Regularities of the distribution of geographic zones and natural zones of the world. Zone features

Topic:"Natural zones of the Earth"

Target: expand the existing knowledge of students about natural areas ah of the Earth (to demonstrate the location of the main zones on the surface of the planet, to explain the reasons for the change in natural zones, to show the changes in natural zones under the influence of human activity).

Educational tasks:

  1. Explain the concepts of "natural zone", " altitudinal zonality"," Latitudinal zoning ".
  2. To form a holistic concept of the natural zones of the Earth as natural territorial complexes.
  3. Show the pattern and reason for the change in natural zones.

Developing tasks:

  1. Development of skills in working with a geographic map.
  2. Ability to generalize and classify information (independent compilation of characteristics of the natural zones of the Earth).

Educational tasks:

  1. Development of a respectful and caring attitude towards wildlife.
  2. Development of interest in geography and related disciplines (biology, botany, etc.).

Lesson steps:

  1. Organizational moment (reading an epigraph poem).
  2. Introduction to the topic (method of repetition of the passed material), problem statement.
  3. Studying new material (lecture method, working with a geographical map, game moment).
  4. Physical education.
  5. Generalization of the material covered.
  6. Homework.

During the classes

  1. Organizing time

As an additional introduction to the topic, the teacher can read a poem (or ask the student to do it) about the natural zones of the Earth. This is necessary to create a special mood among students and better assimilation of new knowledge.

As an epigraph, you can use:

  • V. Keulkuta "Quiet in the tundra at dawn";
  • V. Bezladnov "And in the North, friends";
  • N. Zabolotsky "In the taiga";
  • E. Asadov "In the Taiga";
  • Yuri Drunin "In the Steppe";
  • P. Vyazemsky "Another Three";
  • N. Bozhukova "You told about the desert ...".

  1. Introduction to the topic, problem statement

The teacher reminds the students about the related topics covered about the natural zones of the earth, asks leading questions:

Is the climate the same all over the Earth?

What is zoning?

What are the reasons for zoning?

How many belts of illumination are there on Earth, what are they called?

Which of the belts of illumination do we live in?

What is altitudinal zonality?

The teacher corrects the children's answers, complementing them.

  1. Learning new material

The teacher gives a definition of the term "natural zone" on the record and explains it with specific examples. Further, the teacher turns to a geographical map, and the students - to personal atlases. The natural zones of the Earth are clearly shown. To stimulate brain processes, the question is asked:

Why are natural areas called natural? (named so because of the prevailing vegetation in this area)

In the form of a story, the teacher explains the reason for the location of natural zones (the law of latitudinal zoning). This is how the final formation of the concept of "latitudinal zoning" takes place.

To consolidate new knowledge, students in turn are called to the blackboard and show this or that natural zone on the map.

The teacher explains that natural zones vary not only in latitude, but also in height (the formation of the concept of "high-altitude zoning"). For better memorization and reflection asks the question:

Why is this happening? (pressure and temperature change with height)

To consolidate the result, a game moment is introduced - riddles. The following can be used as riddles:

Here we have a forest biome,

There are a lot of plants and animals in it.

It is multi-tiered, braided with a vine,

And he is called "the lungs of the Earth".

There are many "jewels" growing in it,

They are used in medicine by the people.

On the map along the equator you will find

And you will name this zone to me

(Answer: humid equatorial forests)

As summer approaches, it gets hotter every day. The rays of the hot sun drink the last water from the soil and plants. Here is a hot dry wind rushing by. And there are no more flowers, no bright grass - it turned yellow, burned out, as if a fire had burnt out: only herbs with narrow leaves remained

(answer: steppe)

It is a treeless swampy plain in the north of the country. The nature is harsh here. Winter is windy, cold​ naya, with frosts below 50 degrees, lasts 8-9 months,

a little snow, the ground freezes to a great depth?

(answer: tundra), etc.

The teacher makes brief conclusions based on the amount of knowledge gained.

  1. Physical education

It is carried out in a traditional way, i.e. in the form of charging (squats, jumping in place, etc.). There may also be a cognitive moment: for each done physical exercise the student must answer any question (for example, what animals are found in the tundra or what are the benefits of humid equatorial forests for the planet).

  1. Summarizing the material covered

It is carried out in the form of a story with elements of conversation, i.e. involving children in the learning process. Once again, work is being done with a geographic map. As a reinforcement, children draw contour maps in notebooks, painting over natural areas with a certain color.

The summary of the lesson is carried out by the teacher independently or with the help of students. For this, questions are asked about the concepts obtained (natural zone, latitudinal and altitudinal zoning).

  1. Homework

Given on the recommendation of the textbook. As creative assignment you can offer a synthesized work - an essay on the topic “How I visited ... (tundra, desert, taiga, etc.)”. This will simultaneously consolidate the knowledge gained in the lesson, develop creativity and have a beneficial effect on the development of speech.

The natural conditions of each continent are determined by its geographic location, the history of its formation, relief, and climate. On the Earth's surface, zonal patterns are observed in the distribution of these components of nature and large natural complexes. Change from equator to poles climatic zones and natural areas.

The largest natural complexes geographic envelope, many of which almost rings around the globe, are geographic zones.

Ring-shaped placement geographic zones disturbed by the configuration and topography of the continents. In all geographic zones, where there are mountains, areas of altitudinal zoning are distinguished.

There are 13 geographic zones on Earth: one equatorial, two subequatorial, two tropical, two subtropical, two temperate, two subpolar (subarctic and subantarctic), two polar (arctic and antarctic). Geographic zones are subdivided into natural zones.

A natural, or geographical, zone is a territory, all natural components (soils, relief, water, climate, soils, vegetation and animal world, human economic activity) which are closely related. Geographic zones land areas do not form continuous stripes, they are interrupted in the seas and oceans, but are especially pronounced on the plains. Zoning depends on the amount of heat, precipitation, their ratio, distance from the oceans, mountain ranges standing in the way of air currents, and all this, ultimately, depends on the shape of the Earth.

Natural zones are distributed in a strictly defined order, which is determined by the climate, mainly the ratio of heat and moisture. The climate determines, first of all, the distribution of vegetation on Earth. It is with the climate that the duration of the growing season and all the features of the development of green plants are associated. Therefore, the main types of climate allocated to the globe, correspond to various natural zones with characteristic plant types of communities.

The equatorial geographic zone occupies a part of the territory on both sides of the equator on all continents, without forming a continuous ring. One natural zone is located in this belt - the zone of humid equatorial forests, humid equatorial air masses dominate. Heat goes into large quantities and relatively evenly throughout the year. The annual precipitation is 2500-4000 mm. Excessive atmospheric humidification. The soils are red-yellow.

The equatorial forest zone is well expressed in South America (Amazon basin), Africa (Congo basin), on the islands of Indonesia. Huge areas of virgin forests (giles) are formed by evergreen large-leaved trees, which are located in 4-5 tiers. Lianas are abundant, the grass cover is poor. Excess moisture determines the development of bogs.

Many representatives of the animal world spend almost their entire lives on the crowns of trees (monkeys, semi-monkeys, sloths, birds).

Subequatorial geographic zones (northern and southern hemispheres) are located on either side of the equator. These belts occupy a large territory in Africa and South America. The climate is subequatorial with humid summers, when humid equatorial air masses, and dry, hot winters, when dry tropical air masses prevail. In these geographic zones, two natural zones are distinguished: variable-humid deciduous forests and savannas. The soils are red, and in drier places they are red-brown.

Tropical geographic zones are located in the northern and southern hemispheres, on the continents they correspond to deserts. Dry tropical air masses prevail here, trade winds blow, in summer - the most high temperatures on the ground. In these zones, there are natural zones of deserts and semi-deserts, and only in places where trade winds bring moisture from the oceans, moist tropical forests grow on red-yellow soils.

Subtropical geographic zones are transitional from tropical to temperate. The climate is subtropical, the air masses change according to the seasons. Due to the considerable length of subtropical geographical zones, especially in the northern hemisphere, natural conditions are not the same in their different parts. Different moisture content determines the presence of five natural zones in these belts. On the western coasts of the continents, the climate is Mediterranean, summers are dry, hot - tropical air masses dominate, winters are warm, humid - air masses prevail temperate latitudes... Here is a zone of hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs. In the central parts of the continents, the climate is subtropical continental with cold winter and hot dry summers. There are deserts and semi-deserts with gray earth soils. On the eastern coasts of the continents, the climate is subtropical monsoon, zones of moist forests, forest-steppe and steppes are widespread.

Temperate geographic zones are found in temperate latitudes. In the northern hemisphere, the temperate belt occupies large areas and its northernmost border is located almost 70 o N. In the southern hemisphere, the temperate belt occupies a small land area in the south of South America and in the southern part of the island. Tasmania. In these zones, the seasons of the year are clearly expressed, the air masses of temperate latitudes prevail, westerly winds, and on the eastern coasts of the continents - monsoons. On the territory of the temperate geographical zone there are zones: taiga, mixed forests on podzolic soils, deciduous forests on brown forest soils. Then, inside the continents, forests give way to forest-steppe and steppe on chernozem soils, and steppes - to semi-deserts and deserts on chestnut and gray-brown soils.

The subpolar belts occupy the tundra and forest-tundra zones. In the northern hemisphere, the subpolar belt covers the northern parts of Eurasia and North America... The climate is subarctic, with moderate air masses in summer and arctic in winter. Permafrost interferes with moisture seepage, evaporation is low, this causes waterlogging.

Polar geographic zones - in the northern hemisphere, the polar arctic belt is located on the islands of the Arctic Ocean, in the southern - the polar Antarctic belt occupies the mainland Antarctica. Air masses, cold with negative temperatures, prevail. There are long polar days and nights. Large spaces covered with continental ice and are icy deserts. Only in some places, freed from snow and ice, do mosses and lichens grow in summer. In the arctic belt there is a zone of arctic deserts, which occupies the islands of the Arctic Ocean; in the Antarctic - the zone of the Antarctic deserts.

Thus, on the surface of the Earth, zonal patterns are observed in the distribution of these components of nature and large natural complexes. From the equator to the poles, climatic zones and natural zones change, depending on the proximity to the poles of the Earth.

1) Remember what a natural area is.

The natural complex is part earth surface with relatively homogeneous natural conditions.

2) What are the patterns in the distribution of the natural zones of the Earth?

The location of natural zones is closely related to climatic zones. Like climatic zones, they naturally replace each other from the equator to the poles due to a decrease in solar heat entering the Earth's surface and uneven moisture. Such a change in natural zones - large natural complexes is called latitudinal zoning. The change of natural zones, as you know, occurs not only on the plains, but also in the mountains - from the foot to their peaks. Temperature and pressure decrease with altitude, precipitation increases to a certain height, lighting conditions change. In connection with the change in climatic conditions, there is also a change in natural zones.

3) What natural zones are located in Eurasia?

Arctic deserts, tundra and forest-tundra, taiga, mixed and broadleaf forests, forest-steppe and steppe, semi-desert and desert.

4) From what sources geographic information can you make a description of the natural area?

Observations, geographic maps, meteorological data.

* Using the picture, determine how the natural areas are located in our country. Why do not all zones stretch from the western to the eastern outskirts of the country? Which zones are located only in the European part of the country? How can this be explained?

The location of natural zones is closely related to climatic zones. Like climatic zones, they replace each other from the equator to the poles due to a decrease in solar heat entering the Earth's surface and uneven moisture. In Russia, from north to south, the following natural zones replace each other - arctic deserts and semi-deserts, tundra and forest-tundra, taiga, mixed and broadleaf forests, forest-steppes and steppes, variable wet forests, deserts and semi-deserts. Not all natural areas stretch from the western to the eastern borders of the country. This is due to the fact that Russia has a large latitudinal elongation and climatic conditions change with the advance inland. Only in the European part there is a natural zone of mixed and deciduous forests. This can be explained by the fact that in the interior regions there is not enough moisture for the formation of forests.

Questions in paragraph

* There are evergreens in the tundra. How do you explain this fact? Name the representatives of the flora and fauna of the tundra known to you. Consider how they adapt to harsh climates.

There are many evergreens in the tundra. Such plants can use sunlight as soon as they free themselves from under the snow, without wasting time and energy for the formation of new foliage. Vegetable world- mosses, lichens, shrubs - crow, bearberry, wild rosemary, dwarf birch, willow. Tundra plants have distinctive shapes that help them make the best use of sun warmth and protect yourself from the wind. Pillows form, for example, stemless resin, saxifrage. They are so dense that from a distance they resemble moss-covered stones. The fauna of the tundra is not rich in species, but it is large enough in quantitative terms. What animals live in the tundra all the time? The indigenous people of the tundra include reindeer, lemmings, arctic foxes, wolves, and from birds - snowy owl and ptarmigan. Very rare animals are musk oxen.

* Determine on the map which largest deposits minerals of our country are located in the tundra zone.

Large industrial centers have been created in the vicinity of the cities of Nikel, Vorkuta and Norilsk. Non-ferrous metals are being mined in Norilsk, and oil and gas are being actively extracted in the north of the Tomsk and Tyumen regions. The Arctic tundra zone contains a large stock of important natural resources such as uranium and oil.

Questions at the end of a paragraph

1. What components of nature form a natural zone?

Communities of plants, communities of animals, soils, characteristics of surface and groundwater flow, water regime rivers, exogenous processes of relief formation.

2. What does the change of natural zones depend on?

The change in natural zones occurs as a result of a natural change in the ratio of heat and moisture.

3. Using the example of our country, justify the regularity of the change in natural zones.

On the territory of Russia, there is a change from north to south of the following natural zones: arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga, mixed and deciduous forests, forest-steppes, steppes, semi-deserts.

4. Think about how the flora and fauna of the Arctic deserts are adapted to their habitat.

Plants do not form a closed vegetation cover, are small in size, flowering plants have a very short growing season. Animals of the arctic deserts have adapted to get food from the sea, many have thick wool white, birds inhabit the coast.

5. Indicate the features of the tundra zone of our country and explain them.

A feature of the tundra zone of Russia is its wide distribution and the allocation of several subzones in it from north to south. Three subzones are distinguished from north to south: arctic tundra are replaced by typical (moss-lichen), and then shrub from dwarf birch and polar willows.

6. Think about what is the reason for the strong vulnerability of the nature of the tundra zone.

Pollutants do not remain in place; air currents carry them over long distances. And the inhabitants of the tundra, especially lichens, are unusually sensitive to their effects. Pollutants accumulate in the tundra, not washed out melt water... Low temperatures inhibit the destruction of harmful compounds. Dozens of rivers and lakes perish. Into soil and water bodies all year round streams of fuel oil and diesel fuel flow from drilling rigs. The coast of the Arctic seas and the entire tundra are littered with abandoned barrels and rusty iron. Many settlements are in an unsanitary condition. There are practically no environmentally friendly enterprises. Thermal power plants smoke the sky. Smog settles on White snow, dividing it black, and patches of bare earth appear in those places where the pollution is especially great. Long years not a single plant will grow here. Another problem of the tundra is uncontrolled hunting and poaching. Many species of plants and animals have become rare.

Planet Earth is a unique source of life, within which everything develops naturally. Each continent is a separate biocomplex, where different species of plants and animals have adapted to live. In geography separate territories that have a similar climate, soil, flora and fauna are called natural zones.

Zoning types

Zoning is the division of the territories of continents and oceans into separate parts, which are called zones. It is easiest to distinguish them from each other by the nature of the vegetation, because what animals can live in this region depends on it.

Rice. 1. Nature on Earth

There are three types of zoning in the pattern of distribution of natural zones:

  • Change of natural zones by latitude... Moving from the equator to the poles, one can notice how the complexes are replaced one after another in a horizontal position. This pattern is especially clearly seen on the Eurasian continent.
  • Zoning along the meridians... Natural areas also change in longitude. The closer to the ocean, the greater its impact on land. And the further inland to the continent, the moderate climate... Such zoning can be traced in the Northern and South America, Australia.
  • Vertical waist... As you know, the change of natural zones occurs in the mountains. The farther from the surface of the earth, the colder it becomes and the nature of the vegetation changes.

Reasons for zoning

The regularity of the location of natural zones is due to different amounts of heat and moisture in different territories. Where there is a lot of rainfall and high level evaporation - humid equatorial forests appear, where there is a lot of evaporation, and there is little precipitation - savannas. Where there is no precipitation at all and it is dry all year round - deserts and so on.

The main reason for zoning is the difference in the amount of heat and moisture in different areas moving from the equator to the poles.

Rice. 2. Dawn in the steppe

What causes the different ratio of heat and moisture?

The distribution of heat and moisture on Earth depends on the shape of our planet. As you know, it is spherical. The axis of rotation does not run straight, but has some inclination. This leads to the fact that the sun heats up different parts of the planet in different ways. To better understand this process, consider the figure.

TOP-3 articleswho read along with this

Rice. 3. Distribution solar energy on the planet

The figure shows that where there is a lot of sun, the surface heats up more, which means more evaporation near the oceans, respectively, there will be enough rain. Deeper into the continent - evaporation is high, humidity is low, etc.

So, let's highlight the main reasons for zoning:

  • spherical shape of the Earth;
  • rotation of the planet around its axis at an angle.

The reason for the zoning in the mountains is the distance from the surface of the earth.

What have we learned?

Natural zones replace each other not only in latitude, but also in longitude. This is due to the remoteness or proximity to the ocean. In the mountains, a change in natural zones can be traced because the higher - the colder the climate. There are two main reasons that affect the regularity of the change in natural zones: the spherical shape of the Earth and the rotation of the planet along an inclined axis.

Assessment of the report

Average rating: 4.2. Total ratings received: 6.

Geographic zones of continents and oceans. These are the largest zonal complexes of the geographic envelope. Each geographic zone on the continents has its own set of natural zones, its own natural processes and rhythms. Geographic zones are heterogeneous inside. They differ in different modes of humidification and continental climate, which contributes to the division of belts into sectors. The coastal and internal sectors of the geographic zones differ from each other in the mode of precipitation, seasonal rhythms, set and strike of natural zones. Geographic belts are also distinguished in the oceans, but here they are more homogeneous, and their features are determined by the properties of oceanic water masses.

Natural areas to a lesser extent than the belts, they have a latitudinal orientation. This is due to the fact that the formation of natural zones, in addition to temperature conditions, humidification conditions affect.

On the map "Geographic zones and natural zones of the world" you can see that in different geographic zones, the same or similar natural zones are repeated. For instance, forest zones exist in the equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical and temperate zones. Several zones also have semi-desert and desert zones. Scientists explain this by repeating the same ratios of heat and moisture on different continents. This phenomenon was named the law of natural zoning. Natural zoning on the plains it is called horizontal (latitudinal), and in the mountains - vertical (high-altitude). The number of altitude zones depends on geographic location mountain system and its height.

Each natural area has its own zonal features components. Any natural zone is easy to recognize by the flora and fauna. For example, equatorial moist forests are distinguished by the greatest variety of plants and animals on Earth. And, in addition, all living things grow here to gigantic proportions.

Giants of the equatorial forest. In the equatorial forest, vines reach a length of more than 200 m; the diameter of a rafflesia flower is 1 m, and its mass can reach 15 kg. Ispolian moths with a wingspan of up to 30 cm also live here, and the bats with a wingspan of up to 1.7 m, and cobras up to 5 m long, and the largest among the existing snakes - the anaconda - reaches a length of 11 m!

In savannas and woodlands, herbaceous vegetation alternates with separate groups of trees - acacias, eucalyptus, baobabs. Forest-free natural zones are found in the temperate zone, such as steppes. They cover vast areas on two continents - in Eurasia and North America.

Extremely poor flora is a feature of the desert zone on almost all continents and in most geographic zones. The Arctic and Antarctic deserts, which are almost completely covered with ice, are distinguished by special conditions (Fig. 16). At first glance, such a desert seems generally lifeless. Material from the site

Rice. 16. Zone of the arctic desert

Forest zones temperate zone widespread on the continents of northern latitudes. The flora is rich here, although in comparison with equatorial forest has a smaller number of species. It is represented by both coniferous and deciduous tree species. The natural zones of the temperate zone have been significantly changed due to economic activity person.

  • Geographic zones exist on continents and oceans. Geographic zones are subdivided into sectors due to climatic features.
  • Natural zones are repeated in different geographic zones, which is explained by the similarity of temperature and moisture conditions.
  • Natural areas can be easily recognized by their flora and fauna.

On this page material on topics:

  • What caused the spread of natural zones on earth

  • Regularities of the distribution of forms of the earth's surface 12

  • What pattern of geogr shell is emphasized by the map of natural zones of the world

  • Geography of those from which to lay an array of upper belts near the mountains

mob_info