and do not move apart. A light appears from his sneeze; his eyes are like the eyelashes of the dawn; flames come out of his mouth, fiery sparks jump out; smoke comes out of his nostrils as from a boiling pot or cauldron. His breath ignites the coals, and a flame comes out of his mouth. Power dwells on his neck, and terror runs before him. The fleshy parts of his body are firmly united with each other, do not tremble. His heart is as hard as a stone, and as hard as a lower millstone. When he rises, the strong men are in fear, completely lost in horror. The sword that touches him will not stand, not a spear, not a dart, not a plate. He considers iron as straw, copper as rotten wood. The daughter of the bow [arrow] will not put him to flight; sling stones become hymen for him. The mace is considered a straw for him; he laughs at the whistle of a dart. There are sharp stones under him, and he lies on sharp stones in the mud. He boils the abyss like a cauldron, and transforms the sea into a boiling ointment; leaves behind a luminous path; the abyss looks gray. There is no one like him on earth; he is made fearless; he looks boldly at everything lofty; he is the king over all the sons of pride (according to another translation - "the king of all wild animals" [Compare the saying from ancient Chinese books: "The king of forest animals is a tiger, the king of sea animals is a dragon, and forest plants- ginseng "(V. S. Likharev," Medicines from the garden ", Saratov, 1993, p. 7)])".
According to these signs, experts believe, one can recognize the largest of the fossil marine reptiles - the Kronosaurus. But is it possible to breathe flame? Let's remember how many legends there are about fire-breathing dragons. The brachinus beetle, a bombardier beetle inhabiting Wales, can stand up for itself by firing a jet of hot gas at the offender. Living things (fish, insects) are known that are capable of emitting light and electrical discharges. And in the bony cranial crests of some hadrosaurs (in particular, parasaurolopus), systems of hollow passages are found that connect in the nasopharynx, which could well perform the same function as in a small beetle.
Another large reptile, RAAB, is not inferior to Leviathan in the number of references in the Hebrew text of the Bible (five times in three books). Moreover, the Scripture makes it clear that, despite the frightening appearance and size, this animal is very lazy and easily vulnerable. This gives biblical writers a reason to use his name figuratively, in particular when referring to Egypt (as, for example, in Psalm 86: 4). Even now we often allegorically use the names of some animals (fox, snake, bear, donkey, lamb ...). However, we can do this only because our interlocutors are well aware of these animals themselves and their habits. Otherwise, we simply would not be understood. Therefore, Rahab in those days did not yet need the Red Book. To our contemporaries, this word does not say anything, and in the Synodal Russian text of the Bible it is translated once as insolence (Job 26, 12 [In one of the modern translations of the Bible into English (“The Bible in Today's English”, 1976) in this place is: "monster Rahab"]), once - as power (Isa. 30, 7 [Here is a typical example. In the synodal text of the Book of Isaiah, verse 7 of chapter 30 looks like this: "For the help of Egypt will be in vain and in vain; therefore I said to them [says the Lord]: their strength is to sit still. ”(The meaning of the last expression is not entirely clear.) However, in the translation of the Old Testament (from Hebrew into Russian), carried out by Archimandrite Macarius (Glukharev, † 1847; his works published in the journal Pravoslavnoye Obozreniye for 1860-1867 and were of considerable help for the subsequent synodal edition of the Bible in Russian), this passage from the prophet Isaiah reads as follows: “And Egypt will help in vain and in vain; therefore I call it: Ragab -gem-shavet (i.e. they are brave when they sit at home. - Approx. archim. Macarius) ". Thus, the expression "ragav-gem-shavet" used by the Lord, which the translator reproduced in its original sound, was apparently a saying among the Jews - about ostentatious strength and imaginary courage when someone is like the monster Rahab, but only sitting in your home. And in the modern translation of the Bible into English (“The Bible in Today’s English”, 1976), it is even simpler: “The help that Egypt gives is useless. So I have nicknamed Egypt, "The Harmless Dragon" "- that is, a harmless, harmless dragon]), and in the other three cases it was left without translation.
The record holder for the number of mentions in the Bible among the names of ancient reptiles (twenty-nine times in twelve books) - and also, perhaps, the main contender for the right to be called the Hebrew equivalent of the modern word "dinosaur" - is FANNIN. Fannin has the same root as LeviFAN; leviathan is a kind of fannin (this word, apparently, is also etymologically related to FA-f-Nir from the Scandinavian epic and AFAN from the British chronicles).
In the synodal Russian translation of the Holy Scriptures, fannin is called differently: dragon, serpent, sea monster, crocodile, great (big) fish, hyena, jackal. There are fanninas curving, there are straight running ones. Some of them live in the water, some in the desert, some like to inhabit abandoned cities. Many of them can make loud sounds - wheezing, howling, roaring; some have a good sense of smell. There are poisonous varieties of fannins, and their poison is comparable in strength to that of asps. Fannins are powerful and terrifying, and some of them are even capable of swallowing and then vomiting a person. Apparently, the word "fannin", like the word "dinosaur" (which is translated from Greek as "terrible lizard"), denotes a very diverse group of species of reptiles, which are not ordinary snakes.
And "ordinary" snakes in the Bible (nakhash and saraf) are not always ordinary. For example, what kind of creature can a flying snake represent, capable of nesting, laying eggs, breeding and caring for offspring? Some researchers tend to see them as a designation of flying reptiles.
In the 14th chapter of the Book of Daniel we read: “There was a great dragon in that place, and the Babylonians honored him. And the king said [Cyrus (Persian king Cyrus II the Great in 539 BC conquered Babylon and Mesopotamia)] Daniel: won't you say about this that he is copper? behold, he is alive, and eats and drinks; you cannot say that this god is not alive; so bow down to him. Daniel said: I worship the Lord my God, because He is a living God. But you, king, give me permission, and I will kill the dragon without sword and rod. The king said: I give it to you. Then Daniel took resin, fat and hair, boiled it together and, making a lump out of it, threw it into the dragon's mouth, and the dragon sat down. And Daniel said: These are your holy things! "
The above description is striking in its simplicity and everyday reliability of the details. A technique similar to the one used by the prophet Daniel was used not so long ago by the Eskimos when hunting the polar giant - polar bear... The whale's whisker rolled down together with the fat into a lump and was thrown to the beast, which immediately swallowed it. The fat melted in the animal's stomach, and the mustache, straightening, pierced it. Daniel could also have used for the same purpose horsehair or something similar. At the same time, it is clear from the text that Daniel was perfectly familiar with this method of fighting dragons.
Archaeological evidence also casts doubt on the possible assertion of the mythical nature of this plot. Indeed, the cult of dragons was widespread in ancient Babylon. Their images, found on various objects and structures, can be easily identified with certain varieties of now extinct reptiles. For example, the dragon's feet adorning the famous Ishtar Gate are very reminiscent of the bird-toed feet of an iguanodon.
Dinosaur encounters?
Dozens of dinosaur species have recently inhabited the Earth. Why aren't they meeting people now? Christian scholars cite a variety of reasons. Here are some of them.
First, there weren't that many dinosaurs. Secondly, not all of the species modeled by scientists actually existed. Brontosaurus, for example, has been removed from the Carnegie Institution and is no longer mentioned in Donald Gluth's New Dictionary of Dinosaurs (1982). There are only a few types of giant lizards that actually lived on earth. First of all, these are brachiosaurs, tyrannosaurs, diplodocus and allosaurus.
At first, the giant lizards began to simply decrease in size. This is explained, in particular, by the fact that their degradation took place under the influence of cosmic radiation, which was no longer delayed by the water-vapor screen destroyed during the flood.
Before the Flood, as we know from the Holy Scriptures, people lived for a very long time, and after the Flood, life expectancy began to rapidly decrease. Noah still lived 950 years, and the forefather Abraham died when he was 175 years old. Joseph the beautiful, the great-grandson of Abraham, lived only 110 years. Life in animals also became shorter. Now let's remember the amazing ability of reptiles - they continue to grow throughout their life. So it turns out that the earlier the animal died, the smaller it managed to grow.
Large lizards became less and less also because herbivores were the most unprotected in the new world. The organisms of giant individuals did not cope well with the problem of thermoregulation due to the daily and seasonal variability of the ambient temperature (there was no more greenhouse effect after the flood). Plants have become scarce compared to the antediluvian tropics. Large animals had to expend significantly more effort to feed themselves.
And the last thing. In the fight with dinosaurs, in most cases, humans began to win.
And yet, not all dinosaurs have disappeared. "Now living" crocodiles (reaching seven meters in length) and dragons of Komodo Island (about them will be discussed below) can rightly be called dinosaurs ("terrible lizards") that have survived to our time. And, presumably, a considerable number of exotic reptiles are hiding in the depths of the seas and oceans, as well as in other bodies of water (and maybe in underground void spaces).
There are many good reasons for the "legend of Loch Ness monster"(Plesiosaur) [Here is one recent piece of evidence:" In May 2007, amateur explorer Gordon Holmes decided to place microphones in [Loch Ness] and examine sound signals emanating from the depths. At the western shore, he noticed movement in the water and immediately turned on the video camera, which recorded the movement of a long dark object under the water, heading towards the northern part of the lake. The body of the creature remained mostly underwater, but the head popped up from time to time, leaving behind a foamy tail. A few days later, fragments of the footage appeared in the news bulletins of television programs in many countries of the world. Experts who examined the film confirmed its authenticity and came to the conclusion: a creature about 15 meters long was moving at a speed of 10 kilometers per hour "(http://ru.wikipedia.org/.../Lokh-Nesskoe_monster)]. There are many other evidences of encounters with sea "prehistoric" monsters, and this evidence does not stop; and since the First World War, many of them have been documented [see, for example: B. Eyvelmans. Monsters of the Deep Sea // http: // smoliy.ru/lib/000/001/00000100/heyvelmans_chudovisha_morskih_glubin5.htm.]. Perhaps the most significant event of recent years was the catch of the Japanese fishing vessel Zuro Maru in the waters of New Zealand: on April 10, 1977, nets brought a recently deceased (the corpse barely began to decompose) plesiosaur from a depth of 300 meters. The find was declared the main scientific discovery of the year, and a special postage stamp was even issued in honor of this event. The animal's body length was about ten meters, and its weight was about two tons. Four meter long fins are perfectly preserved. Naturally, the plesiosaur could not live in the depths of the sea in a single copy. Surely there is a whole population of these creatures, avoiding meeting with modern rumbling and stinking ships. And only a dead body, accidentally caught in a net, slightly revealed one of the secrets of the depths of the sea.
And here is the testimony of three Orthodox specialists in oriental studies - priest Dionisy Pozdnyaev, priest Vitaly Zubkov and N. Lipova: “On February 28, 1998, at 8.30 we went to the most revered by Hindus holy city of Varanasi [India], where on the banks of the Ganges the Hindus burn their dead.<…>We approached the place of the burnt offering. Our boatman got nervous. The atmosphere around him was painful and unsettling. Here we saw in the water the back of a huge animal or fish the size of a large buffalo with a bony fin. Then a head appeared, resembling a gavial crocodile with a high forehead, a long elongated mouth and a thickening at the tip of the nose, similar to an elephant's trunk. A minute later we saw a serpentine tail, similar to a very large boa constrictor with a fin on its tail. The creature was steel gray. The boatman was very frightened and answered our question with chattering teeth that it was a dolphin that eats unburned and half-burnt corpses, and also sometimes grabs and carries away living people who are bathing in the Ganges. He also told us that these "dolphins" have lived here for centuries. When we asked him if these creatures were associated with the burnt offerings made on the shore, he spoke like a man in a somnambulistic trance ... At the hotel we asked about the "dolphins". The young man answered us that these are not dolphins, but "suis" ... - "the one to whom they bring death as a gift," or "an evil demon, to whom they bring gifts" ["Missionary Review." 1998, No. 2. S. 16-18. On the Internet: http://pravaya.ru/faith/13; see also: http://dl.biblion.realin.ru/].
About the lizards of Komodo Island (see photo) in the "Soviet Encyclopedia" [Ed. 4th, 1987], for example, the following information is given: “KOMODSKY VARAN, reptile sem. monitor lizards; the largest sovr. lizard: dl. St. 3 m, weighs approx. 150 kg. Inhabits several islands of the Malay arch. (Komodo, Rinja, Padar and Flores). Digs holes (up to 5 m). It feeds on ungulates, monkeys, carrion. Sometimes attacks people. In the IUCN Red List ".
In the material "Dragons of Komodo Island", published on the website of the publishing house "Vokrug Sveta", we read: The crashed Dutch pilot then made an emergency landing at these locations. It was he who got out of the island lost in the Indonesian vastness, and brought the news of the amazing fossil lizards to Europe. However, they did not immediately believe him. This story looked too implausible: so that in the 20th century - but a beast not known to science? It took some more time for the scientists to understand that the Dutchman's story was not the delirium of a madman, but the real truth.
... small water obstacles are not a hindrance for dragons. They easily swim across narrow straits and rivers ... They run ... 30 kilometers per hour<…>small dragons easily climb trees ... But over time, having become heavy, the lizards lose the ability to climb<…>The Indonesian government has declared the island of Komodo a national park ...
In principle, a large dragon can handle a human, but there have been no deaths lately. Everything was limited to abrasions, scratches or bites ... The last person to die from the teeth of Komodo dragons was the Swiss naturalist Monsieur Baron. In 1978 he traveled to Indonesia to get to know more about the life of mysterious prehistoric creatures. This acquaintance became fatal for him. The wildlife lover fell behind the group and began observing on his own. Nobody has ever seen a naturalist again. Rescuers who went in search found only his glasses and a camera. Since then, the huntsmen have never left tourists arriving on the island for a minute and accompany them everywhere. Dragons feel great in this park and are not going to die out at all. Recently, their population has even increased and now numbers about three thousand units ...
By all laws of logic, the dragons of Komodo Island should have disappeared from the face of the earth millions of years ago. For some unknown reason, this did not happen ... "(TV program" Around the World ", June 8, 2003).
“The dragons from Komodo Island inject poison into their prey like snakes. Komodo dragons (monitor lizards) ... can overwhelm even a deer. The monitor lizard recognizes only one thing in food: meat. But anyone - from wild boars and deer to insects and crabs, making no exceptions even for their own offspring. If the size of the prey allows, the monitor lizard swallows it whole, although its sharp teeth and powerful jaws perfectly cope with cutting any carcass, which is not an easy task even for such effective predators as crocodiles "(" Dragons have more than fire "//" Around light ", 05/19/2009).
Archpriest Gleb Kaleda:
Let us consider the reliability and validity of the radiocarbon chronology method ...
The radiocarbon method was developed in the mid-1950s. V. Libby and is based on measuring the activity of carbon C14. The latter, according to modern concepts, is formed in high layers atmosphere as a result of the action of cosmic rays on nitrogen atoms N14. Oxidized to С14О2, it enters the general carbon cycle. Due to the good mixing of the atmosphere, the content of the C14 isotope in different geographical latitudes and at different absolute elevations is practically the same.
During photosynthesis, C14, along with other carbon isotopes, enters plants. When the body dies, it stops extracting new portions of carbon from the air. As a result, due to radioactive decay, the ratio of C14 to stable carbon isotopes in its tissues changes. Since the decay rate is a constant quantity, then, by measuring the content of this isotope in the total carbon can be calculated using the appropriate formulas for the age of the sample.
The results of such a calculation will be plausible under the following conditions-assumptions:
1. the isotopic composition of the atmosphere during the lifetime of the sample was close to that of the present;
2. the isotopic system of the sample was at that time in equilibrium with the atmospheric one;
3.The isotope system of the sample after the death of the organism was closed and did not undergo any changes under the influence external factors local or temporary significance. These three assumptions are the boundary conditions for the applicability of the radiocarbon chronology methodology.
However, there are a number of factors that planetary or locally affect the concentration of C14 in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and in plant and other tissues, and therefore complicate and limit the use of the radiocarbon method in chronology.
1. Artificial or natural radio emission. Neutrons released in nuclear and thermonuclear reactions, like cosmic rays, acting on N14, convert it into radiocarbon From 1956 to August 1963, the content of C14 in the atmosphere doubled. A sharp increase in C14 began after thermonuclear explosions in 1962.
2. A change in the strength of the Earth's magnetic field affects the intensity of the bombardment of its atmosphere by cosmic rays, which is reflected in the concentration of C14 in the atmosphere and vegetation.
3. Change solar activity also influences the C14 content according to an inverse relationship.
A connection between the concentration of C14 and supernova explosions is noted, and the study of historical documents and tree rings has shown significant changes in its content over time. Even meetings were convened on the problem of "Astrophysical phenomena and radiocarbon".
4. The influence of volcanic gases near the places of their outcrops on the specific content of C14 was noted by L.D. Sulerzhitsky and V.V. Cherdantsev.
5. Fuel combustion has a significant effect on the C14 content in the atmosphere. Thus, the combustion of fossil, that is, a very ancient fuel formed many millions of years ago, during which almost all radioactive carbon C14 decayed, leads to a decrease in its specific concentration in the atmosphere (the so-called Suess effect). As a result, due to the combustion of fossil fuels, the concentration of C14 in the atmosphere by 2010 will decrease by 20%. And when soot penetrates into ancient objects from the combustion of newer products, the age of the first, determined by the radiocarbon method, turns out to be less than the actual one.
Since it is often very difficult to take into account all the factors that can disrupt the state of isotope systems (not only carbon ones), in geology, for example, where isotope chronology methods are used very widely, a whole control system has been developed to obtain reliable methods for determining the age. In a number of cases, age calculations using radiochronological methods give clearly absurd values that contradict the entire available set of geological and paleontological data. In such cases, the obtained figures of "absolute chronology" have to be disregarded as clearly unreliable. Sometimes the discrepancies in geochronological determinations by different radioisotope methods reach tenfold values.
In 1989, the accuracy of the radiocarbon method was tested by the British Council for Science and Technology (see New Scientist, 1989, 8). To assess the accuracy of this method, 38 laboratories from around the world were involved. They were given samples of wood, peat, carbonate salts, the age of which only the organizers of the experiment knew, but not the analysts. Satisfactory results were obtained only in 7 laboratories - in the rest, the errors reached two, three, or more fold values. When comparing the data obtained by different researchers and using various variations in the technology of identification work, it became clear that errors in determining the age are associated not only with inaccuracies in determining the radioactivity of the sample, as was previously thought, but also with the technology of preparing the sample for analysis. Distortions in diagnostics occur when the sample is heated, as well as in some methods of its preliminary chemical treatment.
Everything suggests that the calculations of age using the radiocarbon method must be treated very carefully, be sure to compare the results obtained with other data.
Dragons are mentioned twenty-one times in the Old Testament. Some of these mentions:
Daniel Chapter 14:
23 There was a great dragon in that place, and the Babylonians honored him.
24 And the king said to Daniel, Would you say about this also that he is brass? behold, he is alive, and eats and drinks; you cannot say that this god is not alive; so bow down to him.
25 Daniel said: I worship the Lord my God, for He is a living God.
26 But you, king, give me permission, and I will kill the dragon without sword and rod. The king said: I give it to you.
27 Then Daniel took resin, fat and hair, boiled it together and, making a lump out of it, threw it into the dragon's mouth, and the dragon sat down. And he said [Daniel:] these are your holy things!
28 When the Babylonians heard of this, they were greatly indignant and rebelled against the king, and said: The king became a Jew, Vila destroyed and killed the dragon, and put the priests to death.
29 And coming to the king, they said, Give us Daniel, or we will put you and your house to death.
Job Chapter 40:
10 Here is the hippopotamus, whom I created, just like you; he eats grass like an ox;
11 behold, his strength is in his loins, and his strength is in the muscles of his belly;
12 turns his tail like a cedar; the veins on his thighs are intertwined;
13 his feet are like pipes of brass; his bones are like iron bars;
14 this is the height of the ways of God; only He who created it can draw His sword closer to it;
15 the mountains bring him food, and there all the beasts of the field play;
16 he lies down under shady trees, under the roof of reeds, and in the marshes;
17 shady trees cover it with their shade; willows by the streams surround him;
18 behold, he drinks from the river and is in no hurry; remains calm, even if Jordan rushed to his mouth.
19 Will anyone take him in his eyes and pierce his nose with a hook?
20 Can you pull the Leviathan out with a fishing rod and seize his tongue with a rope?
21 will you put the ring in his nostrils? will you pierce his jaw with a needle?
22 Will he beg you much, and will he speak to you meekly?
23 Will he make a covenant with you, and will you take him forever as a slave?
24 Shall you play with him like a bird, and bind him for your girls?
25 Will the fishing comrades sell it, will it be divided among the Canaanite merchants?
26 Can you pierce his skin with a spear and his head with a sharp fisherman?
27 Put your hand on him, and remember the struggle: you will not go ahead.
“For their grapes are from the vine of Sodom and from the fields of Gomorrah; their berries are poisonous, their clusters are bitter; their wine is the poison of dragons and the deadly poison of asps. "
Deut. 32, 32-33
And at night I rode through the gates of the Valley in front of the Draconian Spring to the Dung Gate, and I examined the destroyed walls of Jerusalem and its gates burned with fire.
Nem. 2, 13
Our heart has not turned back, and our feet have not deviated from Your way,
when You crushed us in the land of dragons and covered us with the shadow of death.
... you will step on the asp and the basilisk; you will trample the lion and the dragon.
Ps. 90, 13
... do not rejoice, land of the Philistines, that the rod that struck you is broken, for from the root of the serpent an asp will come forth, and the flying dragon will be its fruit.
Is. 14, 29
“This is a great and spacious sea: there are reptiles, which are innumerable, small animals with large ones;
there are ships sailing, there is this leviathan, whom you created to play in it.
They all expect from You that You give them their food in due time. "
Ps. 103, 25-27
On that day, the Lord will smite with His sword, heavy, and large and strong, Leviathan, a snake that runs straight, and Leviathan, a snake that bends, and will kill the sea monster.
Is. 27, 1
Some examples of battles with dragons described in the lives of the saints
Holy Great Martyr Theodore Stratilat:
Not far from the city of Evchait, to the north of it, there was a deserted field, and in it there was a large abyss, inside which a huge serpent lived. When he came out of this abyss, the earth in that place shook; when he came out, he devoured everything that only he came across, both man and beast.
Hearing about this, the brave warrior of Christ, Saint Theodore, who was then still among the army, without telling anyone about his intention, went out alone to that fierce serpent.
He took with him only his usual weapon, and on his chest he had a valuable cross. He said to himself:
I will go and deliver my fatherland by the power of Christ from this fierce serpent.
When he came to that field, he saw tall grass, got off his horse and lay down to rest. In this country there lived a certain pious wife named Eusebius. This was an elderly woman for years; a few years before that, she, having asked for the honest body of Saint Theodore Tiron, 6 who suffered during the reign of Maximian and Maximinus, buried him with perfumes in her house in the Euchaites, and every year she celebrated his memory. This woman, seeing this second Theodore, the warrior of Christ, called a stratilate, sleeping in this field, with great fear approached him, and, taking his hand, woke him up, saying:
Get up, brother, and get away from this place as soon as possible: you do not know that in this place many suffered a cruel death; So, getting up quickly, go on your way.
The honest martyr of Christ Theodore, getting up, said to her:
What kind of fear and horror are you talking about, mother?
The servant of God Eusebius answered him:
Child, a huge serpent has wound up in this place, and therefore no one can come here: every day this serpent, leaving its lair, finds someone, a man or a beast, and immediately kills him and devours him.
The courageous warrior of Christ Theodore said to this:
The woman, moving away from this place, threw herself on the ground, crying and saying:
God of Christians, help him in this hour!
Then the holy Martyr Theodore, having made the sign of the cross, struck himself in the Persian and, looking up to heaven, began to pray thus:
Lord Jesus Christ, who shone from the Father of the Being, helped me in battles and gave victory to those who opposed, - You are the same now, Lord Christ God: so send me a victory from Your holy heights, so that I will overcome this enemy - the serpent.
Then, talking with his horse as if with a man, he said:
We know that God's authority and power exist in everyone, both in people and in livestock, so help me, with the help of Christ, so that I may overcome the enemy.
The horse, having heard the words of its master, stopped, waiting for the appearance of the serpent. Then the martyr of Christ, approaching the abyss, cried out loudly to the serpent:
I say to you and command in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, who was crucified voluntarily for the human race, get out of your lair and crawl to me.
The serpent, hearing the voice of the saint, stirred, and immediately the earth in that place shook. Saint Theodore, having designated himself with the sign of the cross, mounted a horse, with which, tormenting and trampling the emerged serpent, he stood on him with all four hooves.
Then the soldier of Christ Theodore struck the serpent with the sword and, killing him, said:
Thank you, Lord Jesus Christ, that you heard me in this hour and gave me victory over the serpent!
After that, he safely returned to his regiment, rejoicing and glorifying God. The citizens of Euchait and the surrounding inhabitants, hearing about this, went out to that field and, seeing the serpent killed by Saint Theodore, were amazed and called out:
Great is God Theodorov!
Then a multitude of the people believed in Christ, and especially the soldiers, and all of them, being baptized, became one flock of Christ, glorifying the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit.
Holy Great Martyr George the Victorious:
It is impossible not to mention the glorious miracle of killing the serpent, performed by the holy Great Martyr George near his Palestinian homeland, in the Syrophenician country, in the city of Beirut, standing on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, not far from the city of Lydda, where the body of the holy great martyr was buried. The place where this miracle was performed is shown to travelers in Palestine. According to the description of the narrators of this miracle, it happened under the following circumstances.
Near the aforementioned city of Beirut, near the Lebanese mountains, there was a large lake in which a serpent lived - a destroyer, great and terrible. Coming out of this lake, the serpent abducted many people, carried them into the lake and devoured them there. Many times the people, armed, opposed him, but each time the serpent drove the people away, because, approaching the walls of the city, it filled the air with its destructive breath, so that from this alone many fell ill and died. For this reason, there was always grief, sorrow, crying and great weeping in that city. In this city there lived unfaithful people - idolaters, and their king himself lived here.
One day the inhabitants of that city, having gathered together, went to their king and said to him:
What should we do, for here we are perishing from that serpent?
He answered them:
I will tell you what the gods will reveal to me.
Then the king, according to the teachings of demons living in idols, destroyers of human souls, announced to them the following decision: if they do not want to perish everything, then let them give that snake for food every day according to the lot of their children, sons or daughters. At the same time, the king added:
When my turn comes, then I, although I have only one daughter, will give her up too.
The inhabitants of that city accepted this royal or, better to say, demonic advice and gave every day, both important and unimportant citizens, to one of their sons and daughters to be devoured by the serpent, although they greatly regretted and wept for them. Those given to be eaten were placed on the shore of the lake, dressed in their best clothes; the serpent, coming out of the lake, abducted them and ate them.
When the line had passed all the people of that city, they came to the king himself and said to him:
Here is the king, according to your advice and decree, we gave our children to the serpent. The queue has already bypassed everyone. What are you going to tell us to do now?
The king answered them:
I will also give my daughter, although she is my only one. Then I will tell you what the gods will reveal to us.
Calling his daughter to him, the king ordered her to adorn herself as best as possible; he was very sorry for her and wept for her with his whole house, but he could in no way violate that ordinance, as it were, divine, communicated by demons. Preparing to send his daughter to be devoured by a snake, the king looked at her from the height of his palace and, with tears in his eyes, followed her with his gaze.
The girl, meanwhile, was put in her usual place, on the shore of the lake. Waiting for the hour of death, when the serpent emerged from the lake and devoured her, she sobbed bitterly.
By the providence of God, who wants the salvation of everyone, who has deigned to save that city from mental and physical destruction, at that time the holy Great Martyr George, the warrior of the King of Heaven, who had a spear in his hand, rode up to that place on horseback.
Seeing the girl standing by the lake and crying bitterly, he asked her:
Why are you standing here and what are you crying about?
She answered him:
Good youth! Run away from here on your own horse, so as not to perish with me.
The saint said to her:
Do not be afraid, girl, but tell me, what are you waiting for in the presence of all the people looking at you?
The girl answered him:
Glorious youth! I see that you are courageous and brave. But why do you want to die with me? Run away from this place soon!
The saint said to her:
No, I will not leave this place until you tell me why you are standing here, what you are crying about, and who are you waiting for here.
After that, the girl told him everything in order, both about the snake and about herself.
Saint George said to her:
Do not be afraid, girl, for in the name of my Lord, the true God, I will save you from the serpent.
She answered him:
Valiant warrior, why do you wish to die with me? Run and save yourself from a bitter death. It is enough if I die here alone, especially since you will not save me from the serpent, and you yourself will perish.
While the girl was saying these words to the saint, suddenly from the lake appeared scary snake and went to his usual food.
Run, man, the snake is already coming!
Saint George, overshadowing himself with the sign of the cross and calling on the Lord, with the words: “in the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit,” rushed on his horse to the serpent, shaking with a spear and, striking the serpent with force in the larynx, struck him and pressed him to the ground; the saint's horse trampled on the serpent with its feet. Then Saint George ordered the girl to tie the snake with her belt and lead him to the city, humble as a dog; and the people, looking in wonder at the serpent drawn by the girl, turned to flight out of fear. Saint George said to the people:
Do not be afraid, just trust in the Lord Jesus Christ and believe in Him, for it was He who sent me to you in order to save you from the serpent.
Then Saint George killed that serpent with a sword in the middle of the city. The inhabitants of the city of that, having removed the corpse of the serpent outside the city, burned it.
After that, the king and the people who lived in that city believed in the Lord Jesus Christ and received holy baptism: there were 25,000 baptized people, not counting women and children. On that place, a church was subsequently built, very vast and beautiful, in the name of the Most Pure Virgin Mary, the Daughter of the Heavenly King, God the Father, the Mother of His Son and the Bride of the Holy Spirit, as well as in honor of the holy victorious George, who preserves the Church of Christ and every orthodox soul with his help from the invisible devourer in the abyss of hell, as well as from sin - as from a deadly serpent - just as he delivered the mentioned maiden from the visible serpent.
Venerable Eugene and Macarius Confessors:
With a joyful spirit, they arrived in Oasim, climbed one mountain and began to live on it alone. The rulers of the country told them:
Brethren, leave this place, for not far from here is a fierce serpent that devours all who come close to it.
To this the saints replied:
Show us the cave where this snake lives.
They were led to the place where the serpent lived and from a distance they were shown the cave where he was. Then the saints, kneeling down, prayed to God, and suddenly a thunderclap came from heaven and struck the serpent. The slain snake was engulfed in flames and immediately burned up, and the sand that was in the cave burned with it, and dust rose up over the cave in a violent fetid whirlwind. Seeing such a miracle, the leaders of the country, who were pagans, believed in Christ.
Saint Michael the warrior:
Thanking God for the granted victory over the Turkish troops, Michael dismissed his detachment and with a few servants set off on the way back to his homeland, to Bulgaria. During this journey, the following miracle happened.
Michael stopped in the Raifa desert, two days' journey from Sinai, to rest. There was a large lake, from which a monstrous serpent emerged and devoured people and livestock.
One of Michael's servants saw smoke from the place of stopping near the lake and, hastily taking supplies for food, went to the place where there was smoke. There he saw a girl who was sitting in tears and was expecting something. The servant began to question her and so listened to her story about the terrible serpent that the food he had come to cook burned on the fire. When the servant returned to his master, Mikhail Voin asked him why he slowed down and why the food was burnt. Then the servant told in detail everything that he had seen and what he had heard from the girl about the serpent.
Saint Michael, having listened to the story, prayed to the Lord God, mounted a horse and rode to the lake, taking only one of the oldest servant.
Arriving at the place, he began to ask the girl why she had come to this place.
The girl first persuaded Mikhail the Warrior to leave so as not to be eaten by a monstrous snake, but, at the insistence of the saint, she told about the custom that had been established in the city to take turns giving children to be eaten by the serpent.
Amazed by the story of the girl, Michael ordered his servant to leave with his horse and wait in the distance, and he himself fell to the ground and began to pray to the Lord God. When the saint finished his prayer and stood up, a serpent appeared in the middle of the lake and, raising its head high and striking the water with its tail, began to approach the shore. The saint killed the snake, but he managed to wound him with a blow of his tail.
However, Mikhail Voin continued on his way and returned to his home. A few days later, he peacefully surrendered his blessed soul to the Lord.
After the death of Saint Michael, many signs, and miracles, and healings from diseases of those who turned to him for help with faith began to take place.
Today we will talk about one of the most mysterious phenomena on the planet - about the life and death of dinosaurs, about the period when they lived.
It is difficult to imagine that on the land on which we walk now, where grass grows, trees, where everything is flooded with high-rise buildings, cars, construction sites, dirt ... (a person does not even dispute his power over the earth) dinosaurs once walked and in exactly the same way, like man today, many millions of years ago they considered the earth only their own. Once upon a time dinosaurs were the owners here ... and on the streets where today cars, buses, people walk - ancient lizards proudly walked: T-Rex, Archeopteryx, Titanosaurs, Compsognaths, Spinosaurs, Corytosaurs, Dromiosaurids, Theropods, and Archeloceratids .d.
There are even versions that there were no dinosaurs ... And quite proven versions. Scientists studying antiquity hold both the opinion that dinosaurs are a fact of the past and the opinion that they never existed. However, in this article we will consider the version of the death of dinosaurs, based on the fact that they existed.
Today we can observe dinosaurs in sets of children's toys, models reproduced by designers, scientists, archaeologists, paleontologists in museums such as the Jurassic Park, the city of ancient dinosaurs, etc.
Dinosaurs became heroes of science fiction films, literary works, their image, which exists only in consciousness, disappeared from the face of the earth many millions of years ago, excites the minds of mankind to this day. What is the secret of such an attractiveness - it is unclear, perhaps, as usual - a long forgotten past with cruel heroes makes the blood run cold much stronger than fictional ghosts with wings.
Dinosaurs lived on Earth more than 100 million years ago, according to other versions, they became extinct about 60 million years ago. Dinosaurs began to be called dinosaurs in 1842 after the designation of the so-found remains of ancient lizards by an English biologist. Dinosaurs disappeared from the face of the Earth more than 60 million years before the appearance of man. The first skeletons and bones of dinosaurs were discovered in 1822, after a couple of decades they were given the appropriate name and began to more actively deal with the mystery of their life and death.
One could doubt their existence, but the remains of these mysterious animals are regularly found at archaeological excavations, the length of the skeletons found reaches several tens of meters. These are reborn lizards, reptiles, today the semblance of dinosaurs - these are representatives of lizard-like, crocodiles, sea creatures.
Most dinosaurs lived in parts of the planet with a hot climate, in Australia, USA, Africa, China, especially many skeletons were found in Nevada, Australia, America. The remains of many dinosaurs were collected and recreated in reconstructions into the project of a whole dinosaur (in skeletonized form) and exhibited as exhibits in museums and parks. There are exhibition complexes with copied dinosaurs (for example, the Museum "Jurassic Park") with images of dinosaurs recreated using modern technologies (as they looked, they were established from the found remains using special programs).
"Dinosaurs (Latin Dinosauria, from ancient Greek δεινός -" terrible, terrible, dangerous "and σαῦρος -" lizard, lizard ") - a superorder of terrestrial vertebrates that dominated the Earth in the Mesozoic era - for more than 160 million years, from the Upper Triassic period (about 225 million years ago) to the end Cretaceous(66 million years ago), when most of them began to die out during the large-scale extinction of animals and many plant species in a relatively short geological period of history.
Dinosaur fossils have been found on all continents of the planet. Nowadays, paleontologists have described more than 500 different genera and more than 1000 different species, which are clearly divided into two orders: ornithischis and lizards oops ".
Attention: “more than 500 different genera and more than 1000 different species have been described, which are clearly divided into two orders: ornithischids and lizardfishes” (although some scientists make corrections: about half are named incorrectly, and a hundred duplicate others). So many species existed in two orders of dinosaurs, representatives of each species from several tens to several hundred thousand.
The main groups of dinosaurs: Ankylosaurs, Ceratopsians, Dino-birds, Ornithopods, Raptors, Hadrosaurs, Pachycephalosaurs, Theropods, Stegosaurs, Sauropods.
The brightest, notable representatives of dinosaurs:
For example, the largest dinosaurs are:
Sarcohus - a huge reptile of the Cretaceous period, lived in Africa. It looks like a big, big crocodile, more than 15 meters long, weighing 14 tons, today's crocodiles would look like his cubs. He ate other dinosaurs, fish.
In the photo Sarcohoz
Shantungosaurus is a huge ornithischian species, the first remains were found in China. Body length about 15 meters, weight 15 tons.
Liopleurodon is not only one of the largest, but also one of the most terrible dinosaurs, a squad of reptiles. Length from 14 to 29 meters.
Shonizaurus is a fish-lizard, ichthyosaurus, 15 meters long, weighing 30-40 tons.
In the photo Shonizaur
Spinosaurus - height 16-18 meters, weight 7 tons.
Diplodocus is a peace-loving dinosaur, herbivore, a representative of the lizard-like, was 10 meters tall, 28-33 meters long, weighing 20-30 tons, had a very long tail, a small skull.
In the photo Diplodocus
And now about the real giants:
Sauroposeidon - length about 31 meters, weight over 60 tons, height 18 meters, herbivore.
Futalogncosaurus - body length about 32-3 meters, height 15 meters, weight 80 tons.
Amphitselias- body length 40-65 meters, weight about 155 tons (!!!). Herbivorous.
In the photo Amfitselias
Well, one of the most cruel predators - Ti-rex (or tyrannosaurus) - had a body length of 12-13 meters, a weight of 9-10 tons. It ate other dinosaurs.
There were even assumptions by scientists that dinosaurs lived for some time on Earth together with the first people. Such thoughts of scientists were associated with the fact that drawings of dinosaurs made by man were often found on rock inscriptions. How did a person know and draw these animals if he missed them by 60 million years ?? After all, it was difficult to find skeletons then, without equipment and tools for excavation, and it is even more difficult to recreate a full-fledged appearance and image of dinosaurs extinct millions of years ago. However, there were suggestions that the drawings were lizards. Yet scientists who examined them more carefully assure that there are dinosaurs.
And here's another thing - scientists found dinosaur paw prints, somewhere right paths, casts were transferred to museums ... What traces could remain if the Earth was burned by asteroids, then a tsunami passed, and just everything had to burn out the merciless sun and time ??
But they find some paw prints ... Maybe then they come up with bones?
So, let's move on to the main question of the outcome of the life of dinosaurs, to their death. Dinosaurs became extinct 60-80 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous, why this happened - physicists, astronauts, paleontologists, archaeologists give a lot of hypotheses.
The main version of the extinction of dinosaurs, which, according to scientists, lived on the earth for more than a hundred million years and became extinct more than 60 million years ago, is the fall of a series of asteroids to the Earth, a powerful explosion as a result, a fire, then a tsunami. Almost all living things or the bulk of animal species were wiped off the face of the Earth.
An asteroid or comet fell in the area of the Mexican island of Yucatan, as a result of the impact, most of the animals became extinct. The main arguments in favor of this hypothesis are the coincidence of the extinction time of many dinosaur species and the period of crater formation.
Chicxulub - presumably a consequence of the fall of an asteroid about 10 km in size about 65 million years ago.
This hypothesis was put forward by the American physicist Luis Alvarez in 1980. The impact of the asteroid raised a cloud of dust, made an explosion, awakened dormant volcanoes, somewhere it is mentioned about the onset of an asteroid winter, as well as the following after an incinerating fire from an explosion on a large territory of continents with a hot climate and a tsunami wave that captured a significant part of the planet, covering the land by hundreds meters, or even more.
A more plausible version is that such a powerful explosion and fire in seconds destroyed huge territories and the animals located on them and the tsunami, which covered the earth hundreds and thousands of meters after, was caused by the fall of several asteroids, meteorites.
In the films, projecting, imitating the last hours of the life of dinosaurs, the death of animals is shown, their fear and panic are discussed. Of course, this is too much, since we do not even know the exact reasons for the disappearance of dinosaurs, we only know these animals from recreated models, and that is, doubts whether they existed, and we are already fantasizing about what the dinosaurs "thought" before death.
After the double defeat of the earth, animals survived in a small number, and there were no dinosaurs among them. Their skeletons remained forever imprinted in the layers of the planet, the first remains were found in the 20th century, perhaps they were found earlier, but they were not identified as the remains of ancient lizards.
“Among many other versions - increased volcanic activity: a giant outpouring of magma between 68 and 60 million years ago.
A number of scientists believe that the dinosaurs were exterminated first carnivorous mammals by destroying clutches of eggs and cubs; also a sharp drop in sea level, a sharp jump in the Earth's magnetic field and other factors could have had an impact.
Hypotheses of changes in the vegetation of the earth, an increase in flowering plants and the extinction of herbivorous dinosaur species in connection with this, then the extinction of carnivorous species due to the depletion of the "edible" reserves of all, are considered. Changing of the climate(continental drift) - for example, the slightest fluctuations led to problems of hatching of young from eggs - they died, change of atmosphere- damage to the layers of the atmosphere due to volcanic activity or the fall of the same asteroid, a decrease in the amount of air and the extinction of all living things.
« Another hypothesis for the extinction of dinosaurs is a significant increase in the volcanic activity of the Earth. Most often, scientists refer to the Deccan Traps Plateau, which is located in India and is covered with igneous basalt two kilometers thick. Its age is determined at 60 - 68 million years. "
However, as scientists suggest, - with a long process of the onset of "winter" on the planet (due to long volcanic activity), dinosaurs could adapt and survive, as crocodiles did.
According to the new theory (2016), dinosaurs at the time of the fall of the asteroid were already on the path of extinction, that is, the role of the impact of a celestial body on the Earth was a secondary cause of the death of animals. The trend towards extinction of species was outlined 80-75 million years ago. Moreover, scientists cannot establish the exact reasons for this, perhaps a split of supercontinents, a change in climate, an increase in the number of predators, etc.
Dinosaurs (from the Greek dinosauria, deinos - "terrible" and saurus - "lizard") lived in the Mesozoic era, which is divided into three periods: Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous. Throughout the history of studying the remains of ancient lizards, paleontologists have managed to identify and describe over 500 different species of these reptiles.
Where and in what territories the ancient lizards lived, see the infographic AiF.ru.
When did the first dinosaurs appear?
The first dinosaurs - archosaurs - appeared 230 million years ago. Typical representatives In the Triassic period, there were Placerias, Plateosaurus, Celophysis, Cynodont, and Peteinosaurus. What dinosaurs lived on the territory of Russia from the Triassic to the Cretaceous periods,
During the Jurassic period, when the Earth was established temperate climate, there were flying dinosaurs (Archeopteryx, pterodactyl, pterosaur), as well as large carnivorous dinosaurs (Stegosaurus, Diplodocus, Anurognathus, Allosaurus, Ankylosaurus and others). The remains of some of them are paleontologists.
During the last period Mesozoic era giant lizards lived on Earth, many of them reached 5–8 meters in height and 20 meters in length. Typical Cretaceous reptiles: Velociraptor, Seismosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, Iguanodon and Kulazuchus.
What dinosaurs lived on the territory of Russia in the Mesozoic era,
How many years did dinosaurs live?
Paleontologists believe that the lifespan of small species ranged from one to two decades, while large dinosaurs could live from 200 to 300 years.
Who inhabited the Tula region 300 million years ago,
Why are dinosaurs extinct?
The changes that took place on Earth at the end of the Cretaceous period led to the gradual extinction of all types of dinosaurs. Possible reasons for the disappearance may include the following:
- an asteroid that fell to Earth;
- dramatic warming and climate change;
- strong earthquake or volcanic eruption;
- an increase in the number of mammals that ate the food familiar to dinosaurs.
What sea animals lived on the territory of Russia in ancient times,
When was dinosaur bones first discovered?
The first dinosaur skeleton was described in the 1820s by the British paleontologist William Buckland.
When was the last time a dinosaur was discovered in Russia?
The last significant discovery was made in 2014. During the mining of oil shale, an almost intact ichthyosaur skeleton was found.
When dinosaurs come to your mind, do you imagine the big gray monsters that are completely extinct? Well, then you definitely believe in myths related to this topic! Study the information that historians have shared on this subject to dispel any misconceptions once and for all.
Myth: dinosaurs are extinct.
Of course, dinosaurs died out en masse sixty-five million years ago, this was due to the fact that a huge asteroid crashed into the Yucatan Peninsula. However, not all have disappeared. Modern birds are descendants of dinosaurs, paleontologists say. Bats are a good analogy. Bat is an unusual mammal that has acquired wings and the ability to fly. Bird - unusual dinosaur who did the same. There are more bird species than other animals, so dinosaurs are still alive, and there are a lot of them.
Myth: dinosaurs were scaled lizards.
There are thousands of dinosaur fossils covered in feathers. In addition, there were dinosaurs with fluff. Feathers helped dinosaurs regulate body temperature, so it was an important feature for smaller creatures like Velociraptors. Large herbivores also had wool, for example, like mammoths. In a word, it is impossible to say that all dinosaurs were equally covered with scales.
Myth: dinosaurs were cold-blooded.
Scientists can tell from the microscopic structure of dinosaur bones that they grew fast enough. Only animals like birds or mammals with fast metabolism and stable body temperature can grow like this. It also explains why dinosaurs had feathers for thermal insulation, although there are no exact details about their body temperature. It is unlikely that the metabolism of such creatures was identical to that of modern birds or mammals, however, their blood was definitely not cold.
Myth: They were all gray-green.
In fact, the dinosaurs were quite colorful. Paleontologists can tell what color some of them were because well-preserved feathers were found containing certain cells. The pigment was stored in them, and from their structure you can determine the exact color of this pigment. This is an amazing discovery! There were no such technologies before, and one could only make assumptions.
Myth: all dinosaurs were giant.
By far the largest dinosaur skeletons were the first to catch the attention of fossil hunters. Nevertheless, modern paleontologists find dinosaurs of all shapes and sizes. Some of the creatures were as large as a passenger plane, while others were as small as a dove.
Myth: Fossils of most species have been found.
Researchers have identified more than seven hundred species of extinct dinosaurs, but this is only a small part of their actual number. Fossils are found constantly, every week is found the new kind dinosaurs. This is because paleontologists are now working all over the world. Science is advancing rapidly and the amount of information about dinosaurs is constantly growing, much remains to be learned.
Myth: mammals appeared when dinosaurs became extinct.
Mammals evolved from cynodont reptiles, similar to scaled rats. These creatures lived on the planet two hundred million years earlier than the dinosaurs. Mammals were divided into marsupials and placentals during the Jurassic period and dinosaurs flourished. Then the size of mammals was small. After the disappearance of most dinosaurs, the number of mammals began to increase.
Myth: all large reptiles were dinosaurs.
Flying reptiles like pterosaurs or floating reptiles like plesiosaurs were not dinosaurs, although they lived in the same period and also died out en masse. These animals are often confused with dinosaurs, although they belong to different categories. Only birds should be referred to as real dinosaurs.
Myth: dinosaurs moved very fast.
Some dinosaurs were fast, like raptors, while others were slow, like large creatures with long necks. By the way, recent studies have shown that tyrannosaurs moved at about the same speed as humans.
Myth: tyrannosaurs moved vertically.
This is how the skeletons of tyrannosaurs were previously placed in museums, but it was nevertheless established that their bodies were rather horizontal. The wrong image is now prevalent in popular culture.
Not a myth: tyrannosaurs were terrifying predators
In the nineties, a theory emerged that tyrannosaurs weren't that tough and that they just ate carrion. This theory turned out to be wrong - scientists are now sure that tyrannosaurs were great at hunting. Triceratops bones were even found with tyrannosaurus teeth marks that had healed.
Myth: tyrannosaurs hunted stegosaurs.
In fact, these species are separated by a longer period of time than between humans and tyrannosaurs. Stegosaurs lived about one hundred and fifty million years ago, and tyrannosaurs sixty-seven million years ago.
Myth: dinosaurs were a failed evolutionary experiment.
This is a completely unfounded stereotype: dinosaurs were not an evolutionary failure, they had no problems either with intelligence or with movement. They didn't die out because of their flaws, after all, they were the creatures that ruled the world for one hundred and fifty million years. At the same time, man has existed for only about two hundred thousand years, and the first human ancestors appeared only seven million years ago. Dinosaurs, on the other hand, still thrive - just listen to the birds singing outside the window to remember it.
Everyone loved dinosaurs as a kid, and almost everyone loved Jurassic Park. But not many people know that almost everything that tells us about dinosaurs Mass culture- not true. In this collection of the most popular misconceptions about dinosaurs.
Dinosaurs were the most big creatures ever existed on earth
First, not all dinosaurs were big. Of course, some of them reached quite serious proportions. But these were isolated species. In addition to these, there were many less impressive dinosaurs, the size of a sheep, dog or chicken, for example. The smallest of known to science dinosaurs and at all weighed about 200 grams. Secondly: you will be surprised, but the largest animal that ever existed on Earth is our contemporary - this is the blue whale. So if you were upset that you would never be able to see a living megaladon, you have every chance of seeing a much larger giant alive.
All dinosaurs lived in the tropics
This myth stems from the fact that the climate used to be much warmer than it is now. And based on this, some seriously believe that almost the entire land was then covered with thick rainforests... In fact, of course, this is not the case. At the time of the existence of dinosaurs, however, as now, on Earth there were already deserts, and plains, and ordinary forests, and jungles, of course. Moreover, over the millions of years that dinosaurs have walked our planet, the landscape, like the climate, has invariably changed. And dinosaurs have successfully mastered the entire spectrum of ecosystems.
Dinosaurs were dumb creatures with tiny brains.
To judge the intelligence of creatures that lived 100 million years ago, of which only petrified remains have survived, is an extremely thankless task. The only thing we can know more or less precisely is the size of their brains. And, naturally, it was different for all dinosaurs, both in absolute value and in relation to body size. The same stegosaurus, which is often ridiculed for its tiny brain, actually had a brain the size of a walnut and weighing about 70 grams. On the other hand, our beloved four-legged friends - dogs - have brains of about the same size. But dogs weigh a maximum of 100 kilograms, which is 20 times less than a stegosaurus weighed. But the brain of a tyrannosaur, for example, was three times larger than the brain of a dolphin. But in terms of body size, it roughly corresponds to the brain of modern reptiles.
The Jurassic is the "golden age" of the dinosaurs
Well, firstly: the greatest diversification of dinosaur species, according to statistical studies, was not in the Jurassic, but in the Late Cretaceous period. And secondly: even this obvious diversity is nothing more than an illusion, since it is the rocks of the Late Cretaceous period that have been studied to a greater extent than the rocks of the other periods of the Mesozoic era. So while it is impossible to say with complete certainty when there were more dinosaurs.
Tyrannosaurus Rex is the largest predator ever to walk on earth
And again, a myth to which we are completely indebted to popular culture. The tyrannosaurus turned out to be so often mentioned that it practically turned into the personification of the brand of all dinosaurs in general. It's just that when the word "dinosaur" is used, most will imagine in their heads either a tyrannosaur or a triceratops. So it is the tyrannosaurus that is often called the largest and most dangerous of all land predators known to science. We will return to its danger later, but for now let's talk about the size. Today it is already known for certain that the tyrannosaurus was not the largest land predator in history. The largest skeleton found is 12.3 meters long. While Spinosaurus reached 16 meters in length. But these two giants have never met, since the tyrannosaurus is more than 30 million years younger than its competitor. And, of course, all these years evolution has not stood still, therefore, in many respects, Tyrannosaurus looks like a much more perfect "killing machine" than its more ancient cousin.
Dinosaurs were a dead end branch of evolution
The fact that they did not build cities and did not start wars for resources does not mean that they were a dead-end branch of evolution. The dinosaurs were perfectly integrated into the then environment. They were the dominant species on the planet and, in fact, masters not only of the earth, but also of the air and the sea. Although objectively speaking, neither marine reptiles nor flying lizards can be called dinosaurs, but nevertheless, they were much more relatives than us and dolphins, for example. And yet. People have been evolving for only two million years and have already come close to global crises and the threat of total destruction of ourselves. While dinosaurs perfectly evolved over 135 million years, and if not for global cataclysms beyond their control, they might have continued to live to this day.
When dinosaurs lived, all mammals were about the size of a mouse.
No, even then there were much larger representatives of the order of mammals. Here, however, it is worth immediately making a reservation: it depends on what is considered a large size. Of course, if we talk about the size of a mammoth, then there were no such mammals in the days of the dinosaurs. Generally, the average size mammals then did not exceed the size of a modern cat. However, even then, namely about 125-122 million years ago, there were already such mammals as repenome, for example. It was about 1 meter long, weighed 12-14 kg, and judging by the remains found, it even ate some small dinosaurs.
All dinosaurs lived only in the equatorial region of the earth, and the finds of their remains in temperate latitudes are explained by the movement of continents
And again, no. Yes, over the millions of years that dinosaurs have existed, not only the climate has changed, but also the landscape of the earth. But many modern finds prove that dinosaurs even lived in Antarctica. In fairness, it should be noted that at that time Australia and New Zealand were connected to Antarctica, forming one polar continent. The climate in those days was naturally much warmer than today, but the dinosaurs who lived there still had to adapt to the harsh weather conditions. In summer, the sun was shining on this continent around the clock, and for five months of the year reigned polar night... It is possible that predators and herbivorous dinosaurs were in these areas in summer, and in winter they moved to more warmer climes to the north.
Dinosaurs became extinct as a result of a meteorite fall
Contrary to the assurances of many people that this is exactly what happened, this is only one version of what happened. Scientific debate on the topic of what caused the death of dinosaurs, whether their extinction was sudden or gradual, continues to this day; there is no single point of view. It is known for certain that the extinction of the dinosaurs was only part of the so-called "great extinction" that took place at the same time. Along with the dinosaurs, marine reptiles, flying dinosaurs, many mollusks and a huge number of small algae became extinct. In total, 16% of families of marine animals and 18% of families of terrestrial vertebrates died. According to one of the widespread theories, the death of dinosaurs could occur due to a relatively close to ours solar system supernova explosion. Such an event could unleash a deadly shower of gamma rays on Earth, and the X-rays ejected by the explosion could sweep away some earth's atmosphere, forming a hot layer at an altitude of 20-80 km above the planet's surface.
Velociraptors could reach speeds of up to 100 km / h
In general, the real image of the Velociraptor that scientists managed to reconstruct is extremely far from what was shown to us in the Jurassic Park franchise. This is largely due to the fact that when working on the film, the basis was the reconstruction of another dinosaur - Deinonychus, which was previously considered to be a Velociraptor genus. But even the Deinonychus in the film is doubled in size compared to their real dimensions... As for true velociraptors, evolutionarily they were closer to birds, had plumage, were warm-blooded animals, reached a height of 60-70 cm and weighed about 20 kg. V this moment there is no scientific justification to think that velociraptors could run very fast, hunted in packs (all of their found remains are separate individuals), and even more so, possessed some kind of super-developed intellect. All this is nothing more than fiction.
