Where the greatest amount of precipitation falls from. The largest amount of precipitation, where and when it fell

Many factors determine how much rain or snow falls on the earth's surface. These are temperature, altitude, location of mountain ranges, etc.

Probably one of the rainiest places in the world is Mount Waialeale in Hawaii, on the island of Kauai. The average annual rainfall is 1,197 cm.

The town of Cherrapunji, which is located in the foothills of the Himalayas, may have the first place in terms of rainfall - 1,200 cm. Once 381 cm of rain fell here in 5 days. And in 1861 the amount of precipitation reached 2,300 cm!

The driest place in the world is in the Atacama Desert in Chile. The drought has been going on here for over four centuries. The driest place in the United States is Greenland Ranch in Death Valley. There, the average annual rainfall is less than 3.75 cm.

In some regions of the Earth, heavy showers occur all year round... For example, almost every point along the equator receives 152 cm and more precipitation each year (from the children's encyclopedia; 143 f.).

Objective to the text

1. Determine the style and type of speech.

2. Make a plan for the text.

Indicative plan

1. Factors that affect the amount of precipitation.

2. The rainiest places.

3. The driest place.

4. Precipitation at the equator.

Write down and explain the spelling of words. Waialeale, Kauai, Cherrapunji, foothills, Atacama, driest, Greenland, equator.

4. Question to the text.

What factors influence the amount of precipitation?

What is the place in the world with the most rain in a year?

Which is the driest city in the world?

Where it is located?

Tell us about the amount of precipitation at the equator.

5. According to the drawn up plan To present the text.

On the territory of Russia, with the exception of the large islands of the Arctic Ocean, an average of 9653 km3 of precipitation falls, which could conditionally cover flat surface I dry with a layer of 571 mm. Of this amount, 5676 km3 (336 mm) of precipitation is spent on evaporation.

Seasonal and annual precipitation are averages of monthly amounts over the months of the season / year in question. The precipitation time series are given for the period 1936–2007, during which the main network of meteorological observations on the territory of Russia did not change significantly and could not seriously affect the interannual fluctuations of the spatially averaged values. All time series show tendencies (linear trends) of changes for the period 1976–2007, which more than others characterize anthropogenic changes in the modern climate.

Let us note the complex nature of interannual fluctuations in the amount of precipitation, especially since the mid-60s. XX century It is possible to distinguish periods of increased precipitation - before the 60s and after the 80s, and between them there are about two decades of multidirectional fluctuations.

On the whole, over the territory of Russia and in its regions (except for the Amur and Primorye), there is a slight increase in average annual precipitation, most noticeable in Western and Central Siberia. Average annual precipitation trend for 1976-2007 the average for Russia is 0.8 mm / month / 10 years and describes 23% of interannual variability.

On average for Russia, the most noticeable feature is the increase in spring precipitation (1.74 mm / month / 10 years, contribution to the variance of 27%), apparently due to the Siberian regions and European territory... Another notable fact is a decrease in winter and summer precipitation in Eastern Siberia, summer and autumn in the Amur and Primorye regions, which, however, did not manifest itself in precipitation trends for Russia as a whole, since it was compensated by an increase in precipitation in Western Siberia.

In the period 1976 - 2007. On the territory of Russia as a whole and in all its regions (except for the Amur and Primorye regions), the changes in annual precipitation amounts showed a tendency to their increase, although these changes were small in magnitude. The most significant seasonal features: an increase in spring precipitation in the Western Siberia region and a decrease in winter precipitation in the Eastern Siberia region.

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Precipitation in Russia

On the territory of Russia, with the exception of the large islands of the Arctic Ocean, an average of 9653 km3 of precipitation falls, which could conditionally cover an even land surface with a layer of 571 mm. Of this amount, 5676 km3 (336 mm) of precipitation is spent on evaporation.

In the formation of annual amounts atmospheric precipitation clearly expressed patterns are found that are characteristic not only for specific territories, but also for the country as a whole. In the direction from west to east, there is a consistent decrease in the amount of atmospheric precipitation, their zonal distribution, which changes under the influence of the terrain and loses its clarity in the east of the country.

In the intra-annual distribution over most of the country, there is a predominance of summer precipitation. On an annual basis the largest number precipitation falls in June, the least - in the second half of winter. The predominance of precipitation in the cold period is typical mainly for the southwestern regions - Rostov, Penza, Samara regions, Stavropol Territory, the lower reaches of the river. Terek.

June-August (calendar summer months) more than 30% of the annual precipitation layer falls on European territory, in Eastern Siberia - 50%, in Transbaikalia and the basin of the river. Cupid - 60-70%. In winter (December-February), 20-25% of precipitation falls in the European part, in Transbaikalia - 5%, in Yakutia - 10%.
The autumn months (September-October) are characterized by a relatively even distribution of precipitation throughout the territory (20-30%). In the spring (March-May) from the western borders to the river. Yenisei falls up to 20% of the annual precipitation, east of the river. Yenisei - mostly 15–20%. The least amount of precipitation at this time is observed in Transbaikalia (about 10%).
The most general idea of the nature of changes in atmospheric precipitation on the territory of the Russian Federation in the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries is given by the time series of spatially averaged average annual and seasonal anomalies of atmospheric precipitation.

In the same climatic zone the impact on the productivity of forests of groundwater, especially the depth of their occurrence, can be different depending on the composition of plantations, relief, soil, its physical properties and etc.

Snowfall in Russia. Photo: Peter

Of decisive importance for forestry and agriculture is not the total annual precipitation, but their distribution over the seasons, months, decades and the nature of the precipitation itself.
In the vast territory of Russia precipitation fall mainly in summer time... Precipitation in the form of snow in the north (Arkhangelsk region) is about 1/3, and in the south (Kherson) - about 10% of the total annual precipitation.

According to the degree of moisture supply, the territory of Russia is divided into the following zones: excessive, unstable and insufficient moisture. These zones coincide with vegetation zones- taiga, forest-steppe and steppe. The area of insufficient moisture is commonly referred to in forestry as the area of dry forestry. It includes the Kuibyshev, Orenburg, Saratov and Vologda regions, as well as some regions of Ukraine, Altai Territory, Central Asian republics. In the forest-steppe zone, moisture is a decisive factor in the success of reforestation.

The lack of moisture, especially during the growing season, leaves a deep imprint on all vegetation and, in particular, on forest vegetation.
So, in Georgia, in the Borjomi region, beech, pine and spruce forests, luxurious tall-grass subalpine meadows due to humid climate... The Tskhra-Tskharo mountain range sharply delimits this area, and on the other side of it there are treeless spaces due to low precipitation and summer droughts (P.M. Zhukovsky).
In the European part of Russia, precipitation gradually decreases from the western borders to the Middle and Lower Volga.

As a result, in the west, on a huge area, there are various forests and large forest swamps, in the southeast there is a steppe that turns into a desert. Therefore, the sum of annual precipitation without data on the frequency of their fallout, especially during the growing season, excluding soil and other natural conditions, the demand of species for moisture, the number of trees per unit area is a low-value indicator for determining the moisture regime, for the emergence of a forest, its growth and development.
Even in the same area with the same nature of the lack of precipitation, for example, in the forest-steppe on sandy soils of the dune hills of the Buzuluk pine forest, plantations may suffer from a lack of moisture, and on sandy soils flat relief do not lack moisture.
Prolonged summer dry periods contribute to a change in the forest soil cover, cause falling leaves, fruits, dry tops and drying out of trees in the forest. After prolonged droughts, the dying off of trees can continue for several subsequent years and affect the structure of forest stands, the relationship of species.

The driest places in Russia are the intermontane basins of Altai (Chuy steppe) and Sayan (Ubsunur basin). The annual amount of precipitation here barely exceeds 100 mm. Moist air does not reach the interior of the mountains. Moreover, sinking along the slopes into the hollows, the air heats up and dries up even more.
Note that places with both minimum and maximum precipitation are located in the mountains. At the same time, the maximum amount of precipitation falls on the windward slopes of mountain systems, and the minimum - in intermontane basins.

Humidification coefficient. Is 300 mm of precipitation a lot or a little? This question cannot be answered unequivocally. This amount of precipitation is typical, for example, for both the northern and southern parts of the West Siberian Plain. At the same time, in the north, the territory is clearly waterlogged, as evidenced by the strong swampiness; and in the south, dry steppes are common - a manifestation of moisture deficit. Thus, with the same amount of precipitation, the moisture conditions turn out to be fundamentally different.
In order to assess whether the climate in a given place is dry or humid, it is necessary to take into account not only the annual precipitation, but also the evaporation.

Where on the territory of Russia falls the least and where is the greatest amount of precipitation, how much and why?

On the territory of Russia, with the exception of the large islands of the Arctic Ocean, an average of 9653 km3 of precipitation falls, which could conditionally cover a flat land surface with a layer of 571 mm.
Of this amount, 5676 km3 (336 mm) of precipitation is spent on evaporation.
In the formation of the annual amounts of atmospheric precipitation, clearly expressed patterns are found that are characteristic not only for specific territories, but also for the country as a whole (Fig. 1.4). In the direction from west to east, there is a consistent decrease in the amount of atmospheric precipitation, their zonal distribution is observed, which changes under the influence of the terrain and loses its clarity in the east of the country.
In the intra-annual distribution over most of the country, there is a predominance of summer precipitation. On an annual basis, the greatest amount of precipitation occurs in June, and the least in the second half of winter. The predominance of precipitation in the cold period is typical mainly for the southwestern regions of the Rostov, Penza, Samara regions, the Stavropol Territory, the lower reaches of the river. Terek.
In June-August (calendar summer months) more than 30% of the annual precipitation layer falls on European territory, in Eastern Siberia 50%, in Transbaikalia and the basin of the river. Cupid 6070%. In winter (December-February), 2025% of precipitation falls in the European part, 5% in Transbaikalia, and 10% in Yakutia.
The autumn months (September-October) are characterized by a relatively even distribution of precipitation throughout the territory (2030%). In the spring (March-May) from the western borders to the river. Yenisei falls up to 20% of the annual precipitation, east of the river. Yenisei is mainly 1520%. The least amount of precipitation at this time is observed in Transbaikalia (about 10%).
The most general idea of the nature of changes in atmospheric precipitation on the territory of the Russian Federation in the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries is given by the time series of spatially averaged average annual and seasonal anomalies of atmospheric precipitation.

Attention, only TODAY!

1. Factors of climate formation.

2. Climatic conditions of the seasons of the year. The ratio of heat and moisture.

3. Climatic zones and area.

Climate factors

The climate of Russia, like that of any region, is formed under the influence of a number of climate-forming factors. The main climate-forming factors are: solar radiation(latitude), circulation air masses, proximity to oceans, relief, underlying surface, etc.

Solar radiation is the basis of heat input to earth surface... The farther from the equator, the smaller the angle of incidence of the sun's rays, the correspondingly less solar radiation. The amount of solar radiation reaching the surface and its intra-annual distribution is determined by the latitudinal position of the country. Russia is located between 77 ° and 41 ° N, and its main part is between 70 ° and 50 ° N. The large extent of the territory from north to south determines significant differences in the annual total radiation between the north and south of the country. The smallest annual total radiation is typical for the polar islands of the Arctic and the Varangerfjord region (here a lot of cloudiness is also added). The greatest annual total solar radiation becomes in the south, on the Taman Peninsula, in the Crimea and in the Caspian region. In general, the annual total radiation increases from north to south of Russia approximately twofold.

Atmospheric circulation processes are of great importance in providing heat resources. The circulation takes place under the influence of baric centers, which change according to the seasons of the year, which undoubtedly affects the prevailing winds. However, in most of Russia, westerly winds prevail, with which the bulk of precipitation is associated. Three types of air masses are characteristic of Russia: 1) moderate; 2) arctic; 3) tropical. All of them are subdivided into two subtypes: marine and continental. These differences are especially noticeable for temperate and tropical air masses. Most of Russia is dominated by moderate air masses throughout the year. Continental temperate masses form directly over the territory of Russia.

This air is dry cold in winter and very warm in summer... Marine temperate air comes from the North Atlantic, in the eastern regions of the country it comes from the Pacific Ocean. This air is humid, warm in winter and cool in summer. When moving from west to east, the sea air transforms and acquires the features of the continental.

The climatic features of the southern half of Russia are sometimes influenced by tropical air. Local continental tropical air is formed over Central Asia and southern Kazakhstan, as well as during the transformation of temperate air over the Caspian and Transcaucasia. This air is very dry, very dusty and has high temperatures. Marine tropical air comes from the Mediterranean (into European part Russia and the Caucasus) and from central regions Pacific Ocean (to the southern regions Of the Far East). It is humid and relatively warm.

Arctic air forms over the Arctic Ocean, and the northern half of Russia, especially Siberia, is often under its influence. This air is dry, very cold and transparent. Less cold and more humid is the air that forms over the Barents Sea (Arctic marine air).

When different air masses come into contact, atmospheric fronts, the climatic significance of which is an increase in cloudiness, precipitation and increased wind. Throughout the year, the territory of Russia is subject to the influence of cyclones and anticyclones, which determine weather conditions. The climate in Russia is influenced by the following pressure centers: Icelandic and Aleutian minima; Azores and Arctic highs; Asian High (winter only).

Affects climate and remoteness from oceans; since westerly winds prevail over most of the territory of Russia, the Atlantic Ocean has the main influence on the country's climate. Its impact is felt up to Baikal and Taimyr. As we move eastward from the western borders of Russia, winter temperatures quickly decrease, and the amount of precipitation generally decreases. The influence of the Pacific Ocean affects mainly the coastal zone of the Far East, which is largely facilitated by the relief.

The relief has a significant impact on the climate. The location of the mountains in the east and south of Siberia, openness to the north and west provide the influence of the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean on most of the territory of Russia. The impact of the Pacific Ocean is screened (obscured) by orographic barriers. The climatic conditions on the plains and in the mountainous regions differ markedly. In the mountains, the climate changes with altitude. Mountains "exacerbate" cyclones. Differences are observed on the windward and leeward slopes, as well as intermontane basins.

Affects the climate and the nature of the underlying surface. So, the snow surface reflects up to 80-95% of solar radiation. Vegetation, as well as soils, their color, moisture, etc. have different reflectivity. Forests reflect poorly the sun's rays, especially conifers (about 15%). Wet freshly plowed chernozem soil has the lowest albedo (less than 10%).

Climatic conditions of the seasons of the year.

Heat to moisture ratio

Climatic conditions in winter

In winter, the radiation balance throughout the country is negative. The highest values of total solar radiation are observed in winter in the south of the Far East, as well as in the south of Transbaikalia. To the north, radiation decreases rapidly due to the lower position of the Sun and a decrease in the length of the day. North of the Arctic Circle, the polar night sets in (at 70 ° latitude, the polar night lasts about 53 days). Over the south of Siberia and northern Mongolia, the Asian maximum is formed, from which two spurs extend: to the northeast to Oymyakon; the other, westward to the Azores maximum, is the Voeikov axis. This axis plays important role climate change. To the south of it (south of the Russian Plain and Ciscaucasia) cold north-eastern and easterly winds... To the north of the axis, westerly and southwesterly winds blow. The western transport is also enhanced by the Icelandic minimum, the trough of which reaches the Kara Sea. These winds bring in relatively warm and humid air from the Atlantic. Over the territory of the northeast, in the conditions of a basin relief and a minimum of solar radiation, very cold Arctic air is formed in winter. The Aleutian minimum exists off the coast of Kamchatka, where the pressure is lowered. Here, on the eastern outskirts of Russia, the region low pressure is located in the immediate vicinity of the northeastern spur of the Asian Maximum, therefore, a high pressure gradient forms and cold winds from the continent rush to the shores of the Pacific Ocean (winter monsoon).

The January isotherms over the territory of Russia are submeridional. The -4 ° C isotherm passes through the Kaliningrad region. Near the western borders of the compact territory of Russia there is an isotherm of -8 ° С, to the south it deviates east of Astrakhan. An isotherm of -12 ° C passes through the Nizhny Novgorod region, and -20 ° C beyond the Urals. Over Central Siberia isotherms -30 ° C and -40 ° C, in the basins of North-East Siberia isotherm -48 ° C (absolute minimum -71 ° C). In the Ciscaucasia, isotherms are curved and average temperatures vary from -5 ° C to -2 ° C. Warmer than in winter on the Kola Peninsula - about -8 ° C, which is facilitated by the warm North Cape current. In the Far East, the course of isotherms repeats the outlines of the coast. Along Kuril ridge isotherm -4 ° С passes, along the eastern coast of Kamchatka -8 ° С, and along the western coast -20 ° С; in Primorye -12 ° C. The greatest amount of precipitation falls in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands, they are brought by cyclones from the Pacific Ocean. In most of the territory of Russia in winter, precipitation comes from Atlantic Ocean, respectively, and the amount of precipitation decreases in general from west to east. But there is a lot of precipitation on the southwestern slopes of the Caucasus, thanks to the Mediterranean cyclones. Winter precipitation in Russia falls almost everywhere, mainly in solid form, and snow cover forms everywhere. The smallest duration of its occurrence on the plains is in the Ciscaucasia (just over a month), and in the south of Primorye - more than three months. Further to the north and east, the duration of the snow cover increases and reaches its maximum in Taimyr - about 9 months a year. And only on Black sea coast In the Caucasus, a stable snow cover is not formed. The smallest snow depth in the Caspian region is about 10 cm. V Kaliningrad region, in the south of the Russian Plain, in Transbaikalia - about 20 cm. In most of the country, the height of the snow ranges from 40 cm to 1 meter. And its greatest height is observed in Kamchatka - up to 3 meters.

Climatic conditions in summer

In summer, the role of solar radiation increases sharply. Radiation reaches the highest values in the Caspian region and on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. To the north, the amount of solar radiation decreases slightly, as the length of the day increases to the north. There is a polar day in the arctic. In summer, the radiation balance is positive throughout the country.

The July isotherms are sublatitudinal. On the northernmost islands, the temperature is close to zero, on the coast of the Arctic seas + 4 ° + 8 ° С, near the Arctic Circle the air temperature already reaches + 10 ° + 13 ° С. To the south, the rise in temperature is more gradual. The average July temperature reaches its maximum value in the Caspian and Eastern Ciscaucasia: + 25 ° С.

In summer, the land warms up over the south of Siberia, atmospheric pressure decreases. In this regard, the arctic air rushes inland, while it transforms (warms up). From the side of the Hawaiian High, air is directed towards the Far East, giving rise to the summer monsoon. A spur of the Azores maximum enters the Russian Plain, while the western transport is preserved. In summer, the maximum precipitation falls on almost the entire territory of Russia. In general, the amount of precipitation in summer decreases from west to east, from 500 mm in the Kaliningrad region to 200 mm in Central Yakutia. In the Far East, their number is increasing again, in Primorye - up to 800 mm. A lot of precipitation falls on the slopes of the Western Caucasus - up to 1500 mm, their minimum falls on the Caspian lowland - 150 mm.

Amplitude average monthly temperatures January and July increases from the west from the Baltic to the east to the Pacific Ocean. So, in the Kaliningrad region the amplitude is 21 ° C, in the Nizhny Novgorod Right Bank 31 ° C, in Western Siberia 40 ° C, in Yakutia 60 ° C. Moreover, the increase in amplitude is mainly due to the increase in the severity of winters. In Primorye, the amplitude begins to decrease again - to 40 ° С, and in Kamchatka - to 20 ° С.

The annual rainfall varies dramatically in the plains and in the mountains. On the plains, the greatest amount of precipitation falls in the 55 ° N zone. - 65 ° N, here the decrease in precipitation is from 900 mm in the Kaliningrad region to 300 mm in Yakutia. In the Far East, an increase in precipitation is again observed up to 1200 mm, and in the southeast of Kamchatka - up to 2500 mm. At the same time, on the higher parts of the relief, the increase in precipitation occurs almost everywhere. To the north and south of the middle zone, the amount of precipitation decreases: in the Caspian region and the tundra of the North-East of Siberia up to 250 mm. In the mountains, on the windward slopes, the annual amount of precipitation increases to 1000-2000 mm, and their maximum is observed in the south-west of the Greater Caucasus - up to 3700 mm.

The provision of the territory with moisture depends not only on precipitation, but also on evaporation. It increases from north to south following the increase in solar radiation. The ratio of heat and moisture is important climatic indicator, it is expressed by the moisture coefficient (the ratio of annual precipitation to evaporation). The optimal ratio of heat and moisture is observed in forest-steppe zone... To the south, moisture deficit increases and moisture becomes insufficient. In the north of the country, moisture is excessive.

Climatic zones and regions

Russia is located in three climatic zones: arctic, subarctic and temperate. The belts differ from each other in the radiation regime and in the prevailing air masses. Within the belts are formed climatic regions, differing from each other in the ratio of heat and moisture, the sum of temperatures during the active growing season, the mode of precipitation.

The Arctic belt covers almost all the islands of the Arctic Ocean and the northern coast of Siberia. Arctic air masses dominate here throughout the year. In winter, the polar night is observed and there is no solar radiation. Average January temperatures vary from -20 ° C in the west to -38 ° C in the east, in July temperatures vary from 0 ° C on the islands to + 5 ° C on the Siberian coast. Precipitation falls from 300 mm in the west to 200 mm in the east, and only on Novaya Zemlya, in the Byrranga mountains and in the Chukotka highlands, up to 500 mm. Precipitation falls mainly in the form of snow, and sometimes in the form of drizzling rains in summer.

The subarctic belt is located south of the arctic, it runs along the north of the East European and West Siberian plains, while not going beyond the southern boundaries of the Arctic Circle. In Eastern Siberia subarctic belt extends much further south - up to 60 ° N. Arctic air dominates in this zone in winter, and moderate air in summer. In the west, on the Kola Peninsula, the climate is subarctic maritime. Average temperatures in winter are only -7 ° С -12 ° С, and in summer + 5 ° С + 10 ° С. The amount of precipitation is up to 600 mm per year. To the east, the continentality of the climate is growing. In the basins of North-Eastern Siberia, the average January temperature drops to -48 ° C, but towards the Pacific coast it becomes more than 2 times warmer. Summer temperatures vary from + 5 ° С on Novaya Zemlya to + 14 ° С near the southern border of the belt. Precipitation is 400-450 mm, but in mountainous areas, their amount can increase to 800 mm.

The temperate zone covers the rest, most of the country. Moderate air masses prevail here throughout the year. In the temperate zone, the seasons of the year are well pronounced. Within this belt, significant differences are observed in the ratio of heat and moisture - both from north to south and from west to east. The change climatic features from north to south is associated with radiation conditions, and from west to east - with circulation processes. Within temperate zone 4 climatic regions are distinguished, in which 4 types of climate are respectively formed: temperate continental, continental, sharply continental, monsoon.

A moderate continental climate is typical for the European part of Russia and the Urals. The air of the Atlantic often dominates here, so winters are not severe, there are often thaws. The average January temperature varies from -4 ° С in the west to -25 ° С in the east, and the average July temperature varies from + 13 ° С in the north to + 24 ° С in the south. Precipitation ranges from 800-850 mm in the west to 500-400 mm in the east. Most of the precipitation occurs during the warm period.

The continental climate is typical for Western Siberia and the Caspian region. The continental air of temperate latitudes prevails here. Air coming from the Atlantic, passing over the Russian Plain, is transformed. The average winter temperature in Western Siberia is -20 ° С -28 ° С, in the Caspian region - about -6 ° С. Summer in Western Siberia is from + 15 ° С in the north to + 21 ° С in the south, in the Caspian region - up to + 25 ° С. Precipitation is 400-500 mm, in the Caspian region no more than 300 mm.

A sharply continental climate is characteristic of the temperate zone of Central Siberia and Transbaikalia. The continental air of temperate latitudes dominates here throughout the year. Average temperatures in winter are -30 ° С -45 ° С, and in summer + 15 ° С + 22 ° С. Precipitation is 350-400 mm.

The monsoon climate is typical for the eastern outskirts of Russia. In winter, cold, dry air of temperate latitudes prevails here, and in summer humid air from the Pacific Ocean. Average winter temperatures vary from -15 ° C on the islands to -30 ° C in the mainland of the region. Average summer temperatures vary from + 12 ° С in the north to + 20 ° С in the south. Precipitation falls up to 1000 mm (in Kamchatka it is 2 times more), all precipitation falls mainly in the warm season.

In mountainous regions, special, mountainous, types of climate are formed. In the mountains, solar radiation increases, but the temperature drops with altitude. Mountainous regions are characterized by temperature inversions, as well as mountain-valley winds. More precipitation falls in the mountains, especially on the windward slopes.

The nature of Russia

Geography textbook for grade 8

§ 10. Types of climates in Russia

Regularities of the distribution of heat and moisture in the territory of our country... The vast extent of the territory of our country and the location in several climatic zones lead to the fact that in different areas countries differ greatly in January and July temperatures, annual rainfall.

Rice. 35. Average January temperatures

So, the average January temperatures are 0 ... -5 ° С in the extreme west of the European part (Kaliningrad) and in the Ciscaucasia and -40 ... -50 ° С in Yakutia. July temperatures are observed from -1 ° С on the northern coast of Siberia to + 24 ... + 25 ° С on Caspian lowland.

Using Figure 35, determine where in our country are the regions with the lowest and most high temperatures January. Find the coldest areas, explain why they are located there.

Let us analyze the maps of average isotherms for January and July in Russia. Pay attention to how they go. The isotherms of January are located not in the latitudinal direction, but from northwest to southeast. On the contrary, the isotherms of July are close to the latitudinal direction.

How can you explain this picture? It is known that the temperature distribution depends on the underlying surface, the amount of solar radiation, and atmospheric circulation. Intensive cooling of the surface of our country in winter period leads to the fact that the lowest winter temperatures are observed in the inner regions and regions of Central and Northeastern Siberia, not accessible to the warming influence of the Atlantic.

Average monthly temperatures in July are positive throughout Russia.

Summer temperatures are of great importance for plant development, soil formation, and types of agriculture.

Using Figure 36, determine how the July isotherm of + 10 ° С passes. Comparing the physical and climate maps, explain the reason for the deviation of the isotherm to the south in some areas of the country. What July isotherm occurs in the southern part of the temperate November? What are the reasons for the closed position of isotherms in the south of Siberia and the north of the Far East?

Rice. 36. Average temperatures in July

Distribution of precipitation in our country associated with the circulation of air masses, features of the relief, as well as air temperature. Analysis of the map showing the annual distribution of precipitation fully confirms this. The main source of moisture for our country is the humid air of the Atlantic. The greatest amount of precipitation in the plains falls between 55 ° and 65 ° N. sh.

The amount of precipitation is extremely unevenly distributed over the territory of our country. The decisive factors here are the proximity or remoteness from the sea, the absolute height of the site, the location of mountain ranges (retaining moist air masses or not hindering their movement).

Rice. 37. Annual rainfall

The largest amount of precipitation in Russia falls in the mountains of the Caucasus and Altai (more than 2000 mm per year), in the quarter of the Far East (up to 1000 mm), as well as in the forest zone of the East European Plain (up to 700 mm). Minimal amount precipitation falls on the semi-desert areas of the Caspian lowland (about 150 mm per year).

On the map (Fig. 37), trace how within the strip 55-65 ° N. sh. the annual amount of precipitation changes when moving from west to east. Compare the map of precipitation distribution over the territory of Russia with physical card and explain why the amount of precipitation decreases as you move eastward, why the western slopes of the Caucasus, Altai, Ural receive the greatest amount of precipitation.

But the annual amount of precipitation does not yet give a complete picture of how the territory is provided with moisture, since part of the atmospheric precipitation evaporates, and part seeps into the soil.

To characterize the provision of the territory with moisture, the moisture coefficient (K) is used, which shows the ratio of the annual precipitation to evaporation for the same period: K = O / I.

Evaporation is the amount of moisture that can evaporate from the surface at a given atmospheric conditions... The volatility is measured in mm of water layer.

Evaporation characterizes possible evaporation. The actual evaporation cannot exceed the annual amount of precipitation falling in a given place. For example, in the deserts of the Caspian region, evaporation is 300 mm per year, although evaporation here, in hot summer conditions, is 3-4 times higher.

The lower the moisture coefficient, the drier the climate. If the moisture factor is equal to one, moisture is considered sufficient. Sufficient moisture is typical for the southern border of the forest and northern border of the forest-steppe zone.

In the steppe zone, where the moisture coefficient is less than one (0.6-0.7), moisture is considered insufficient. In the Caspian region, in the zone of semi-deserts and deserts, where K = 0.3, moisture is scarce.

But in some areas of the country K> 1, that is, the amount of precipitation exceeds the evaporation rate. This is called excessive moisture. Excessive moisture is typical for taiga, tundra, forest-tundra. There are many rivers, lakes, swamps in these areas. Here, in the processes of relief formation, the role of water erosion is great. In areas with insufficient moisture, rivers and lakes are shallow, often dry up in summer, vegetation is more scarce, and relief formation is dominated by wind erosion.

Rice. 38. Evaporation and volatility

Using the map (Fig. 38), determine in which areas of your country the evaporation rate is minimal, in which it is maximal. Write these numbers down in your notebooks.

Types of climates in Russia... Different types of climates are formed on the territory of Russia. Each of them is characterized by the most common features such as temperature regime, precipitation regime, prevailing types of weather according to seasons. Within the same type of climate, the quantitative indicators of each element can vary significantly, which makes it possible to distinguish climatic regions. Zonal changes (differences) are especially large in the largest climatic zone of Russia - temperate: from the taiga climate to the desert climate, from maritime climate coasts to sharply continental inland at the same latitude.

Using the maps, determine in which of the climatic zones the main part of the territory of Russia is located, which climatic zones occupy the smallest area in our country.

Arctic climate characteristic of the islands of the Arctic Ocean and its Siberian coasts, where the zones are located arctic deserts and tundra. Here, the surface receives very little solar heat... Cold arctic air prevails throughout the year. The severity of the climate is enhanced by the long polar night when solar radiation does not enter the surface. Anticyclones dominate, which lengthens the winter and shortens the rest of the seasons to 1.5-2 months. There are practically two seasons in this climate: long cold winters and short cool summers. Weakening of frosts and snowfalls are associated with the passage of cyclones. Average temperatures in January are -24 ... -30 ° С. Summer temperatures are low: + 2 ... + 5 ° С. The amount of precipitation is limited to 200-300 mm per year. They fall out mainly in winter time in the form of snow.

Subarctic climate typical for territories located beyond the Arctic Circle on the Russian and West Siberian plains. In the regions of Eastern Siberia, this type of climate is widespread up to 60 ° N. sh. Winters are long and harsh, and the severity of the climate increases with movement from west to east. Summers are warmer than in the Arctic zone, but short and rather cold (average temperatures in July are from +4 to + 12 ° С).

The annual amount of precipitation is 200-400 mm, but due to the small values of evaporation, constant excess moisture is created. The influence of the Atlantic air masses leads to the fact that in the tundra of the Kola Peninsula, in comparison with the mainland part, the amount of precipitation increases and the winter temperatures are higher than in the Asian part.

Temperate climate... The temperate climatic zone is the largest climatic zone in Russia; therefore, it is characterized by very significant differences in temperature and moisture conditions as it moves from west to east and from north to south. Common to the entire belt are clearly defined four seasons - winter, spring, summer, autumn.

Moderate continental climate dominates the European part of Russia. The main signs of this climate are: warm summer(July temperature + 12 ... + 24 ° С), frosty winter (average January temperatures from -4 to -20 ° С), annual precipitation is more than 800 mm in the west and up to 500 mm in the center of the Russian Plain. This climate is formed under the influence of the western transport of Atlantic air masses, relatively warm in winter and cool in summer, constantly humid. In the area of moderate continental climate, moisture varies from excessive in the north, northwest to insufficient in the east and southeast. This is reflected in the shift natural areas from taiga to steppe.

Continental climate temperate zone is typical for Western Siberia. This climate is formed under the influence of continental air masses of temperate latitudes, moving most often in a latitudinal direction. Cold arctic air moves in the meridional direction to the south, and continental tropical air penetrates far to the north of the forest belt. Therefore, precipitation falls here 600 mm per year in the north and less than 200 mm in the south. Summers are warm, even sultry in the south (average temperatures in July are from +15 to + 26 ° C). Winter is harsh compared to the temperate continental climate - average January temperatures are -15 ... -25 ° С.

Alexander Ivanovich Voeikov (1842-1916)

Alexander Ivanovich Voeikov is a famous Russian climatologist and geographer. He is considered the founder of climatology in Russia. AI Voeikov was the first to establish the dependence of various climatic phenomena on the ratio and distribution of heat and moisture, revealing the features of the general circulation of the atmosphere. The main, classic, work of the scientist - "Climates the globe, especially Russia ”. Traveling a lot different countries AI Voeikov everywhere studied the peculiarities of the climate and vegetation.

The scientist paid special attention to the study of the influence of climate on agricultural crops. In addition, A.I. Voeikov was engaged in population geography, complex geography and other problems. Deeply for his time, A.I. Voeikov studied different types of human impact on nature, pointed out some of the unfavorable aspects of this impact and suggested the correct methods of its transformation based on the known laws of the development of nature.

The change in natural zones is clearly manifested when moving from north to south from taiga to steppes.

Sharply continental climate temperate zone is common in Eastern Siberia. This climate is characterized by the constant dominance of the continental air of temperate latitudes. The sharply continental climate is characterized by low cloud cover, scanty atmospheric precipitation, the bulk of which falls in the warm part of the year. Low cloudiness contributes to the rapid warming of the earth's surface sunbeams day and summer and, conversely, its rapid cooling at night and in winter. Hence, there are large amplitudes (drops) of air temperatures, warm and hot summers and frosty winters with little snow. Little snow at severe frosts (average temperature January -25 ... -45 ° С) provides deep freezing of soils and grounds, and this, in conditions of temperate latitudes, causes the accumulation and preservation of permafrost. Summers are sunny and warm (average July temperatures are from +16 to + 20 ° С). Annual precipitation is less than 500 mm. The moisture coefficient is close to unity. The taiga zone is located within this climate.

Monsoon climate temperate zone is typical for the southern regions of the Far East. Usually, when the mainland cools in winter and rises in connection with this atmospheric pressure dry and cold air rushes towards the warmer air over the ocean. In the summer, the continent warms up more than the ocean, and now the colder oceanic air rushes to the continent, bringing cloudiness, abundant atmospheric precipitation; sometimes typhoons even form. Average January temperatures are -15 ... -30 ° С; in summer, in July, + 10 ... + 20 ° С. Precipitation - 600-800 mm per year - falls mainly in summer. If the melting snow in the mountains coincides with heavy rainfall, floods occur. Humidification is excessive everywhere (the humidification coefficient is greater than one).

Questions and tasks

What patterns in the distribution of heat and moisture can be established by analyzing the maps (see Fig. 31, 38)?
How is the moisture coefficient determined and why is this indicator so important?
In which regions of Russia is the coefficient more than one, in which - less? How does this affect other components of nature?
What are the main types of climate in Russia?
Explain why, within the temperate zone, there are the greatest differences in climatic conditions as you move from west to east.
What are the main features of the continental climate and indicate how this climate affects other components of nature.

Throughout the history of mankind, a lot of testimonies, stories and legends have accumulated about major floods... The reason for this is simple: there have always been floods. Primitive people deliberately settled in the valleys located on the path of floods - because the land here was fertile. What is a flood? This is the state when water overflows the banks and spreads everywhere.

What causes floods? - accumulation of large amounts of water in the river as a result of heavy rains. Water can come from other sources or reservoirs, from where it flows into the river. A river usually washes a wide area, or "basin," and a strong flow of water from anywhere in that basin causes the water level in the river to rise and flood the banks. Some floods are very helpful. The Nile, for example, every year since time immemorial, together with the spilled water, brings fertile silt from the highlands.

On the other hand, the Yellow River in China periodically causes death and destruction. For example, in 1935, because of the flooding of this river, 4 million people were left homeless! Can floods be prevented? Probably impossible because heavy rains go regardless of the will of the person. But great efforts are being made to curb the floods, and someday it will probably be done.

There are three ways to curb flooding. One is to build dams and embankments to protect agricultural land where water flows. The second is to create emergency canals or weirs to drain excess water. The third way is to contain large reservoirs for storing water and gradually draining it into large streams.

My least favorite autumn phenomenon is rain! Then all the splendor of withering nature is darkened by a gray sky, slush, dampness and cold chilly wind. It seems that the sky has broken through ... My friend, who now lives far from me, in St. Petersburg, laughs at my autumn blues, because in St. Petersburg rains are a common occurrence. What is the rainiest city in Russia?

Where the most precipitation falls in Russia

For some reason, many believe that the rainiest city is St. Petersburg. But in fact, this opinion is wrong. Yes, there is a lot of precipitation here, but nevertheless, this city is far from being in the first place.

The largest rainfall indicators are observed in the Far East region. This primarily applies to Kuril Islands... An absolute record was set in Severo-Kurilsk. Here, about 1840 mm of precipitation usually falls per year. Scientists say that if the water coming from the sky did not evaporate and seep into the ground, but would remain on the streets, then this city in short time would turn into a huge pool.

Rating of the rainiest regions of Russia: second place

In second place is the well-known and beloved resort city of Sochi. This city is indeed one of the most "wet" in the city; about 1700 mm of various precipitation falls here annually. It is worth noting that the summer is not too humid here, and the bulk of precipitation falls on the cold season - the autumn-winter season. A very unpleasant thing is observed here. a natural phenomenon- tornadoes emerging in the sea. They seem to suck in water from the sea, and then, as if from a bucket, water the city.

Rating of the rainiest regions of Russia: third place

This place was conquered by Yuzhno-Kurilsk. Here, 1250 mm are poured onto the ground during the year. Compared to the two previous leaders, it seems that this figure is not that great. But in fact, this is a lot. So, for example, in St. Petersburg - 660 mm per year, which is even less than in Moscow, where 700 mm falls.

The rest of the seats were distributed as follows:

in fourth place - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky;
on the fifth - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk;
the sixth went to Moscow;
seventh - to St. Petersburg.

So meteorologists have destroyed the stereotype about the rainfall of the Northern capital, which is only the last of the seven wettest cities!

There are very rainy places on Earth and below are some kind of precipitation records ever recorded by meteorologists. So,

The largest amount of precipitation for different time periods

Most rainfall per minute

The largest amount of precipitation in one minute is 31.2 millimeters. This record was recorded by American meteorologists on July 4, 1956 in the vicinity of the city of Unionville.

Maximum rainfall per day

A real ecumenical flood happened at the Indian Ocean Reunion Island. During the day from 15.03 to 16.03 1952, 1870 millimeters of precipitation fell there.

Most rainfall per month

The record for monthly precipitation is 9299 millimeters. He was observed in the Indian city of Cherrapunji in July 1861.

The largest amount of precipitation in a year

Cherrapunji is also the champion of the highest annual rainfall. 26 461 millimeters - such a number of them fell in this Indian city from August 1860 to July 1861!

Highest and lowest average annual rainfall

Tutunendo, Colombia, is the rainiest area on earth with the highest annual average annual rainfall. The average annual rainfall there is 11,770 millimeters.
The antipode of Tutunendo is the Chilean Atacama Desert. The outskirts of the city of Kalama, located in this desert, have not been irrigated for more than four hundred years.